Build an intuitive understanding of the principles behind quantum mechanics through practical construction and replication of original experiments With easy-to-acquire, low-cost materials and basic knowledge of algebra and trigonometry, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects takes readers step by step through the process of re-creating scientific experiments that played an essential role in the creation and development of quantum mechanics. From simple measurements of Planck's constant to testing violations of Bell's inequalities using entangled photons, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects not only immerses readers in the process of quantum mechanics, it provides insight into the history of the field--how the theories and discoveries apply to our world not only today, but also tomorrow. By immersing readers in groundbreaking experiments that can be performed at home, school, or in the lab, this first-ever, hands-on book successfully demystifies the world of quantum physics for... .Build an intuitive understanding of the principles behind quantum mechanics through practical construction and replication of original experiments With easy-to-acquire, low-cost materials and basic knowledge of algebra and trigonometry, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects takes readers step by step through the process of re-creating scientific experiments that played an essential role in the creation and development of quantum mechanics. From simple measurements of Planck's constant to testing violations of Bell's inequalities using entangled photons, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects not only immerses readers in the process of quantum mechanics, it provides insight into the history of the field--how the theories and discoveries apply to our world not only today, but also tomorrow. By immersing readers in groundbreaking experiments that can be performed at home, school, or in the lab, this first-ever, hands-on book successfully demystifies the world of quantum physics for... Build an intuitive understanding of the principles behind quantum mechanics through practical construction and replication of original experiments With easy-to-acquire, low-cost materials and basic knowledge of algebra and trigonometry, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects takes readers step by step through the process of re-creating scientific experiments that played an essential role in the creation and development of quantum mechanics. From simple measurements of Planck's constant to testing violations of Bell's inequalities using entangled photons, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects not only immerses readers in the process of quantum mechanics, it provides insight into the history of the field--how the theories and discoveries apply to our world not only today, but also tomorrow. By immersing readers in groundbreaking experiments that can be performed at home, school, or in the lab, this first-ever, ha

2. This is to certify that I Ayush Mohanty, student of class 12(Science)
has successfully completed his project work under the guidance of
subject teacher __________________ during the year 2023/2024
from Freedom International School in fulfilement of physics
practical examination conducted by CBSE.
Teacher In-charge:-
External Examiner:-
School Rubber Stamp:-
Principal:-

3. • The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance
and assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have
got this all along the completion of my project work. Whatever I have
done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not forget to
thank them.
• I respect and thank my subject teacher for giving me an opportunity to do
this project work and providing us all support and guidance which made
me complete the project on time. I would like to express my gratitude for
helping me in conducting practical for project.
• Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends who supported
me all the way and my parents who helped me financially and encouraged
me throughout in the completion of project.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

4. • CERTIFICATE
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTIVE / AIM
• APPARATUS / MATERIAL REQUIRED
• DIAGRAM
• THEORY
• PROCEDURE
• OBSERVATIONS
• CALCULATIONS
• RESULTS
• PRECAUTIONS
• SOURCES OF ERRORS
INDEX

5. INTRODUCTION
In optics the refractive index of a material is dimensionless
number that describes how light propagates through that
medium it is defined as-
Where c is the speed of light in vacuum and ‘v’ is the phase velocity of light in
the medium. For example, the refractive index of water is 1.333 ; meaning
that light travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in water.

6. REFEACTION OF A LIGHT RAY
AIM:-
To find out the refractive indices of different liquids
using a hollow prism.
APPARATUS:-
• Hollow glass prism
• Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide, benzaldehyde
etc.
• Bell pins
• Drawing board

7. DIAGRAM

8. THEORY
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces
that refract light. Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent including glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used
to break light up into its constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also
be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.

9. Where:
• μ = refractive index of the liquid
• δm = the angle of minimum deviation
• r = angle of refraction
• i = angle of incidence
• A = angle of prism

10. PROCEDURE
• Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help of drawing
pins.
• Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
• Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
• Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and
place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight line.
• Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid ,on the marked
outline ABC.
• Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins
appear to be in same line.
• Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.
• Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
• Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.

11. OBSERVATION

13. CALCULATIONS

14. 1. Angle of incidence should lie between 35-60 degree.
2. Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in same line.
3. Distance b/w two points should not be less than 10mm.
4. Same angle of prism should be used for all observation.
5. Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent and
incident ray.
6.After filling the hollow prism with a liquid, it should be
covered properly by its plastic lid. Also, liquid drops left on
its outer surface should be dried with a tissue paper.
PRECAUTIONS

15. • Help from Internet
• Help from teachers
• NCERT textbook
• NCERT physics lab manual
• www.google.com
BIBLIOGRAPHY