Organic matter. They are substances which are added to the soil to restore the productive power of the soil They add nutrients ,organic matter required for plants and soil microbes that improve the physio chemical properties of the soil They also counter act the toxic effect of certain chemicals in the soil

1. FARMYARD MANURE
COMPOST
AND
VERMICOMPOST

2. MANURE
• ORGANIC MATTER.
• THEY ARE SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE ADDED TO THE SOIL
TO RESTORE THE PRODUCTIVE POWER OF THE SOIL
• THEY ADD NUTRIENTS ,ORGANIC MATTER REQUIRED FOR
PLANTS AND SOIL MICROBES THAT IMPROVE THE PHYSIO
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL
• THEY ALSO COUNTER ACT THE TOXIC EFFECT OF CERTAIN
CHEMICALS IN THE SOIL

3. • THE MAIN EXAMPLES OF MANURES INCLUDE CATTLE
MANURE ,BONE MEAL ,OIL CAKES , LEAF MOULDS ETC

6. TYPES
• THERE ARE THREE MAIN CLASSES :-
1. ANIMAL MANURE
2. COMPOST
3. GREEN MANURE

7. ANIMAL MANURE
• MOST ANIMAL MANURE CONSISTS OF FECES
• . COMMON FORMS OF ANIMAL MANURE INCLUDE
FARMYARD MANURE (FYM) OR FARM SLURRY (LIQUID
MANURE).
• FYM ALSO CONTAINS PLANT MATERIAL (OFTEN
STRAW), WHICH HAS BEEN USED AS BEDDING FOR
ANIMALS AND HAS ABSORBED THE FECES AND URINE.

8. • .AGRICULTURAL MANURE IN LIQUID FORM, KNOWN AS
SLURRY, IS PRODUCED BY MORE INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK
REARING SYSTEMS WHERE CONCRETE OR SLATS ARE USED,
INSTEAD OF STRAW BEDDING.
• MANURE FROM DIFFERENT ANIMALS HAS DIFFERENT
QUALITIES AND REQUIRES DIFFERENT APPLICATION
RATES WHEN USED AS FERTILIZER. FOR EXAMPLE HORSES,
CATTLE, PIGS, SHEEP, CHICKEN , RABBITS , TURKEY FROM
SEABIRDS AND BATS HAVE ALL DIFFERENT PROPERTIES

9. • . FOR INSTANCE, SHEEP MANURE IS HIGH IN NITROGEN
AND POTASH, WHILE PIG MANURE IS RELATIVELY LOW
IN BOTH. HORSES MAINLY EAT GRASS AND A FEW
WEEDS SO HORSE MANURE CAN CONTAIN GRASS AND
WEED SEEDS, AS HORSES DO NOT DIGEST SEEDS THE
WAY THE CATTLES DO
• CHICKEN LITTER CONTAIN NITROGEN AND PHOSPHATE
AND HENCE HIGHLY VALUABLE

10. • ANIMAL MANURES MAY BE ADULTERATED OR
CONTAMINATED WITH OTHER ANIMAL PRODUCTS,
SUCH AS WOOL (SHODDY AND OTHER HAIR), FEATHERS,
BLOOD, AND BONE.
• LIVESTOCK FEED CAN BE MIXED WITH THE MANURE
DUE TO SPILLAGE.
• FOR EXAMPLE, CHICKENS ARE OFTEN FED MEAT AND
BONE MEAL, AN ANIMAL PRODUCT, WHICH CAN END UP
BECOMING MIXED WITH CHICKEN LITTER.

11. HUMAN MANURE
• SOME PEOPLE REFER TO HUMAN EXCRETA AS HUMAN
MANURE, AND THE WORD "HUMANURE" HAS ALSO BEEN
USED.
• JUST LIKE ANIMAL MANURE, IT CAN BE APPLIED AS A
SOIL CONDITIONER (REUSE OF EXCRETA IN
AGRICULTURE).
• SEWAGE SLUDGE IS A MATERIAL THAT CONTAINS
HUMAN EXCRETA, AS IT IS GENERATED AFTER MIXING
EXCRETA WITH WATER AND TREATMENT OF THE
WASTEWATER IN A SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT.

12. FARM YARD MANURE
• THIS IS THE TRADITIONAL MANURE AND IS MOSTLY
READILY AVAILABLE TO THE FARMERS.
• FARM YARD MANURE IS A DECOMPOSED MIXTURE OF
CATTLE DUNG AND URINE WITH STRAW AND LITTER USED
AS BEDDING MATERIAL AND RESIDUES FROM THE FODDER
FED TO THE CATTLE.
• THE WASTE MATERIAL OF CATTLE SHED CONSISTING OF
DUNG AND URINE SOAKED IN THE REFUSE OF THE SHADE
IS COLLECTED DAILY AND PLACED IN TRENCHES ABOUT 6-
7 M LONG, 1.5-2 M BROAD AND 1 M DEEP

13. • . EACH TRENCH IS FILLED UPTO A HEIGHT OF ABOUT 0.5
M ABOVE THE GROUND LEVEL.
• THE TOP OF THE HEAP IS TO BE MADE DOME SHAPED
AND PLASTERED OVER WITH COW DUNG EARTH SLURRY.
• IT BECOMES READY TO APPLY AFTER 3-4 MONTHS.
• IT IS POSSIBLE TO PREPARE BY THIS PROCESS 7-8.5
CU.M OF MANURE. (5-6 TONNES OR 10-12 CART LOADS)
PER YEAR PER HEAD OF CATTLE.

14. • WELL ROTTEN FARM YARD MANURE CONTAINS 0.4 TO
1.5 PER CENT N, 0.3-0.9 % P2O5 AND 0.3-1.9% K2O.
ANIMAL AND COW DUNG FROM BIOGAS ARE ALSO USED
IN SIMILAR MANNER.

18. Nutrients Amount
Nitrogen 0.5
Phosphorous 0.25
Potassium 0.4
Calcium 0.08
Sulfur 0.02
Zinc 0.004
Copper 0.0003
Manganese 0.007
Iron 0.45

19. COMPOST
• DECOMPOSED REMNANTS OF ORGANIC MATERIALS
USUALLY OF PLANT ORIGIN.
• IT IS PREPARED BY DECOMPOSTING PLANT RESIDUES
UNDER THE ACTION OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI
• WELL PREPARED COMPOST CONTAINS 0.75 – 1 % N , 0.60 -
0.75% P2 O5 AND 1-1.5% K2O

21. HOW TO PREPARE A COMPOST
• COMPOST IS CREATED WHEN ORGANIC MATTER
DECOMPOSES
• ORGANIC MATTER EVENTUALLY REACHES A POINT
WHERE IT CAN NO LONGER DECOMPOSE ; IT IS AT
THAT POINT THAT IT BECOMES AN EXTREMELY
NUTRITIOUS AND LONG- LASTING FERTILIZER

22. 1 ) OBTAIN A COMPOST BIN
• PURCHASE A PRE MADE COMPOSTING CONTAINER OR
BUILD YOUR OWN BOX USING WOOD
2 ) CREATE A BOTTOM LAYER
• FORK OVER BOX TO AERATE IT AND ASSIST IN
DRAINAGE
• PILE TWIGS AND OTHER STRAW LIKE MATERIAL AT THE
BOTTOM ABOUT 4 INCHES DEEP

23. STEP 1
STEP 2

24. • 3) FILL YOUR BIN
• ADD NITROGEN COMPOUNDS ,LIKE CUT GRASS ,WEEDS RAW
VEGETABLE PEELINGS , COFFEE GROUNDS , MANURE ETC..
• INCLUDE CARBON COMPOUNDS LIKE CARDBOARD , WASTE
PAPER ,NEWSPAPER , SAWDUST ETC..
• THE FAST ROTTING MATERIALS SHOULD BE COMBINED WITH
SLOW ROTTING MATERIALS INORDER TO PREVENT
UNPLEASANT SMELL
• ADD SOME BACTERIA LIKE PSEUDOMONAS TO CATALYZE THE
DECOMPOSITION

25. • THE MATERIALS SHOULD BE CUTTED INTO SMALL PIECES TO
MAKE IT DECOMPOSE FASTER
• WATER THE HEAP LIBERALLY AS YOU ARE FILLING
• 4) CHECK THE COMPOST PILE AFTER 3 DAYS
• PLACE YOUR HAND NEAR THE TOP TO DETERMINE IF IT IS
HOT ,IF IT IS HOT THEN IT IS A SIGN OF DECOMPOSITION
• WAIT ANOTHER WEEK ,AND CHECK THE PILE AGAIN ,IF IT IS
COOL , YOU CAN BEGIN TO MIX IT
• IF IT IS STILL HOT , WAIT ANOTHER WEEK

26. STEP 3 STEP
4

27. • 5)MIX UP THE MATTER
• USE A SHOVEL OR GARDEN FORK TO THOROUGHLY MIX THE
CONTENTS OF THE COMPOST BIN
• MIXING THOROUGHLY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM GIVE AERATION
• ADD WATER IT THE CONTENTS SEEM DRY
• 6) CONTINUE TO MIX THE MATTER THROUGHOUT THE NEXT 4 TO
6 WEEKS
• STOP ONCE THE HEAP NO LONGER HEATS UP
• THE COMPOST MUST BE UNDISTURBED IN ITS FINAL STAGES IN
ORDER TO COMPLETE THE PROCESS

28. STEP 5 STEP
6

29. • 7) CHECK THE BOTTOM OF THE BIN FOR COMPOST
READY FOR THE GARDEN
• DETERMINE IF THE COMPOST IS READY BY STUDYING IT
FOR A DARK BROWN COLOR THAT SMELLS LIKE EARTH

30. STEP 7

31. GREEN MANURE
• GREEN UNDECOMPOSED MATERIAL USED AS MANURE IS
CALLED GREEN MANURE.
• IT IS OBTAINED IN TWO WAYS: BY GROWING GREEN
MANURE CROPS OR BY COLLECTING GREEN LEAF (ALONG
WITH TWIGS) FROM PLANTS GROWN IN WASTELANDS, FIELD
BUNDS AND FOREST.
• GREEN MANURING IS GROWING IN THE FIELD PLANTS
USUALLY BELONGING TO LEGUMINOUS FAMILY AND
INCORPORATING INTO THE SOIL AFTER SUFFICIENT
GROWTH

32. GREEN MANURE CROP
• THE PLANTS THAT ARE GROWN FOR GREEN MANURE
KNOWN AS GREEN MANURE CROPS.
• THE MOST IMPORTANT GREEN MANURE CROPS ARE
SUNNHEMP, DHAINCHA, PILLIPESARA,CLUSTERBEANS AND
SESBANIA ROSTRATA.

34. • SESBANIA ROSTRATA IS A STEM NODULATING GREEN MANURE
CROP WHICH IS A NATIVE OF WEST AFRICA.
• AS IT IS A SHORT-DAY PLANT AND SENSITIVE TO
PHOTOPERIOD, THE LENGTH OF VEGETATIVE PERIOD IS SHORT
WHEN SOWN IN AUGUST OR SEPTEMBER.
• A MUTANT (TSR-L) DEVELOPED BY BHABHA ATOMIC
RESEARCH CENTRE, BOMBAY IS INSENSITIVE TO PHOTOPERIOD,
TOLERANT TO SALINITY AND WATERLOGGED CONDITION
• . GROWTH AND NITROGEN FIXATION IS HIGHER WITH TSR-L
COMPARED TO THE EXISTING STRAINS.

35. • ADVANTAGES OF GREEN MANURE CROP
• IMPROVES SOIL STRUCTURE
• INCREASES WATER HOLDING CAPACITY AND
• DECREASES SOIL LOSS BY EROSION

36. GREEN LEAF MAURE
• APPLICATION OF GREEN LEAVES AND TWIGS OF TREES, SHRUBS
AND HERBS COLLECTED FROM ELSEWHERE IS KNOWN AS
GREEN LEAF MANURING.
• FOREST TREE LEAVES ARE THE MAIN SOURCES FOR GREEN
LEAF MANURE.
• PLANTS GROWING IN WASTELANDS, FIELD BUNDS ETC., ARE
ANOTHER SOURCE OF GREEN LEAF MANURE.
• THE IMPORTANT PLANT SPECIES USEFUL FOR GREEN LEAF
MANURE ARE NEEM, MAHUA, WILD INDIGO, GLYRICIDIA,
KARANJI (PONGAMIA GLABRA) CALOTROPIS, AVISE(SESBANIA
GRANDIFLORA), SUBABUL AND OTHER SHRUBS.

38. • ADVANTAGES OF GREEN MANURING
• GREEN MANURING IMPROVES SOIL STRUCTURE,
INCREASES WATER HOLDING CAPACITY AND DECREASES
SOIL LOSS BY EROSION.
• GROWING OF GREEN MANURE CROPS IN THE OFF
SEASON REDUCES WEED PROLIFERATION AND WEED
GROWTH.
• GREEN MANURING HELPS IN RECLAMATION OF ALKALINE
SOILS. ROOT KNOT NEMATODES CAN BE CONTROLLED BY
GREEN MANURING

40. VERMICOMPOST
• VERMICOMPOST IS THE PRODUCT OF THE COMPOSTING PROCESS
USING VARIOUS SPECIES OF WORMS, USUALLY RED WIGGLERS,
WHITE WORMS, AND OTHER EARTHWORMS, TO CREATE A
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE OF DECOMPOSING VEGETABLE OR FOOD
WASTE, BEDDING MATERIALS, AND VERMICAST, ALSO CALLED WORM
CASTINGS, WORM HUMUS OR WORM MANURE, IS THE END-PRODUCT
OF THE BREAKDOWN OF ORGANIC MATTER BY AN EARTHWORM.
• THESE CASTINGS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO CONTAIN REDUCED LEVELS
OF CONTAMINANTS AND A HIGHER SATURATION OF NUTRIENTS
THAN DO ORGANIC MATERIALS BEFORE VERMICOMPOSTING.

41. • CONTAINING WATER-SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS, VERMICOMPOST IS
AN EXCELLENT, NUTRIENT-RICH ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND
SOIL CONDITIONER. THIS PROCESS OF PRODUCING
VERMICOMPOST IS CALLED VERMICOMPOSTING.
• WHILE VERMICOMPOSTING IS GENERALLY KNOWN AS A
NUTRIENT RICH SOURCE OF ORGANIC COMPOST USED IN
FARMING AND SMALL SCALE SUSTAINABLE, ORGANIC
FARMING, THE PROCESS OF VERMICASTING IS UNDERGOING
RESEARCH AS A TREATMENT FOR ORGANIC WASTE IN SEWAGE
AND WASTEWATER PLANTS AROUND THE WORLD.

42. CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE
• THERE MAY BE DIFFERENCES IN VERMICOMPOSTING
METHODS DEPENDING ON THE CLIMATE
• IT IS NECESSARY TO MONITOR THE TEMPERATURES OF
LARGE-SCALE BIN SYSTEMS (WHICH CAN HAVE HIGH HEAT-
RETENTIVE PROPERTIES), AS THE FEEDSTOCKS USED CAN
COMPOST, HEATING UP THE WORM BINS AS THEY DECAY
AND KILLING THE WORMS.

43. • THE MOST COMMON WORMS USED IN COMPOSTING
SYSTEMS, REDWORMS (EISENIA FOETIDA, EISENIA ANDREI,
AND LUMBRICUS RUBELLUS) FEED MOST RAPIDLY AT
TEMPERATURES OF 15–25 °C (59-77 °F).
• THEY CAN SURVIVE AT 10 °C (50 °F).
• TEMPERATURES ABOVE 30 °C (86 °F) MAY HARM THEM.

44. • THIS TEMPERATURE RANGE MEANS THAT INDOOR
VERMICOMPOSTING WITH REDWORMS IS POSSIBLE IN ALL
BUT TROPICAL CLIMATES.
• OTHER WORMS LIKE PERIONYX EXCAVATUS ARE SUITABLE
FOR WARMER CLIMATES.
• IF A WORM BIN IS KEPT OUTSIDE, IT SHOULD BE PLACED IN
A SHELTERED POSITION AWAY FROM DIRECT SUNLIGHT
AND INSULATED AGAINST FROST IN WINTER.

46. SUITABLE SPECIES
• LUMBRICUS RUBELLUS (RED EARTHWORM)
• EISENIA FETIDA

47. • EISENIA HORTENSIS
• LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS

48. • PERIONYX EXCAVATUS

49. HOW TO PREPARE A
VERMICOMPOST
• 1 BUILD OR PURCHASE A WORM BIN
• IT IS THE ENCLOSURE IN WHICH WORMS LIVE ; IT HOLDS IN
THE BEDDING AND FOOD SCRAPS ,REGULATE THE AMOUNT
OF MOISTURE IN THE BEDDING , AND BLOCKS LIGHT
• THE WORM BIN SHOULD BE LARGE , SHOULD HAVE A LID ,
OPAQUE , AND 30 CM DEEP
• DRILL SEVERAL SMALL HOLES IN THE SIDES OF THE BIN FOR
AIR FLOW
• THE WORMS WONT LEAVE THESE HOLES BECAUSE OF THEIR
AVERSION TO LIGHT , IF DESIRED THE HOLES CAN BE
COVERED WITH MESH

50. • 2 PURCHASE WORMS
• AS MENTIONED EARLIER RED WIGGLERS ( EISENIA FOETIDA )
ARE THE BEST
• 3 PREPARE THE WORM BEDDING
• THE BEDDING IS THE MATERIAL THAT THE WORMS WILL LIVE
IN
• IT CAN BE MADE FROM ANY CARBON – RICH ORGANIC
MATTER , BUT NEWSPAPER WORKS THE BEST
• TEAR THE NEWSPAPERS INTO LONG , 1 INCH WIDE STRIPS
• SHOULD FILL THE NEWSPAPER TILL PACKED LOOSELY

51. STEP 1 STEP
2

52. • 4 MOISTEN THE BEDDING
• WORMS CAN SURVIVE ONLY IN MOIST CONDITION , SO MAKE
SURE THE BEDDING IS MOIST
• MOISTEN IT WITH WATER TILL THE BEDDING FEEL LIKE A WRUNG –
OUT SPONGE THAT IS IF SQUEEZED , NO MORE THAN DROP OR 2
OF WATER SHOULD FALL OUT
• 5 ADD A HANDFUL OF SOIL TO THE BEDDING
• IN ADDITION TO BEDDING ADD A HANDFUL OF SOIL
• THE SOIL PROVIDES GRIT FOR THE WORMS WHICH HELP S THEM
TO DIGEST THE FOOD SCRAPS

53. • IT ALSO INTRODUCES MICROORGANISMS INTO THE WORM BIN
THAT AID IN DECOMPOSITION
• 6 ADD THE WORMS TO THE VERMICOMPOST BIN
• ADD THE WORMS BY SCATTERING THEM ONTO THE BEDDING
• CLOSE THE LID TO BLOCK THE LIGHT
• KEEP IT UNDISTURBED FOR ONE DAY WITHOUT ADDING FOOD
SCRAPS TO WORK THEIR WAY INTO BEDDING

54. STEP 3
STEP 4

55. STEP 5 STEP 6

56. • 7 ADD FOOD SCRAPS TO THE BIN
• TO BEGIN COMPOSTING , ADD FOOD SCRAPS AND RESEAL
THE LID
• AS TIME PROGRESS YOU CAN ADD MORE FOOD SCRAPS
• 8 REMOVE THE WORMS WHEN THE COMPOST IS DONE
• AS THE WORMS DIGEST THE FOOD SCRAPS THEY PRODUCE
CASTINGS
• THESE DARK BLACK –BROWN THREADS FORM COMPLETED
VERMICOMPOST
• WORMS CAN BE REMOVED EITHER BY HAND OR BY REMOVING
THE BEDDING A BIT SO THAT WORMS CAN MOVE TO BOTTOM

57. • 9 AFTER HARVESTING REPLACE THE BEDDING AND
REINTRODUCE THE WORMS

58. STEP 7 STEP
8

59. STEP 9 STEP 10

60. HARVESTING
• VERMICOMPOST IS READY FOR HARVEST WHEN IT
CONTAINS FEW-TO-NO SCRAPS OF UNEATEN FOOD OR
BEDDING
• THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS OF HARVESTING FROM
SMALL-SCALE SYSTEMS: "DUMP AND HAND SORT", "LET
THE WORMS DO THE SORTING", "ALTERNATE CONTAINERS"
AND "DIVIDE AND DUMP.
• THEY DIFFER ON THE AMOUNT OF TIME AND LABOR
INVOLVED AND WHETHER THE VERMICOMPOSTER WANTS
TO SAVE AS MANY WORMS AS POSSIBLE FROM BEING
TRAPPED IN THE HARVESTED COMPOST.

61. • THE PYRAMID METHOD OF HARVESTING WORM COMPOST
IS CONSIDERED THE SIMPLEST METHOD FOR SINGLE LAYER
BINS.
• IT IS COMMONLY USED IN SMALL SCALE VERMICULTURE.
• WHILE HARVESTING, IT'S ALSO A GOOD IDEA TO TRY TO
PICK OUT AS MANY EGGS/COCOONS AS POSSIBLE AND
RETURN THEM TO THE BIN. EGGS ARE SMALL, LEMON-
SHAPED YELLOWISH OBJECTS THAT CAN USUALLY BE SEEN
PRETTY EASILY WITH THE NAKED EYE AND PICKED OUT.

62. THANK
YOU