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Childbirth and Infancy
1.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Childbirth and Infancy Developmental Psychology Modified by S. Landas 2018
2.
3.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Labor: The Process of Birth Begins Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) • Oxytocin and other hormones triggered • Uterus contracts Contractions • Braxton-Hicks • Labor initiation
4.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 3-1 The Three Stages of Labor
5.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. From Fetus to Neonate • When is the moment of birth? • What causes a baby to cry after birth? • What cultural differences surround the birth of children worldwide?
6.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. APGAR Scores Low scores • Existing fetal problems or birth defects • Difficulties related to process of birth • Temporary deprivation of oxygen (anoxia) – Wrapped umbilical cord – Pinched umbilical cord
7.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Medical Screening American College of Medical Genetics recommendations • All newborns should be screened for 29 disorders, ranging from hearing difficulties and sickle cell disease to extremely rare conditions such as isovaleric acidemia, a disorder involving metabolism • Virginia: biotinidase deficiency, phenylketonuria, hypothyroidism, homocystinuria, galactosemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD or MCADH) deficiency, and Maple Syrup Urine Disease
8.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Physical Appearance and Initial Encounters • Vernix – “greasy cottage cheese” • Lanugo – fine dark fuzz A neonate is often not the picture of adorableness: • Puffy eyelids – accumulation of fluids during delivery • Blood and other substances – more fluids; why not?
9.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Once cleaned up, she’ll look like this:
10.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Birthing Procedures • Which type of birthing method? – Lamaze birthing techniques – Bradley Method – Hypnobirthing – Water birthing • Who delivers: – Obstetrician? – Midwife? – Doula?
11.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Pain and Recovery Kinds if Anesthesia and Pain Reducing Drugs • Epidural anesthesia • Walking epidural or dual spinal-epidural Effects of drugs during delivery • Mother • Neonate Post Delivery Stay • Average, recommended stay is 2 days
12.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Racial and Cultural Differences in Infant Mortality Although infant mortality has dropped for members of underrepresented groups, the death rate is still more than twice as high for African American children as for Caucasian children. These figures show the number of deaths in the first year of life for every 1,000 live births. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Health Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 2015.
13.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preterm Infants: Too Soon, Too Small • Low birth-weight infants • Small-for-gestational-age infants • Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) • Incubators, NICU
14.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Very-Low-Birthweight Infants Smallest survivors • Most vulnerable; immaturity of organ systems • Weigh less than 1250 grams (around 2 ¼ pounds) • In womb less than 30 weeks • Age of viability Causes?
15.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Delivery Methods • Vaginal Delivery • Cesarean Delivery – Blackboard
16.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature Death • Joy that accompanies the birth of a child is completely reversed when a newborn dies • 1 out of 100 deliveries in U.S. • Enormous impact on family; depression and lack of support common; sometimes PTSD experienced • U.S. infant mortality generally declining since 1960s
17.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Moving from the Heights of Joy to the Depths of Despair Postpartum Depression • Incidence rate • Symptoms and causes • Consequences Depressed Mothers • Display little emotion and act detached and withdrawn Infants • Display fewer positive emotions and withdraw from contact not only with their mothers but with other adults
18.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Physical Competence: Meeting the Demands of a New Environment Neonates emerge practiced in many types of physical activities. Reflexes • Sucking reflex • Swallowing reflex • Rooting reflex • Coughing, sneezing, blinking
19.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sensory Capabilities • Seeing – Visual acuity not fully developed but can see to some extent – Attend to visual field highest in information and brightness – Possess some sense of size constancy – Distinguish and show preference for different colors • Hearing – Clearly capable of hearing, but auditory acuity not completely mature – React to and show familiarity with certain kinds of sounds • Other senses – Senses of touch, smell, and taste are not only present at birth, but are reasonably sophisticated.
20.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Learning Capabilities • Infants are capable of learning very early through classical conditioning • Operant conditioning functions from the earliest days of life • Habituation
21.
Copyright © 2017,
2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Social Competence: Responding to Others • Newborns have the capability to imitate others’ behavior • Jury is out on exactly when true imitation begins • This provides them with an important foundation for social interaction later in life • Ultimate outcome of the social interactive capabilities of the newborn infant, and the responses such behavior brings about from parents, is to pave the way for future social interactions