Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Programmed learning
1. Submitted To :
Dr. Vandana Aggarwal
Submitted By :
Sonam Sharma(16MSP1092)
Jyoti (16MSP1094)
2. Coined from principle of Operant Learning or Conditioning
First started ‘programmed learning’ in 1943 by B.F. Skinner and his
companions.
B.F. Skinner published a paper entitled ‘Science of Learning and art of
Teaching’.
3. “Programmed instruction is the process of arranging the material to be
learned into a series of sequential steps that is from known to unknown.”
------ Smith and Moore
“Programmed learning is a method of designing a reproducible sequence of
instructional events to produce a measurable and consistent effect on
behavior of each and every acceptable students.”
------ Susan Markle
4. Principle of Small Steps
Principle of Active Response
Principle of Immediate Reinforcement
Principle of Self –Pacing
Principle of Self Evaluation
5. To help the students for learning by doing.
To provide the situation to learn at his/her own speed.
To help the students to learn without the presence of teacher.
To present the mater in a logical manner.
To study himself.
To evaluate himself.
To compare his/her answer with the key .
7. o Developed by B.F. Skinner and his associates.
o Subject method will be divided into very small steps each of which is
called as frame.
o In each frame, the student to do something.
o After giving the answer for the question immediately, he can check
whether his answer in correct or wrong.
o Straight line – single track
8. Linear Arrangement
Small Steps
Controlled Responses
Active Responding
Immediate Feedback
Prompting
Self- Pacing
Simple Mechanism
Minimum error
9. Construct response
Multiple choice type
Conventional chaining
Skip linear
Criterion frames
Egrule system
Rulge system
10. Merits :
Immediate knowledge
Strengthen responses
Division of frames
Demerits :
Lack of Motivation
No Freedom of choice
No development of discriminative power
No student centered
No specific role of teacher
Difficulty in finding background
Guess work
11. Developed by Norman, A. Crowder (1960).
In this method the subject should select the answer for the
question(Objective Type).
If subject’s answer is correct he will lead to the next frame.
If subject’s answer is wrong he will lead to the remedial frame.
After the remedial frame he will directed to the main frame.
12.
13. Based on traditional tutorial method
Larger frame
Multiple choice questions
Alertness of learners
Easier to develop frames
Teaching and instruction
Psychological and social motivation
Meaningful units
No hinderance by errors
14. Principle of Exposition
Principle of Diagnosis
Principle of Remediation
15. Merits :
Individualised instruction
Larger frames
Alertness of learning
Development of creativity
Programmed text & motivation
Demerits :
Guessing
Difficulty in multiple choice questions
Difficulty in arranging the Branching Programme
Not Suitable for small children
Costly
No suitable feedback
Programmer’s imagination
16. Developed by Thomas F. Gilbert.
“Mathetics is defined as a systematic application of
reinforcement theory to the analysis and construction of
complex repertoires which represent the mastery in subject
matter.”
Based on connectives theory of learning.
Reverse chaining approach.
18. ¤ Principle of Chaining
¤ Principle of Discrimination
¤ Principle of Generalization
19. Merits :
More meaningful and valid.
Easy and significant.
Wide range of applicability.
Complete training system
Demerits :
Main emphasis is on mastery of the content rather than
changes in behavior of the learner.
Retrogressive chaining of stimuli.
Difficult to develop retrogressive learning package.