Build an intuitive understanding of the principles behind quantum mechanics through practical construction and replication of original experiments With easy-to-acquire, low-cost materials and basic knowledge of algebra and trigonometry, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects takes readers step by step through the process of re-creating scientific experiments that played an essential role in the creation and development of quantum mechanics. From simple measurements of Planck's constant to testing violations of Bell's inequalities using entangled photons, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects not only immerses readers in the process of quantum mechanics, it provides insight into the history of the field--how the theories and discoveries apply to our world not only today, but also tomorrow. By immersing readers in groundbreaking experiments that can be performed at home, school, or in the lab, this first-ever, hands-on book successfully demystifies the world of quantum physics for...
.Build an intuitive understanding of the principles behind quantum mechanics through practical construction and replication of original experiments With easy-to-acquire, low-cost materials and basic knowledge of algebra and trigonometry, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects takes readers step by step through the process of re-creating scientific experiments that played an essential role in the creation and development of quantum mechanics. From simple measurements of Planck's constant to testing violations of Bell's inequalities using entangled photons, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects not only immerses readers in the process of quantum mechanics, it provides insight into the history of the field--how the theories and discoveries apply to our world not only today, but also tomorrow. By immersing readers in groundbreaking experiments that can be performed at home, school, or in the lab, this first-ever, hands-on book successfully demystifies the world of quantum physics for...
Build an intuitive understanding of the principles behind quantum mechanics through practical construction and replication of original experiments With easy-to-acquire, low-cost materials and basic knowledge of algebra and trigonometry, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects takes readers step by step through the process of re-creating scientific experiments that played an essential role in the creation and development of quantum mechanics. From simple measurements of Planck's constant to testing violations of Bell's inequalities using entangled photons, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects not only immerses readers in the process of quantum mechanics, it provides insight into the history of the field--how the theories and discoveries apply to our world not only today, but also tomorrow. By immersing readers in groundbreaking experiments that can be performed at home, school, or in the lab, this first-ever, ha
This document describes a physics investigatory project to determine the refractive indices of water and oil using a convex lens, plane mirror, and adjustable needle. The student measured the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and the combination of lens and liquid layer. Using the lensmaker's formula and measurements of the lens radius, the refractive indices of water and oil were calculated to be 1.0831 and 1.2886, respectively. The project involved theoretical background, apparatus, procedures, observations, calculations, results, and sources of error.
This document describes a physics investigatory project to find the refractive indexes of water and oil using a convex lens, plane mirror, and optical needle. The student measures the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and with water or oil between the lens and mirror. Using these focal lengths and the radius of curvature of the convex lens determined with a spherometer, the refractive indexes are calculated. The refractive index found for water is 1.0831 and for oil is 1.2886. Precautions taken and potential sources of error in the experiment are also outlined.
Karmendu Prakash, a student of class XII, conducted an experiment to find the refractive indices of water and oil under the guidance of his physics teacher Mr. Anil Sharma. The experiment involved using a plane mirror, convex lens of known refractive index, and an adjustable needle to measure the focal lengths of the lens alone and in combination with water and oil layers. Measurements were recorded and calculations were performed to determine the refractive indices of water as 1.3342 and oil as 1.44. Precautions taken and potential sources of error in the experiment are also outlined.
Thin layer chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in how compounds partition between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. It involves coating a thin layer of adsorbent on a plate, spotting samples, and developing the plate in a mobile phase. Compounds separate based on their affinity for the stationary versus mobile phase. Rf values characterize separation and allow identification of unknowns. TLC is useful for analyzing organic compounds, drug purity testing, and reaction monitoring due to its low cost, simplicity, and speed.
Ajay Kumar Prajapati completed a school physics project to determine the refractive indices of water and turpentine oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and needle. He thanks his teacher Miss Huma Parveen for guiding the project work and the principal for supporting the project. Ajay describes the experimental procedure and documents his observations and calculations. He determines the refractive index of water to be 1.06552 and turpentine oil to be 1.22736.
It is instrumental analytical technique. it is one of the major type of chromatography technique. its basic principle is adsorption. it has many applications in various fields
STRAND 3 MEASUREMENTS.pptx GRADE 8 FOR KIDSkimdan468
The document discusses various mathematical concepts related to measurement, including calculating the circumference, area, and surface area of circles, spheres, cylinders, cubes, and other shapes. Formulas are provided and examples shown for finding circumference, arc length, sector area, surface area, volume, and applying these concepts to real-world situations like construction and design problems. The document also covers financial math topics like calculating simple and compound interest, appreciation/depreciation, and hire purchase agreements.
This document describes a physics investigatory project to determine the refractive indices of water and oil using a convex lens, plane mirror, and adjustable needle. The student measured the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and the combination of lens and liquid layer. Using the lensmaker's formula and measurements of the lens radius, the refractive indices of water and oil were calculated to be 1.0831 and 1.2886, respectively. The project involved theoretical background, apparatus, procedures, observations, calculations, results, and sources of error.
This document describes a physics investigatory project to find the refractive indexes of water and oil using a convex lens, plane mirror, and optical needle. The student measures the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and with water or oil between the lens and mirror. Using these focal lengths and the radius of curvature of the convex lens determined with a spherometer, the refractive indexes are calculated. The refractive index found for water is 1.0831 and for oil is 1.2886. Precautions taken and potential sources of error in the experiment are also outlined.
Karmendu Prakash, a student of class XII, conducted an experiment to find the refractive indices of water and oil under the guidance of his physics teacher Mr. Anil Sharma. The experiment involved using a plane mirror, convex lens of known refractive index, and an adjustable needle to measure the focal lengths of the lens alone and in combination with water and oil layers. Measurements were recorded and calculations were performed to determine the refractive indices of water as 1.3342 and oil as 1.44. Precautions taken and potential sources of error in the experiment are also outlined.
Thin layer chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in how compounds partition between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. It involves coating a thin layer of adsorbent on a plate, spotting samples, and developing the plate in a mobile phase. Compounds separate based on their affinity for the stationary versus mobile phase. Rf values characterize separation and allow identification of unknowns. TLC is useful for analyzing organic compounds, drug purity testing, and reaction monitoring due to its low cost, simplicity, and speed.
Ajay Kumar Prajapati completed a school physics project to determine the refractive indices of water and turpentine oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and needle. He thanks his teacher Miss Huma Parveen for guiding the project work and the principal for supporting the project. Ajay describes the experimental procedure and documents his observations and calculations. He determines the refractive index of water to be 1.06552 and turpentine oil to be 1.22736.
It is instrumental analytical technique. it is one of the major type of chromatography technique. its basic principle is adsorption. it has many applications in various fields
STRAND 3 MEASUREMENTS.pptx GRADE 8 FOR KIDSkimdan468
The document discusses various mathematical concepts related to measurement, including calculating the circumference, area, and surface area of circles, spheres, cylinders, cubes, and other shapes. Formulas are provided and examples shown for finding circumference, arc length, sector area, surface area, volume, and applying these concepts to real-world situations like construction and design problems. The document also covers financial math topics like calculating simple and compound interest, appreciation/depreciation, and hire purchase agreements.
this gives students good knowledge about the preparation
of fertilizers using various elements like phosphorous and
nitrogen also gives various observation table with results regarding usage of each element in fertilizer.
This document describes a presentation on chromatography given by Anita Yadav at Pokhara University. It provides background on chromatography, discussing its origins and key principles. It also covers different types of chromatography classified by mobile and stationary phases or separation principles. Specific techniques like thin layer chromatography are explained in terms of stationary phases, mobile phases, methodology, uses and materials required.
This document describes a physics experiment conducted by Abhishek Dhinge to determine the refractive indices of water and turpentine oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and adjustable object needle. The experiment involves measuring the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and in combination with plano-concave lenses of water and turpentine oil formed between the lens and mirror. The radius of curvature of the convex lens is also measured using a spherometer. Calculations using lens maker's formula and measured values yield the refractive indices of water as 1.06552 and turpentine oil as 1.22736.
This document provides an overview and instructions for a 2D essentials class. It includes reminders about upcoming project deadlines, extra credit opportunities, and questions from prior chapters. It discusses concepts like runouts, plotting curves by hand, and isometric drawing. Students are instructed to break into groups to answer questions, sketch examples, and draw isometric shapes like cubes and boxes. The instructor emphasizes key pictorial drawing techniques including orthographic, oblique, perspective, and axonometric projections.
1) The document discusses scientific techniques for analyzing physical evidence like glass, including determining density through flotation and refractive index through immersion.
2) It describes how glass fractures can provide information about the force and direction of impact, with radial cracks forming opposite the impact and concentric cracks on the impact side.
3) Examining the shape of holes and stress markings on cracks can help determine which side of a window was broken.
The document discusses different types of instructional media that can be used in nursing education. It describes projected visual aids like overhead projectors, opaque projectors, slide projectors, and filmstrips. It explains how to prepare transparencies and slides and the advantages and disadvantages of different projected media. Principles of selecting, preparing, presenting, and evaluating audiovisual aids are also mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to common glassware and equipment used in labs, including:
1. Glassware like volumetric flasks, pipettes, burettes, and graduated cylinders are used to accurately measure volumes of solutions. Clean glassware is essential for accurate work.
2. Volumetric flasks come in different sizes and are used to make solutions of a precise volume. Solutions are added until the meniscus is at the marked line.
3. Pipettes like Mohr pipettes are used to accurately measure small volumes of liquids. They are filled and emptied through a bulb system to control flow.
4. Burettes are used for titrations to deliver reactants in
Sandesh Walke completed a chemistry investigatory project on paper chromatography. He thanks his teacher Ms. Dhruva Pardeshi for guiding the project and his principal for providing facilities. Paper chromatography is a technique that separates mixtures by their different migration rates on chromatographic paper. Key aspects covered include sample application, development with a mobile solvent phase, and calculation of Rf values to quantify separation. Paper chromatography has various applications like separation of mixtures, purity testing, and analysis of foods, drugs and other samples.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were classified based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted. Common alternative conceptions identified included that the water cycle only involves freezing/melting, only evaporation/condensation, or only occurs over seas/oceans. The scientific understanding of the full water cycle process is also provided.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were classified based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted. Common alternative conceptions identified included thinking the water cycle only involved freezing/melting, only evaporation and condensation, or that water only evaporates from seas and oceans. The scientific understanding of the full water cycle process is also provided.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were classified based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted. Common misconceptions identified included thinking the water cycle only involved freezing/melting, only evaporation and condensation, or that water only evaporates from seas and oceans. The scientific understanding of the full water cycle process is also provided.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were categorized based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted to further understand students' conceptions. The summaries identified several misconceptions students held, including that the water cycle only involves freezing/melting of water, only evaporation and condensation, or only evaporation from seas and oceans. The document concludes by providing the scientifically accurate description of the water cycle.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were classified based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted. Common alternative conceptions identified included thinking the water cycle only involved freezing/melting, only evaporation and condensation, or that water only evaporates from seas and oceans. The scientific understanding of the full water cycle process is also provided.
This document is a certificate for a student who completed a physics project on measuring the refractive indices of various liquids. The project was carried out in the school laboratory during the 2014-2015 academic year, as part of the curriculum for the ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY EXAM. The student measured the refractive indices of liquids including water, vinegar, vegetable oil and glycerine using a hollow glass prism. The speeds of light in the liquids were also calculated using the refractive indices and the known speed of light in a vacuum.
Refractive index of liquids using travelling microscopefootballsharmik
1) The document describes a physics investigatory project to determine the refractive index of different liquids using a travelling microscope.
2) The project was conducted by Sharmik Sen of class 12-S4 under the guidance of their teachers.
3) The experiment involves measuring the apparent thickness of different liquids placed on a horizontal surface as viewed through a travelling microscope and calculating the refractive index based on the readings.
The lesson plan outlines a mathematics lesson for 9th standard students on calculating the curved surface area of cylinders. The teacher will introduce the concept through examples and a chart, then provide practice problems for students to work through individually and discuss as a class. The goal is for students to understand how to find the curved surface area of a cylinder by multiplying the base perimeter by the height.
This document provides instructions for an activity to teach students about angle of depression. It includes 5 steps: 1) Think of an observation scenario; 2) Draw a line from the observer's eye to the object; 3) Draw a vertical line from the object; 4) Draw a horizontal line from the observer intersecting the vertical line; 5) Label the lines and angles. Angle of depression is defined as the angle between the horizontal line and the line of sight from observer to object below. Real-world applications of angle of depression include surveying, navigation, and architecture/engineering. Students are assigned to illustrate an observation scenario and label the angle of depression.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
this gives students good knowledge about the preparation
of fertilizers using various elements like phosphorous and
nitrogen also gives various observation table with results regarding usage of each element in fertilizer.
This document describes a presentation on chromatography given by Anita Yadav at Pokhara University. It provides background on chromatography, discussing its origins and key principles. It also covers different types of chromatography classified by mobile and stationary phases or separation principles. Specific techniques like thin layer chromatography are explained in terms of stationary phases, mobile phases, methodology, uses and materials required.
This document describes a physics experiment conducted by Abhishek Dhinge to determine the refractive indices of water and turpentine oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and adjustable object needle. The experiment involves measuring the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and in combination with plano-concave lenses of water and turpentine oil formed between the lens and mirror. The radius of curvature of the convex lens is also measured using a spherometer. Calculations using lens maker's formula and measured values yield the refractive indices of water as 1.06552 and turpentine oil as 1.22736.
This document provides an overview and instructions for a 2D essentials class. It includes reminders about upcoming project deadlines, extra credit opportunities, and questions from prior chapters. It discusses concepts like runouts, plotting curves by hand, and isometric drawing. Students are instructed to break into groups to answer questions, sketch examples, and draw isometric shapes like cubes and boxes. The instructor emphasizes key pictorial drawing techniques including orthographic, oblique, perspective, and axonometric projections.
1) The document discusses scientific techniques for analyzing physical evidence like glass, including determining density through flotation and refractive index through immersion.
2) It describes how glass fractures can provide information about the force and direction of impact, with radial cracks forming opposite the impact and concentric cracks on the impact side.
3) Examining the shape of holes and stress markings on cracks can help determine which side of a window was broken.
The document discusses different types of instructional media that can be used in nursing education. It describes projected visual aids like overhead projectors, opaque projectors, slide projectors, and filmstrips. It explains how to prepare transparencies and slides and the advantages and disadvantages of different projected media. Principles of selecting, preparing, presenting, and evaluating audiovisual aids are also mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to common glassware and equipment used in labs, including:
1. Glassware like volumetric flasks, pipettes, burettes, and graduated cylinders are used to accurately measure volumes of solutions. Clean glassware is essential for accurate work.
2. Volumetric flasks come in different sizes and are used to make solutions of a precise volume. Solutions are added until the meniscus is at the marked line.
3. Pipettes like Mohr pipettes are used to accurately measure small volumes of liquids. They are filled and emptied through a bulb system to control flow.
4. Burettes are used for titrations to deliver reactants in
Sandesh Walke completed a chemistry investigatory project on paper chromatography. He thanks his teacher Ms. Dhruva Pardeshi for guiding the project and his principal for providing facilities. Paper chromatography is a technique that separates mixtures by their different migration rates on chromatographic paper. Key aspects covered include sample application, development with a mobile solvent phase, and calculation of Rf values to quantify separation. Paper chromatography has various applications like separation of mixtures, purity testing, and analysis of foods, drugs and other samples.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were classified based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted. Common alternative conceptions identified included that the water cycle only involves freezing/melting, only evaporation/condensation, or only occurs over seas/oceans. The scientific understanding of the full water cycle process is also provided.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were classified based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted. Common alternative conceptions identified included thinking the water cycle only involved freezing/melting, only evaporation and condensation, or that water only evaporates from seas and oceans. The scientific understanding of the full water cycle process is also provided.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were classified based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted. Common misconceptions identified included thinking the water cycle only involved freezing/melting, only evaporation and condensation, or that water only evaporates from seas and oceans. The scientific understanding of the full water cycle process is also provided.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were categorized based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted to further understand students' conceptions. The summaries identified several misconceptions students held, including that the water cycle only involves freezing/melting of water, only evaporation and condensation, or only evaporation from seas and oceans. The document concludes by providing the scientifically accurate description of the water cycle.
This document summarizes a study that investigated students' alternative conceptions about the water cycle through drawings and interviews. The study involved undergraduate science students with an average age of 21. Students were asked to draw the water cycle and were classified based on the level of understanding shown in their drawings. Individual interviews were then conducted. Common alternative conceptions identified included thinking the water cycle only involved freezing/melting, only evaporation and condensation, or that water only evaporates from seas and oceans. The scientific understanding of the full water cycle process is also provided.
This document is a certificate for a student who completed a physics project on measuring the refractive indices of various liquids. The project was carried out in the school laboratory during the 2014-2015 academic year, as part of the curriculum for the ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY EXAM. The student measured the refractive indices of liquids including water, vinegar, vegetable oil and glycerine using a hollow glass prism. The speeds of light in the liquids were also calculated using the refractive indices and the known speed of light in a vacuum.
Refractive index of liquids using travelling microscopefootballsharmik
1) The document describes a physics investigatory project to determine the refractive index of different liquids using a travelling microscope.
2) The project was conducted by Sharmik Sen of class 12-S4 under the guidance of their teachers.
3) The experiment involves measuring the apparent thickness of different liquids placed on a horizontal surface as viewed through a travelling microscope and calculating the refractive index based on the readings.
The lesson plan outlines a mathematics lesson for 9th standard students on calculating the curved surface area of cylinders. The teacher will introduce the concept through examples and a chart, then provide practice problems for students to work through individually and discuss as a class. The goal is for students to understand how to find the curved surface area of a cylinder by multiplying the base perimeter by the height.
This document provides instructions for an activity to teach students about angle of depression. It includes 5 steps: 1) Think of an observation scenario; 2) Draw a line from the observer's eye to the object; 3) Draw a vertical line from the object; 4) Draw a horizontal line from the observer intersecting the vertical line; 5) Label the lines and angles. Angle of depression is defined as the angle between the horizontal line and the line of sight from observer to object below. Real-world applications of angle of depression include surveying, navigation, and architecture/engineering. Students are assigned to illustrate an observation scenario and label the angle of depression.
Similar to PHYSICS PROJECT.pptx freedom international school (20)
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. This is to certify that I Ayush Mohanty, student of class 12(Science)
has successfully completed his project work under the guidance of
subject teacher __________________ during the year 2023/2024
from Freedom International School in fulfilement of physics
practical examination conducted by CBSE.
Teacher In-charge:-
External Examiner:-
School Rubber Stamp:-
Principal:-
3. • The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance
and assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have
got this all along the completion of my project work. Whatever I have
done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not forget to
thank them.
• I respect and thank my subject teacher for giving me an opportunity to do
this project work and providing us all support and guidance which made
me complete the project on time. I would like to express my gratitude for
helping me in conducting practical for project.
• Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends who supported
me all the way and my parents who helped me financially and encouraged
me throughout in the completion of project.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
4. • CERTIFICATE
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTIVE / AIM
• APPARATUS / MATERIAL REQUIRED
• DIAGRAM
• THEORY
• PROCEDURE
• OBSERVATIONS
• CALCULATIONS
• RESULTS
• PRECAUTIONS
• SOURCES OF ERRORS
INDEX
5. INTRODUCTION
In optics the refractive index of a material is dimensionless
number that describes how light propagates through that
medium it is defined as-
Where c is the speed of light in vacuum and ‘v’ is the phase velocity of light in
the medium. For example, the refractive index of water is 1.333 ; meaning
that light travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in water.
6. REFEACTION OF A LIGHT RAY
AIM:-
To find out the refractive indices of different liquids
using a hollow prism.
APPARATUS:-
• Hollow glass prism
• Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide, benzaldehyde
etc.
• Bell pins
• Drawing board
8. THEORY
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces
that refract light. Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent including glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used
to break light up into its constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also
be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.
9. Where:
• μ = refractive index of the liquid
• δm = the angle of minimum deviation
• r = angle of refraction
• i = angle of incidence
• A = angle of prism
10. PROCEDURE
• Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help of drawing
pins.
• Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
• Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
• Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and
place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight line.
• Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid ,on the marked
outline ABC.
• Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins
appear to be in same line.
• Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.
• Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
• Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.
14. 1. Angle of incidence should lie between 35-60 degree.
2. Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in same line.
3. Distance b/w two points should not be less than 10mm.
4. Same angle of prism should be used for all observation.
5. Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent and
incident ray.
6.After filling the hollow prism with a liquid, it should be
covered properly by its plastic lid. Also, liquid drops left on
its outer surface should be dried with a tissue paper.
PRECAUTIONS
15. • Help from Internet
• Help from teachers
• NCERT textbook
• NCERT physics lab manual
• www.google.com
BIBLIOGRAPHY
