Seminar on Dental ceramics

1. PRESENTED BY DR. SIDDHESH KOKITKAR
2ND YEAR PG STUDENT
(DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATIVE AND ENDODONTICS)
DENTAL CERAMICS

2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• History
• Composition
• Classification
• Metal ceramic system
• All ceramic system
• Recent advances
• Cementation protocol
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Reference.
2

3. INTRODUCTION
• The word “CERAMIC” is derived from greek word
called “KERAMOS” which means “BURNT STUFF”.
• This restoration not only look natural but also has
very good periodontal response when placed
properly.
3
Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 12th ed., Philadelphia, W.B.Saunders – 2013 : 418-474.

4. DEFINITION OF CERAMIC
4
An inorganic compound with non-metallic
properties typically consisting of oxygen
and one or more metallic or semimetallic
elements that is formulated to produce
the whole or part of ceramic based dental
prosthesis.
Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 12th ed., Philadelphia, W.B.Saunders – 2013 : 418-474.

5. BASIC STRUCTURE
5
 Glassy phase- acts as matrix
 Crystalline phase- dispersed within matrix crystalline reinforcement, increase
the resistance to crack propagation improves strength and other properties
but also can decrease translucency.
Opaque
Presence of crystalline
phase
Transluscent
Presence of glassy
phase

6. HISTORY
• 1887 - Charles Land introduced all ceramic crown using platinum foil
technique.
• 1965 – McLean and Hughes introduced aluminus porcelain with 40-
50% of alumina in core material.
• Early 1980- direct intraoral scanning was developed by cerac.
• 1984– Peter Adair and grossman introduce castable ceramic DICOR.
• 1987- Mcrmann introduced the 1st CAD-CAM milling unit CERAC tm
• 1988- Sadoun intoduced infiltrated ceramic fabricated by method
called slip casting.
• Early 1990 –Ivoclar vivadent introduced leucite and lethium
reinforced ceramic.
• Late 1990- Anderson and Oden develop procera alumina using CAD-
CAM tecnology
6
Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials,12th ed., Philadelphia,W.B.Saunders– 2013 : 418-474.

7. COMPOSITION WT % FUNCTION
FELDSPAR 60-80 BASIC GLASS FORMER, PROVIDE TRANSPERANCY TO CERAMIC
SILICA 15-20 FILLER, PROVIDE STRENGTH AND HARDNESS
KAOLIN 3-5 BINDER, PROVIDE OPAQUENESS AND PROVIDE WORKABLE CONSISTANCY
ALUMINA 8-20 REPLACES SOME SILICA, PROVIDE STRENGTH AND OPACITY, ALSO
INCREASES VISCOSITY OF PORCELAIN DURING FIRING.
GLASS MODIFIER
(sodium, potassium,calcium)
9-15 LOWER’S THE FUSION TEMPERATURE AND INCREASES THE FLOW OF
PORCELAIN DURING FIRING.
OPACIFIER
(zinc, titanium,tin)
TRACE INCREASES OPACITY TO STIMULATE TOOTH COLOR
COLOR MODIFIER TRACE THIS ARE THE METAL OXIDE FUSED WITH FELDSPAR AND THEN
REGROUNDED AND BLENDED TO PRODUCE VARIETY OF COLOR
STAINS TRACE PROVIDE INDIVIDUAL TOOTH COLOR VARIATION IN THE FINISHED
RESTORATION.
7
Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 12th ed., Philadelphia, W.B.Saunders – 2013 : 418-474.

8. • DEVITRIFICATION
Vitrification is development of a liquid phase by melting, which on
cooling forms glassy phase. This structure is termed ‘Vitreous.’
When too many glass forming silica tetrahydra are disrupted in dental
porcelain, the glass may crystallize or devitrify.
• FRITTING
The mixture of leucite and glassy phase is cooled very rapidly i.e.
quenched in water
This causes the mass to shatter in small fragments and the product
obtained is called frit.
The process of blending, melting and quenching the glass components
it termed fritting.
8
CRAIG’S RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS

9. • The frit is ground to a fine powder and supplied to the consumer in
bottles. Most of the chemical reaction takes place during the
manufacture (pyrochemical reaction).
• During subsequent firing in the dental laboratory, there is not much
of chemical reaction. The porcelain powder simply fuses together to
form the desired restoration.
9

10. CLASSIFICATION
• According to Method of Firing
1. Air fired.
2. Vacuum fired – lower % of porosity
3. Diffusible gas firing
• According to Firing Temperature
1. Ultra low fusing (<850oC)
2. Low fusing (850oC -1100oC)
3. Medium fusing (1100oC -1300oC)
4. High fusing (>1300oC)
1 and 2 are used for denture teeth construction.
3 and 4 are used for crown and brigde construction.
10

11. • According to Type
1. Feldspathic porcelain
2. Leucite-reinforced porcelain
3. Aluminous porcelain
4. Alumina
5. Glass-infiltrated alumina
6. Glass-infiltrated spinel
7. Glass-ceramic.
• According to Substructure Material
1. Cast metal
2. Swaged metal
3. Glass ceramic
4. Sintered glass ceramic
5. CAD/ CAM Porcelain
6. Sintered ceramic core
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12. 12

13. 13

14. 14

15. 15

16. According to Microstructure
16

17. • ACCORDING TO METHOD OF FABRICATION
1.Conventional Powder – Slurry Ceramics
2.Castable Ceramics
3.Infiltrated Ceramics
4.Pressable Ceramics
5.CAD-CAM Ceramics
17

18. PARTS OF A CERAMIC RESTORATION
• CORE
The core should be strong as it provides support and strength for the
crown. The stronger the core, the stronger the crown.
 The core also functions as the matrix. Freshly mixed porcelain is like
wet sand which needs to be supported while it is being condensed
and built up.
As freshly built unfired porcelain is very weak and fragile. Without
the support of a matrix it would certainly breakup and collapse.
The core is therefore usually constructed first.
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19. The cores are of two basic types, it can be
• ceramic.
• Metal.
• VENEER
The core is usually anesthetic. The esthetics is
improved by additional layers of ceramic
known as veneer porcelains. The core is
veneered with various types of ceramic
powders like dentin, enamel, cervical and
transparent. It can also be surface stained and
finally glazed
19

20. CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CERAMIC
SYSTEMS.
• The ceramic restorations available today may be metal
bonded or made completely of ceramic. Based on the
substructure or core material used we have two basic
groups.
1. Metal-ceramic (metal bonded or PFM) restorations.
(cast metal, sweged metal)
2. All ceramic restorations. (Platinum foil matrix
constructed porcelains)
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21. Metal ceramic system
• The first porcelain jacket crowns (PJC) was not having high strength
core and therefore it was very weak. Later in 1965, Mclean developed
the aluminous core porcelains.
• At around the same time, the metal-ceramic system was developed.
This metal core (called coping) strengthened the porcelain
restoration immensely and soon it became the most widely used
ceramic restoration
• The metal ceramic system was possible just because of bonding of
ceramic to metal.
21

22. MANIPULATION AND TECHNICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
• Construction of the Cast Metal Coping or Framework
A wax pattern of the intended restoration is constructed and cast in
metal. Noble metal alloys or base metal alloys can be used to cast the
substructure.
• Metal Preparation
As clean metal surface is essential for good bonding, The surface is
finished with ceramic bonded stones or sintered diamonds. Final
texturing is done by sandblasting with an alumina air abrasive, which
aids in the bonding. Finally, it is cleaned ultrasonically, washed and
dried
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23. • Degassing and Oxidizing
The casting (gold porcelain systems) is
heated to a high temperature (980°C) to
burn off the impurities and to form an oxide
layer which help in the bonding.
Precious metal alloy- tin oxide or indium
oxide layer
Base metal alloy- chromium oxide layer.
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24. • Opaquer
It is used to cover the metal frame and prevent it from being visible. It
is carried and applied on to the metal frame with a brush and
condensed . The excess liquid is blotted with a tissue. The opaquer is
built up to a thickness of 0.2 mm. The casting with the opaquer is
placed in a porcelain furnace and fired.
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25. CONDENSATION
The process of packing the particles together and
removing the liquid binder is known as condensation.
Distilled water- most commonly used liquid binder
Other binders: Glycerin, propylene glycol or alcohol
Dense packing of powder particles provides-
-lower firing shrinkage
-less porosity in fired porcelain
Condensing methods-
Vibration
Spatulation
Whipping
Brush techniques or capillary action method
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26. • DENTIN AND ENAMEL
The dentin powder (pink powder) is mixed with distilled water or the
liquid supplied. A glass spatula should be used. The bulk of the tooth is
built up with dentin. A portion of the dentin in the incisal area is cut back
and enamel porcelain (white powder) can be added. After the build-up
and condensation is over, it is returned to the furnace for sintering.
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Dentine (pink) and enamel (white) porcelain of the desired shade

27. • ADDITIONS
It is not necessary to build up the restoration in one step. Large or difficult
restoration may be built up and fired in 2 or 3 stages. After each firing the
porcelain may be shaped by grinding and additional porcelain is placed in
deficient areas. Each additional firing is done at a lower temperature.
Caution : One must not subject the restoration to too many firings. Too
many firings can give rise to a over translucent, lifeless restoration.
• GINGIVAL AND TRANSPARENT PORCELAIN
The enamel of some natural teeth may appear transparent. This is usually
seen near the incisal edges. If present it can be duplicated using
transparent porcelain.
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28. • FIRING/ SINTERING OF PORCELAIN :
After the condensation and building of a crown it is
fired to high density and correct form. At this stage
the green porcelain is introduced into the hot zone
of the furnace and the firing starts, the glass
particles soften at their contact areas and fuse
together. This is often referred to as sintering.
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29. Preheating procedure on condensed porcelain at 500-6000c permits the
remaining water to evaporate.
After preheating for approximately 5 minutes, the porcelain is placed into
the furnace and the firing cycle is initiated.
As sintering of the particles begins, the porcelain particles bond at their
points of contact and the structure shrinks and densifies.
As the temperature is raised, the sintered glass gradually flows to fill the
spaces. Air becomes trapped in the form of voids
because the fused mass is too viscous, Air becomes trapped in the form of
voids .
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30. CLASSIFICATION OF THE STAGES IN MATURITY:
• Low Bisque:
The surface of the porcelain is very porous .Shrinkage is minimal and
the fired body is extremely weak and friable. Also lack translucency
and glaze.
• Medium bisque:
The surface will still be slightly porous but the flow of the glass
grains will have increased. A definite shrinkage will have taken place.
Lacks translucency and high glaze.
• High bisque:
The surface of the porcelain would be completely sealed and
presents a much smoother surface with a slight shine. shrinkage is
complete. Appears glazed.
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31. • SURFACE STAINING, CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECTS
Natural teeth come in variety of hues and colors.
Staining and characterization helps make the restoration look natural
and helps it to blend in with the adjacent teeth.
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32. • GLAZING
Before final glazing, the restoration is tried in the mouth by the dentist.
The occlusion is checked and adjusted by grinding. Final alterations can
be made to the shape of the restoration by the dentist.
The restoration is now ready for the final step which is the glazing. The
restoration is smoothed with a stone prior to glazing.
Objectives of glazing :
1. Glazing enhances esthetics.
2. Enhances hygiene.
3. Improves the strength
4. Reduces the wear of opposing teeth
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33. Type :
• Over glaze
The glaze powder is mixed with the special liquid and applied on to the
restoration. The firing temperature is lower than that of the body porcelain.
The firing cycle does not usually include a vacuum. Chemical durability of
overglazes is lower because of the high flux content.
• Self glaze
A separate glaze layer is not applied. Instead the restoration is subject to a
controlled heating at its fusion temperature.
This causes only the surface layer to melt and flow to form a vitreous layer
resembling glaze.
Glazing versus Conventional Polishing :
Porcelain can be polished using conventional abrasives. Porcelain is an
extremely hard material and is quite difficult to polish. However,
glazing is still superior to conventional polishing.
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34. METAL-CERAMIC CROWNS AND BRIDGES BASED ON SWAGED
METAL FOIL LAMINATES
• The most widely used product of this type is Captek, which
is an acronym for “capillary assistedtechnology.”
• The product is designed to fabricate the metal coping of a
metal- ceramic crown without the use of a melting and
casting process.
• For bridges, the pontics are made typically from a
palladium- based alloy that is gold-coated.
• Captek P and G metals can yield thin metal copings for
crowns for metal-ceramic bridges. The maximal span length
recommended for Captek-porcelain bridges is 18 mm,
which allows space for up to two pontics.
34

35. DMLS CROWN
• A certified system for additive manufacturing of new generation PFMs
• The metal frame is fabricated using CAD files by sintering special Co-
Cr-Mb-based powder layer by layer.
35
Benefits
•Incredibly thinner margins when compared
with conventional PFM
•The CAD process detects and eliminates
undercut up to 0.2 mm
•The CAM process facilitates equal space for
ceramic binding and avoids ceramic chip-off
•Long span bridges up to 16 units can be
fabricated.
It has 15 year of limited warranty.

36. DENTCARE NOVA
• fabricated with pure cobalt-chrome (Co-Cr) alloy which is highly bio-
compatible and free from nickel
36
Benefits
•High strength
•Natural aesthetics
•Pure Cobalt-Chrome (Co-Cr)
alloy, free from Nickel

37. METAL TO CERAMIC BOND
A successful metal prosthesis should have strong interface bond and
thermal compatibility.
Falls into three main groups:
• Chemical bonding across the porcelain-metal interface.
• Mechanical interlocking between porcelain and metal.
• Electrodeposition method can be used.
Chemical Bonding:
Currently regarded as the primary bonding mechanism. An adherent
oxide layer is essential for good bonding. In base metals alloy, chromic
oxide is responsible for the bond whereas, In noble metal alloys tin
oxide and possibly iridium oxide does this role.
37

38. MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING
• In some systems mechanical interlocking provides the principal
bond.
• Some palladium-silver alloys have no external oxide at all, hence
mechanical bonding is needed.
38
A failed metal ceramic bridge. The ceramic veneer
(canine) has delaminated leaving the metal
exposed. It might be because of a poorly adherent
metal oxide layer.

39. 2. RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRESSES.
• Thermal tempering
• Chemical tempering
3. OTHER
• Minimising number of firing cycle.
• Minimising tensile stress through optimal design.
• By adhesive bonding ceramic crown with tooth structure.
39

40. 40

41. CLASSIFICATION OF BOND FAILURES IN METAL-
CERAMICS
1. METAL –PORCELAIN
2. METAL OXIDE – PORCELAIN
3. METAL - METAL OXIDE
4. METALOXIDE - METAL OXIDE
5. COHESIVE WITHIN METAL
6. COHESIVE WITHIN
PORCELAIN
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42. CERAMIC REPAIR
• Isolation
• Fractured ceramic is beveled and Metal is roughnen with diamond disk
• Etchent 10% hydrofluridric acid is applied on bevel for 1 min and wash
• Silane is applied with brush on ceramic, wait for 1 min and air dry.
• Bonding agent is applied and light cure.
• Opaque shade is selected and thin layer is applied on metal and cure
for 40sec.
• If needed apply second layer and cure.
• Finish the repair by applying composite resin.
42

43. ALL CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
• This are esthetically superior prosthesis when compaired with the
metal ceramic restoration.
• Current developments have yielded stronger core porcelains.
Manufacturers today claim the new generation ceramics are capable
of producing not only single crowns but anterior and even posterior all
ceramic bridges as well.
43

44. RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN CERAMIC
1
• Innovation in sub-structure
2
• Improvement in composition
3
• Improvement in the processing technique
44

45. IMPROVEMENT IN SUBSTRUCTURE
1
• Metal ceramic
• Eg. Captek system
2
• Reinforcement in core ceramic
• Eg. Alumina reinforce core
3
• Resin bonded
• Eg. Restoration directly bonded to tooth structure
45

46. Innovation in composition
1
• Crystals filled glass ceramic
• Eg. Lithium disilicate (70% filler + 30% matrix)
2
• Predominantly glass based ceramic
• Eg.Aesthetic ceramic (high % of glass)
3
• Polycrystalline ceramic (alumina based ceramic)
• 3% Mg is added to control the grain growth.
• 3-5% of yttrium is added for tranformation toughning in
zirconia based polycrsytalline ceramic
46

47. ALLOYS USED FOR METAL CERAMIC
High noble alloys
High noble alloys :: pure gold (99.7%) Au-Pd-Ag, Au-Pt-Pd, Au-Pd.
Pt & Pd : increase fusion temperature & decrease.
Coefficient of thermal expansion close to
ceramic.
Melting temperature : 1000oC-1150oC.
Noble alloys :: palladium alloys : Pd-Au, Pd-Au-Ag, Pd-Ag, Pd-
Cu-Ga, Pd-Ga-Ag.
Pd reduces tarnishing effect of Ag & Cu.
Melting temperature : 1000oC-1250oC.
Base metal alloys :: Cr or Ti alloys : Ni-Cr-Mo-Be, Ni-Cr-Mo, Co-Cr-
Mo, Co-Cr-W, Cp Ti, Ti-Al-V.
Superior mechanical properties.
Melting temperature : 1300oC or more.
47

48. 48

49. MACHINING CERAMIC SYSTEM
CAD-CAM
(DIGITAL)
COPYING SYSTEMS
(ANALOGOUS)
DIRECT
Cerec 1
Cerec 2
INDIRECT
Automill
Denti CAD
1.MANUAL 1.SONOEROSION
eg: Celay eg: DFE Erosonic
2.AUTOMATIC 2.SPARK EROSION
eg: Ceramatic eg: DFE Procera
Rosenblum MA, Schulman A. A review of all-ceramic restorations. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1997 Mar
1;128(3):297-307.
49

50. CERAC System :
The CEREC (Ceramic Reconstruction) was originally developed by Brains AG
in Switzerland. Identified as CEREC CAD/CAM system, it was manufactured
in West Germany.
Cerec System consists of :
3-D video camera (scan head)
Electronic image processor
(video processor) with memory
unit (contour memory)
Digital processor (computer)
Miniature milling machine
(3-axis machine)
50

51. 51
Optical scanner is used to scan the
preparation or the impression and a 3D
image is formed on the monitor. There is a
milling unit to prepare the restoration.
Can record multiple images within a few
seconds, which enables the clinician to
prepare multiple teeth in same quadrant
thereby creating a virtual cast for that
quadrant

52. SEQUENTIAL EVENTS OCCURING DURING CAD – CAM TECHNIQUE
IN FABRICATING CERAMIC RESTORATION :
The cavity preparation is scanned stereo-photogram metrically, using a
three-dimensional miniature video camera
The small microprocessor unit stores the three dimensional pattern
depicted on the screen
The video display serves as a format for the necessary manual
construction via an electric signal
The microprocessor develops the final three-dimensional restoration
from the two dimensional construction
52

53. SEQUENTIAL EVENTS OCCURING DURING CAD–CAM TECHNIQUE
OF FABRICATING CERAMIC RESTORATION
The processing unit automatically deletes data beyond the
margins of the preparation
The electronic information is transferred numerically to the miniature
three-axis milling device
Driven by a water turbine unit, the milling device generates a precision
fitting restoration from a standard ceramic block
53

54. ANALOGOUS SYSTEMS
(COPYING / PANTOGRAPHY METHODS )
54
The pattern is placed in the machine
Tracing tool passes over the pattern and
guides a milling tool which grinds a
copy of the pattern from a block of
ceramic
COPY MILLING

55. 55

56. METHODS OF STRENGTHENING CERAMICS
• Development of residual compressive
stresses within the surface of the material
• Interruption of crack propagation-
- Transformation toughening.
- Dispersion strengthening.
• Minimize the effect of stress raisers
• Minimize the number of firing cycles
• Minimize tensile stress through optimal design of
ceramic prosthesis

57. STRENTHENING OF CERAMIC
1. INTERUPTION OF CRACK PROPAGATION
• Transformation toughening.
• Dispersion strengthening.
57

58. TRANSFORMATION TOUGHENING
This technique involves the incorporation of a crystalline material
that is capable of undergoing a change in crystal structure when
placed under stress
The crystal material usually used is termed partially stabilized
zirconia (PSZ)

59. DISPERSION STRENGTHENING
Reinforcing with dispersed phase of different material that
is capable of hindering crack from propagating through the
material
Dental ceramics containing primarily glass phase can be
strengthened by increasing the crystal content
•Leucite
•Lithia disilicate
•Alumina
•Magnesia-alumina spinel
•Zirconia

60. DISPERSION STRENGTHENING
Alumina Particles Acting as
Crack Stoppers
SEM of Alumina Reinforced
Core showing the alumina particles embedded
in a glassy matrix composed of feldspar

61. 61
RECENT ADVANCES IN DENTAL CERAMICS

62. BRUXZIR
62
• Made of monolithic
zirconia.
• Helps to deliver
restorations that have high
strength and life like
appearance and
translucency.
• Minimal amount if tooth
preparation is required.
• Disadvantages: mat abrade
the opposing tooth.

63. Zenostar (Ivoclar vivadent)
IVOCLAR VIVADENT features three options for use with the IPS e.max shading
system:
• Zenostar MT offers the highest degree of translucency; use for single-unit crowns
or short-span bridges; flexural strength 550Mpa.
• Zenostar T provides the highest strength. pre-shaded discs is use for long-span
bridges or cases with limited occlusal space; flexural strength ≥ 900Mpa.
• Zenostar MO offers a high degree of esthetics when layered with IPS e.max. The
opacity of Zenostar MO substructures aides in masking discolored preparations
or titanium abutments. Indications include layered single unit restorations and
long-span bridges. Zenostar MO has a flexural strength of ≥900 MPa.
63

64. LAVA (3M ESPE)
• Offers strong performance and assures long life.
• It gives impeccable marginal fit and precision through CAD and CAM, and
has translucent and non-translucent options.
• The first choice for CAD/CAM produced Zirconia restorations.
• Preparations require removal of less tooth structure, and cementation
accomodates even conventional techniques.
• Frameworks are thin and translucent, ensure a natural and vital
appearance.
64

65. • Procera (Nobel biocare)
Procera-patented sintering process ensures each coping is robust and
gives the coping a semi-translucent colour.
It utilises latest CAD/CAM technology to fabricate metal-free
restorations that appear natural and ensures perfect function in
posterior region.
65
Procera Laminate
•Strongest Laminate
•Excellent masking capabilities
•Easy and predictable clinical procedure
Procera Bridge Alumina
•World's first and only bridge in densely
sintered alumina
•Excellent aesthetics
•Easy conventional cementation
Procera Bridge Zirconia
•Gives marginal fit of less than 15 microns
and spans up to 60 mm in length

66. PEEK [polyether ether ketone]
• PEEK offers a practical alternative to the use of metal in not just traditional
dentures, but also in crowns and bridges.
• 2 ways of processing – vacuum pressing and CAD-CAM.
and later layered with composite.
66
BENIFITS
•Can be digitally designed and milled to match
patient's anatomy
•It is strong and lightweight for improved
patient comfort
•Metal free and hence may be used even by
patients with allergy to metals
•Resistant against deposits and staining
•No thermal or electrical conductivity
•Very low solubility and water absorbency
DISADVANATGE:
Require veneering because of low
transparency and gray pigmentation.
Difficult to achieve adequate bond
strength to composite resin materials
because of its low surface energy and
resistance to surface modification by
different chemical treatment.

67. PORCELAIN LAMINATES
67
INDICATIONS
• Discoloration of
teeth
• Enamel defects
• Diastema closure
• Mispositioned teeth
ADVANTAGES
• Color stability and lifelike
appearance
• Bond strength
• Resistance to abrasion and
staining
• Inherent porcelain strength
• Resistance to fluid absorption
DISADVANTAGES
• Cannot be easily
repaired
• Technique sensitive
• Extremely fragile
and difficult to
manipulate.
Thin facing of about 0.5-0.7mm thick, covering labial aspects of
anterior teeth and buccal aspects of premolar teeth. Fabricated
from feldspathic porcelain or castable or machinable ceramic.
They may restore the strength of natural teeth up to 96%.

68. 68
Less invasive as No tooth preparation
required and the enamel is not
damaged.
Much thinner than the veneers but are
still strong and durable
Instantly improve patient’s smile.
Made up of special type of ceramic-
CERINATE (Strongest leucite –reinforced
ceramic in the market) which can be
shaped into super-thin veneers without
increasing the likelihood of breakage.(as
thin as 0.3mm)
Achieve 176% greater translucency that
conventional veneers resulting in more
natural and esthetic smile
LUMINEERS

69. CONDITIONING OF RESTORATION BEFORE CEMENTATION
• When cementing leucite or lithia based restoration, Fitting surface of
the crown is etched with 15-30% of phosphoric acid before
cementation. Adhesive cementation using resin cement is necessary.
• It is not critical for alumina or zirconia based restoration. As alumina
and zirconia cannot be etched, so they are sandblasted. Zirconia also
can be silicoated.
• Resin modified glass ionomer cement are contraindicated for use with
all cermic system because, they may undergo expansion due to water
absorption following cementation.
69

70. ADVANCEMENT IN CEMENTING PROCEDURE
• A self etch, self bond single component resin cement is now availabe
for adhesive cementation.
• Manufacturers claim enhanced bond strength to both ceramic and
tooth
• This are available in capsule form and is mixed using an auto mixer.
Commercial avaialble-
1. G-CEM (GC)
2. RelyX (3M).
70

71. Dental ceramic technology is one of the fastest growing areas of dental
material research and development.
Much of the materials research has been directed towards producing
stronger, reinforced restorations, with improved marginal accuracy.
It is desirable to know the properties, advantages and disadvantages of one
system over other systems.
Selection of the material should be based on esthetic needs and strength
required.
CONCLUSION
71

72.  John. W. McLean - The Science & Art of Dental Ceramics, Vol. I; Quintessence - 1979.
 John W. McLean - Science and Art of Dental Ceramics (Bridge Design & Lab procedures),
Vol II. Quintessence – 1980
 R. G. Craig - Restorative Dental Materials 9th ed. - 1993.
 Ralph W. Phillips - Skinner's Science of Dental Materials
9th ed. - 1994.
 Rosenstiel S.F., Land M.F, Fujimoto. J - Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 2nd ed.,
Mosby: 1995.
 Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 10th ed., Philadelphia,
W.B.Saunders – 1996 : 583-618.
REFERENCES
72

73.  H. T. Shillingberg - Fundamentals of Fixed Prosthodontics ; 3rdedition - 1997.
 Heat pressed ceramics:technology and strength: IJP 1999;5
 Procera All ceramic crowns: BDJ 1999;186:430
 Porcelain esthetics for 21 st century: JADA 2000;131:47
 Relative flexural strength of 6 new ceramic materials: IJP 1995;8:239
 Cast glass ceramic: DCNA 1985;29:725
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74. Thank you!
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