Dental ceramics & it's recent advancements. CAD CAM tachnology , Metal ceramic restorations, All ceramic restorations. Conventional ceramics, pressable ceramics , infiltrated ceramics, castable/ glass ceramics, mechinable ceramics.

1. GOOD
MORNING

2. DENTAL
CERAMICS
Dr Sumaya S A
Department of prosthodontics
Kannur Dental College

3. CONTENTS
Introduction
History
Structure
Classification
Application in Dentistry
Composition
General Properties
Metal Ceramic Restorations
All Ceramic Restorations
Recent advances
Conclusion
References

4. ● Ceramic is derived from Greek word “KERAMI KOS” meaning Burnt earth.
● GPT 9 Ceramics – compounds with one or more metals with a non-metallic element, usually oxygen;
they are formed by biochemically stable substances that are strong, hard, brittle and inert non
conductors of thermal and electrical energy.
● The terms ceramic and porcelain are often used interchangeably, but incorrectly. Ceramic refers to any
material composed of the arrays of metallic-oxygen bonds. Porcelain, on the other hand, is a type of
ceramic that results when feldspar (K2O-Al2O3-SiO2), silica (SiO2), and alumina (Al2O3) are fired
together with fluxes such as sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) or potassium carbonate (K2CO3).
● Porcelains are often referred to as feldspathic ceramics in dentistry, and they are the most esthetic but
weakest of the ceramics. Feldspathic ceramics are still common in dental restorations today.
INTRODUCTION

5. ● Porcelain developed by chinese -1000AD
● Pierre Fauchard – “Father of modern dentistry” reported to have
used “baked enamel” before 1760 and perhaps as early as 1728.
● 1788 Parisian apothecary Alexis Duchateau, with assistance of a
Parisian dentist Nicholas Dubois de Chemant, made the first
successful porcelain dentures at the Guerhard porcelain factory
● 1808 – Italian Giusseppangelo Fonzi developed individual denture
teeth with platinum pins that can be soldered to metal denture base.
Fonzi.Fonzi called these teeth “terrametallic incorruptibles”
● 1817 – it was introduced in America and Samuel Wistocton started
mass production of porcelain denture teeth.“Tube tooth” were
introduced by Ash that could be placed in post in CD or FPD.
HISTORY

6. ● 1886 – Charles H. Land introduced the technique of fusing porcelain to a
thin platinum foil.
● 1898 – land made low-fusing porcelain
● 1903 – published and introduced porcelain jacket crown
● 1905 – porcelain with CTE to match gold alloys were introduced
● 1965 – Alumina reinforced porcelain crowns were introduced
Complete dentures in 18th century

Individual denture teeth in 19th century

PFM

HISTORY

7. USES
• Fixed dental prosthesis
• Single crown

8. USES

9. 05
03
STRUCTURE
Here you could describe the
topic of the section
Here you could describe the
topic of the section
At the atomic level, ceramics are
composed of metal-oxygen ionic bonds.
Silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), and aluminum
(Al) are common metallic elements that
occur in ceramics in combination with
oxygen.
Ionic bonds are strong and they are
directional—that is, they do not tolerate
bending. This intolerance to distortion
makes ceramics brittle.

10. 03
Here you could describe the
topic of the section
Here you could describe the
topic of the section
eramics in dentistry can be roughly divided into four
tegories.
eldspathic or glassy ceramics are the oldest and most
ed ceramic in dentistry. They consist of mostly
morphous glass with islands of a crystalline phase called
ucite.
lass-dominated ceramics have mostly a glassy phase
ut have an increased crystalline phase that may be leucite
other compounds.
Crystalline-dominated ceramics have mostly a
ystalline phase, which may be composed of a variety of
pes of crystals, but have a glassy phase that infuses the
ystals.
ystalline ceramics have no glassy phase; these ceramics
e the newest and strongest of the ceramics used in
entistry.

11. MANUFACTURING
• Blending the components then melting
• During melting, the glass modifier & the
flux combine with silica tetrahedra of
the vitreous phase. [thermo- chemical
reactions].
• The material, while red hot is then
quenched to obtain frit (powder)
• The frit contains two priciple phases:
- The vitreous phase
- The crystalline phase

13. CLASSIFICATION
(Anusavice)

14. (cont)

15. CLASSIFICATION
(Craig)
Based on the application
• Metal ceramic
• All ceramic
• Additionally
Based on the fabrication
• Sintered porcelain-
Leucite,Alumina,Fluorapatite
• Cast porcelain -
Alumina, Spinel
• Machined porcelain- Zirconia,
Alumina, Spinel
Based on the crystalline phase
• Vitreous Phase
• Crystalline Phases

16. COMPOSITION
Silica (Quartz)
Kaolin
Feldspar
Fluxes
Colour pigments
Opacifying agents.
Stains
Fluorescent agents
Alumina
SiO2
Al2O3
K2O
Na2O
Other

17. COMPOSITION
Feldspar 60-80%
Kaolin 3-5%

18. COMPOSITION
OPACIFYING AGENTS
• Zirconium oxide
• Titanium oxide
• Tin oxide
Quartz 15-20%
Alumina 8-20%

19. COLOUR
MODIFIERS

20. DISADVANTAGES
Highly esthetic
Biocompatibility
Electrical Resistance
Thermal Insulation
Wear resistance
Can be formed to precise shapes
Ability to be bonded to tooth structure
Brittleness
Fabrication Technique sensitive
Wear of opposing natural teeth
Difficult to repair intraorally
High cost of fabrication
ADVANTAGES

21. PROPERTIES

23. FACTORS AFFECTING
STRENGTH
 Composition
 Surface integrity
micro cracks & porosities reduce strength.
grinding should be followed by glazing or polishing.
Ground – 75.8 Mpa Glazed – 141.1 Mpa
 Improper condensation.
 Firing procedures
Inadequate firing and over firing reduce strength.

24. Strengthening
of ceramics
Strengthening
brittle materials
Introduction of
residual
compressive
stresses
Ion strengthening
Thermal tempering
Thermal
compatibility
Interruption of
crack propagation
Incorporation of
crystalline phase
Transformation
toughening
Methods of
designing
components
Minimize stress
concentration
Minimize tensile
stress

25. Ion-exchange:
(Chemical Tempering)
• Involves exchange of large
potassium ions for the
smaller sodium ions.
• Sodium containing glass
particles is placed in a bath
of molten potassium nitrate.
• The potassium ion is 35%
larger than sodium ion.
• Squeezing of the potassium
ions into the place of sodium
ions creates a large residual
compressive stress

26. Most common method.
creates residual stresses by rapidly
cooling (quenching) the surface of
object while it is hot and in the
softened (molten) state.
Rapid cooling produces a skin of
rigid glass surrounding a soft
(molten core).
As molten core solidifies it tends to
shrink, creates residual tensile
stresses in the core and residual
compressive stresses within the
outer surface
Thermal Tempering:-

27. Thermal Compatibility
(mismatch CTE)
• Metal or core ceramic should have high
CTE than veneering ceramic,So when
cooled metal or core ceramic contract
slightly more than the veneering from
firing temperature to room temperature.
• The veneering porcelain is under residual
compression which produces additional
strength to the porcelain

28. Incorporation of crystalline phase Aluminous Porcelains (PJC):
Alumina which is a tough crystalline
material is added to a glass in the
particulate form, the glass is
toughened as the cracks cannot
penetrate the alumina particles
Dicor (Castable Glass Ceramics):
utilizes inhibition of crack
propagation by the growth of mica
crystals in the ceramic as a result
of heat treatment of the ceramic.
Mica crystals in situ interrupt crack
propagation their by strengthening
the restoration.

29. Transformation
toughening
Involves the
incorporation of
crystalline material
that is capable of
undergoing a change
in crystal structure
when placed under
Involves the incorporation of
crystalline material that is
capable of undergoing a
change in crystal structure
when placed under stress.

30. .
To reduce tensile stresses on the cemented surface in the
occlusal region of ceramic inlays or crowns is to use the
maximum occlusal thickness possible.
Excessive thickness of porcelain in PFM restoration may lead
to fracture because of insufficient support by the metal
substructure.
For all ceramic FPDs, the connector should have sufficient
height and width. It should be concave and should avoid sharp
angles.
Minimizing
tensile stress

31. METAL CERAMIC
RESTORATIONS

32. es of metal
amic system
Cast metal ceramic restoration-
• Cast noble metal alloys[feldspathic porcelain]
• Cast base metal alloys
• Cast titanium[ultra low fusing porcelain]
Swaged metal ceramic restoration-
• Capillary cast [sintered gold alloy foil, Captek]
• Bonded platinum foil coping

33. Fabrication of metal ceramic prosthesis
Construction of the cast metal coping
Fabrication of cast metal coping or framework
Degassing & oxidizing of metal (980°C)
Opaquer application - 0.2mm & firing
Condensation - vibration, spatulation, brush technique,gravitation, whipping
Firing - preheating, low, medium, high bisque stages, cooling
Surface staining, characterization & effects
Glazing - self glaze, over glaze. (Fairhurst et al 1992)

34. CAST METAL
COPING A wax pattern of the restoration is constructed and casted
in metal. metals used for the frame or coping include noble
metal alloys,base metal alloys etc.
Copings are prepared by :
• Electrodeposition of metal on duplicate die
• Burnishing & heat treating metal foil on a die
• CAD- CAM
• Casting pure metal by lost wax technique

35. Metal Preparation
Surface finished with ceramic bonded stones
Sandblasting with alumina air abrasive
Cleaned ultrasonically
Degassing and Oxidizing
High temperature (980oC)processing allows specific
oxides to form on the metal surface which are
responsible for forming a mature, stable oxide layer
for the porcelain metal attachment
Also for cleaning the metal of organic debris and
remove entrapped surface gases such as hydrogen

36. APPLICATION OF OPAQUER
• They wet the metal surface and establish a metal
porcelain bond
• They mask the color of the metal substructure
• They initiate development of the selected shade
• Porcelain is supplied in powder & mixed with
special liquid and condensed
• Thin layer of opaque porcelain (0.2mm) is applied
and baked.

37. CONDENSATION
The process of bringing the particles closer and of
removing the liquid binder is known as condensation.
Dense packing has the following benefits:
• Improves substructure of the porcelain & dispense
trapped air (Less porosity)
• increase density
• Less shrinkage during firing
• Enhanced surface texture and strength

39. CONDENSATION
METHOD
MANUAL
CONDENSATION
ULTRASONIC
CONDENSATION

40. SINTERING
Sintering is defined as a process of heating without
melting closely packed particles to form a cohert
mass by inter-particle bonding and sufficient
diffusion to decrease the surface area and increase
the density of the structure.
Firing cycle- Pre heating, low, medium, high bisque stages, cooling

41. Pre-heating
(Drying): Placing the porcelain object on a tray in front
of a preheated furnace at 650C for 5min for
low fusing porcelain and at 480C for 8min for
high fusing porcelains till reaching the green
or leathery state.
Significance of pre-heating stage:
•Removal of excess water allowing the
porcelain object to gain its green strength.
•Preventing sudden production of steam that
could result in voids or fractures.

42. STAGES OF PORCELAIN MATURITY

43. COOLING
It is kept near the glass transition temperature (its
solidus) for a long time so that the atoms in the glass
can rearrange just enough to relieve the stress. When
most of the stress has been eliminated, the finished
glass is finally allowed to cool to room temperature
[annealing].
•If it cools too slowly, crystals form within the glass
body which will degrade its optical properties, turning
if from a clear glass into a cloudy one.
[Devitrification].
• If it is cooled too quickly, stresses build up in the
glass.

44. STAINING OF CERAMICS
Stains are created by mixing the metallic oxides with low
fusing glasses.
AUTO-GLAZE:Normally, the porcelain has the ability to glaze itself
by forming a vitrified layer on the surface of dental porcelain
ceramic containing a glass phase
ADD-ON GLAZE:
Dental over glazes: are composed of clear (colorless) low fusing
glass powder, painted on the fired crown surface; and fired again.
Add-on porcelains: are generally similar to glaze porcelains except
for the addition of opacifier and color pigments .they're exclusively
used for simple corrections of tooth contour or contact points.

45. CUT-BACK
TECHNIQUE
STAINING
The stain paste is mixed
with the glaze, applied to
the framework and then,
fired
iTECHNIQUE
Layering
technique

46. • Using special abrasives
• Sof- Lex(3M,Minneapolis,MN),Finishing
disks (Shofu, Kyoto,Japan) porcelain
laminate polishing kit, or other abrasive
system.
• Difficult to polish
Polishing

47. NON CAST METAL COPING

48. Capillary cast [sintered
gold alloy foil
ceramic]restoration A refractory die is made after duplicating
the original die
An adhesive is painted onto the die
Strips of Captek P->cut-> adapted-> light
instrument
Captek P layer is fused in a furnace at
1075oC
Captek G layer is adapted and again in
the furnace to induce melting

49. Capillary cast [sintered
gold alloy foil
ceramic]restoration
A thin layer of gold slurry called
Capbond is coated onto the coping.
Opaquer and various layers of porcelain
are then condensed
Then it is fired to form final crown.

50. PLATINUM FOIL
CORE PORCELAIN

51. • Copings are made with thin multiple layers of gold
platinum alloy bonded together over a central layer of
pure palladium. The outer layer is made of pure gold.
The pleated foil is swaged and then flame sintered to
form a rigid coping with moderate strength. An
interfacial alloy powder is applied and fired, the form
is then trimmed and veneered with porcelain and
finally sintered
RENAISSANCE
• Metal copings are fabricated on polyurethane dies by
electrodeposition using special equipment.
Advantages: Thin copings, Strength greater than foil crown
systems, Marginal adaptation of 15-20 microns
ELECTROFORMING
• Metal coping are fabricated from metal ingots using CAD
CAM technology
CADCAM

52. ALL CERAMIC
RESTORATIONS

54. Mechinable
ceramics
Conventional
powder
Infiltrated
ceramics
Pressable
ceramics
Castable
ceramics
1. Conventional ( powder – slurry)
ceramics –hi ceram, optec HSP,
duceram LFC
2. Castable ceramics - dicor.
3. Pressable ceramics- IPS empress,
optec pressable ceramic
4., Infiltrated ceramics – inceram
5. Machinable ceramics – cerec vita
blocks mark I, cerec vita blocs mark
II, dicor MGC, celay.

55. Conventional
ceramics
The material presents as powder to be mixed with
liquid forming a slurry that is used to build the
restoration
Aluminous porcelain crowns (PJCs)
Mc lean and Hughes In 1965
Made with platinum foil backing which is later removed
Core-50%alumina by weight,veneer-15% crystalline
alumina
Indicated for anterior teeth
Advantages: Better esthetics
Disadvantages: Technique sensitive

56. OPTEC HSP
•Feldspathic glass filled
with crystalline leucite
50.6%wt
•High leucite- Increased
strength
•Uses: Inlays, Onlays,
Anterior crowns, Veneers
•Large mismatch in
thermal contraction
between leucite and glassy
matrix-tangential
compressive stress- act as
crack deflectors-resistance
to crack propagation.
DUCERAM LFC
• In 1992 Duceram LFC
was marketed as an
ultra-low fusing ceramic
with amorphous glass
containing hydroxyl ions.
• Uses: Ceramic inlays,
veneers, Full crowns
• Duceram LFC is made in
2 layers.
• The base layer is duceram
metal ceramic -baked at
930ºC.
• The second layer of
duceram LFC- baked at
660ºC
SPINEL
• • Introduced by o’brien in
1984
• Contains 40 to 60%
crystalline magnesia
(magnesium oxide).
• Dispersion strengthening
and crystallisation within
the matrix.
• • Increased co -efficient of
thermal expansion
improves its compatibility
with conventional
feldspathic metal veneering
porcelains.

57. CASTABLE
CERAMICS
Castable all ceramics are also known as glass ceramics
because they are cast in a molten state. Ceramic ingot is
fused and cast in a refractory (investment) mold made
by the lost wax technique.Casting at 1350˚C
e.g. Dicor, Dicor Plus, Castable Apatite.
They are fabricated in two
steps:
• Casting
• Ceramming
ADVANTAGES:-
Improved strength and fracture toughness.
Good marginal fit.
Very low firing shrinkage.
Good esthetics.
DISADVANTAGES:-
Internal characterization not possible.
Inadequate strength for posterior areas

58. Burnout
1750 for 12hr
450 for 12 hr
Centrifugal casting
2600 f

59. Cerramming done in temperature- 650-1075 C for 1½ hrs and sustained for 6hrs in order to form tetra
silicic flouro mica crystals

60. DICOR
•The term “DICOR” is a
combination of the
manufacturer names -
Dentsply International
and Corning glass works
• Dicor is a castable
polycrystalline fluorine
containing tetrasilicic
mica glass ceramic
material, initially cast as
a glass by a lost wax
technique and Casting
• • Dicor ceramics are sold
as individual systems
with a proprietary
layering ceramics, e.g
DICOR Plus
CERA PEARL
• Developed by Sumiya Hobo
and Iwata in 1985
• Apatite glass-ceramic melts
(1460°C) and flows like
molten glass and when cast
(1510°C) it has an
amorphous microstructure.
• Cerapearl is similar to natural
enamel in composition,
density, refractive index,
thermal conductivity,
coefficient of thermal
expansion and hardness.
OTHER GLASS-
CERAMICS
• Based on
• Lithia - Available as
Olympus Castable
Ceramic
• Calcium phosphate -
Combination of calcium
phosphate and
phosphorous pentoxide
plus trace elements.

61. PRESSABLE
ALL-CERAMICS
Pressable glass ceramics use a piston to force a heated
ceramic ingot through a heated tube into a mould, where
the ceramic cools & hardens to the shape of the mould.
eg. Optec Pressable Glass Ceramic, IPS Empress I ,
IPS Empress 2, IPS E max press
Uses:- Inlays, onlays, veneers, low stress crowns
Small 3 unit FPDs may be constructed using IPS Empress 2.

62. Ceramic
ingot & Al
plunger
Investing
Pressing under
vaccum
Burn out 8500 C

63. IPS Empress
•Higher Leucite: 23.6%
and 41.3%
• Advantages:
• Heat pressing gives
better marginal fit &
Good esthetics
• Natural-looking
chameleon effect
• flexural strength
160 Mpa
• Disadvantages:
• Potential to fracture
in posterior areas
• Uses:Anterior
crowns,Veneers.
Inlays
CERA OPTEC OPC
•Optimal Technology by
Jeneric & Pentron.
• Leucite reinforced-
crystalline compacted
ceramic on heating
glass ceramic with
leucite phase.
•Advantages:
•flexural strength upto
230 Mpa
• Translucent and dense
•Disadvantages:
•Increased abrasiveness
•Special equipment
required
•Uses: Inlays, Onlays,
Veneers and Low stress
crowns
IPS Empress 2
• The apatite crystals
incorporated are
responsible for the
improved optical
properties,
chameleon effect.
• .Advantages:
• Flexural strength -
360 to 440 Mpa
• Outstanding
translucency
• Uses: All-ceramic
bridges, Anterior and
posterior crowns

64. A porous infrastructure is produced by slip-casting, sintered
and later infiltrated with a lanthanum-based glass, producing
two interpenetrating continuous networks, one composed of
the glassy phase and the other being the crystalline
infrastructure.
A porous crystalline slip is formed by fusion of Metallic
particles by firing at 1120˚C for 10 hrs
TYPES :
i) Glass infiltrated alumina core (In-Ceram Alumina
ii) Glass infiltrated spinell core (In-Ceram Spinell)
i) Glass infiltrated Zirconia core (In-Ceram Zirconia
4.Infiltrated
glass
ceramics

66. 38 g of alumina powder is mixed with 1
ampoule mixing liquid and a drop of
additive liquid
Mixing is done with the help of ultrasonic unit
Prepared slip is applied onto the refractory die
using slip cast method
The water from the slurry is absorbed by the
porous die leaving a dense layer of alumina
This process is continued until an alumina
coping of sufficient thickness is obtained

67. In-Ceram Alumina
•Properties:
•Flexural strength - 256
to 500 Mpa
• Uses:
• Single anterior &
posterior crowns
• Anterior 3 unit FPD’s
• Advantages:
• Minimal firing
shrinkage
• Used to cover
darkened teeth or post
and core
• Wear of opposing
teeth is less
In-Ceram Spinell
•These ceramic use
Magnesium aluminate
crystals instead of
alumina crystals for
strength.
•Uses: Single anterior
and posterior crowns
•Advantage: More
translucent than ICA
•Disadvantage:
•Lower flexural strength
than ICA(325-400 MPa)
•Cannot be etched
•The Bateman Etch
Retention System
(BERS )incorporates
plastic chips (50p - 300p
diameter)
In-Ceram Zirconia
• It is a mixture of
zirconium oxide /
aluminium oxide in
the framework
material.
• Final core of
InCeram Zirconia
consists of 30 wt%
Zirconia and 70 wt%
Alumina
• Uses: Posterior
FPDs, Cores for
anterior crowns to
mask discolouration
• Properties:Excellent
marginal accuracy,
High strength, Poor
esthetics due to
increased opacity

68. 5. Machinable
ceramics

69. Manual-aided
Design/Manual-aided
Manufacturing
(MAD/MAM) Method:
Referred to as copy milling, this method is based on the
pantographic principle that was used when making
duplicate keys
e.g. Celay blocks, Lava Zirconia, Cercon.

71. Computer-aided
Design/Computer-
aided Manufacturing
(CAD/CAM)
They are the systems utilizing a process chain
consisting of scanning, designing and milling phases.
Components of CAD-CAM technology :
• Scanner = Digitizer
• CAD Unit = Soft ware
• CAM Unit = production

72. A. Scanner:
•Function: transform geometry of receptor unit (tooth) into digital data that can be processed by a computer.

73. Mechanical Scanners:
• Used in: Procera. Scanner, by Nobel biocare .
• Technique: contact probe with ruby ball at its
end maps entire cast preparation surface line
– by - line
• Advantage: precise but, Less accurate than
newer optical scanning systems.
• Disadvantages:Take long time to
scan,expensive.
Optical scanners:
Triangulation Procedures: Source of light
(white, colored light or laser) + receptor unit
are in a definite angle to one another→
through this angle, computer can calculate
3D data from image on receptor unit.
Types:
Non-chair side
Chair-side
SCANNERS

74. CAD Software:
design the restoration to fit the
preparation:
• margins,
• connectors,
• core thickness,
• cement gap (internal relief).

75. CAM UNIT
(PRODUCTION
DEVICE):
Types: Acc. To No. of milling axes:
3- axis milling device: move in 3- spatial direction (X,Y,Z).
4- axis milling device: more in 3-septial direction + rotatable
tension bridge (4 th axis).
5- axis milling device: move in 3- spatial direction + rotatable
tension bridge (4th) + rotating milling spindle (5th axis).

76. RECENT
ADVANCEMENTS
• Monolithic zirconia restorations;
• Multilayered dental prostheses;
• New glass-ceramics;
• Polymer infiltrated ceramics;
• Novel processing technologies.

77. Monolithic zirconia
restorations
Yttria Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia
Polycrystal (Y-TZP)
Monolithic zirconia restorations have become a
very promising alternative, since the processing
methods are simplified in comparison to
traditional multilayered restorations, and
therefore are less time consuming.
The better translucency of the new zirconia
materials has been achieved by means of
microstructural modifications, like decrease in
alumina content, increase in density, decrease in
grain size, addition of cubic zirconia and
decrease in the amount of impurities and
structural defects.
To add color to zirconia restorations:
• dip coating,
• pre-colored zirconia pre-sintered blocks

78. Multilayered Dental
Prostheses
The veneering ceramic is provided in the form of
pellets which are injected into a refractory mold
(generated from the lost wax technique) containing
the previously sintered Y-TZP framework.
CAD-CAM Milling of blocks for both the framework
and the veneering layer. In a further step, these
layers are bonded with a resin cement or a
fusion glass-ceramic. One of these systems is
called the Rapid Layer Technique (Vita) and
involves milling of both the Y-TZP infrastructure
and the veneering layer
CAD-on (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein)
and involves milling of the veneering layer from a
lithium disilicate glass-ceramic CAD-CAM block.

79. New glass-ceramicsNovel zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate
glass-ceramics have good mechanical
properties associated with an excellent esthetic
quality, thus being a valid alterative to lithium
disilicate materials for prosthetic rehabilitations
with high aesthetic demand.
ADVANTAGES
• Timesaving ability for the production of dental
restorations, since they are faster to be
milled in CAD-CAM machines
• Superior polishability due to the smaller
crystal sizes in the microstructure..
zirconia-reinforced lithium
silicate glass-ceramics
((CELTRA Duo, Dentisply-Sirona,
Bensheim, Germany) no furnace
need) or need a very short
crystallization cycle (Suprinity,Bad
Sachingen, Germany) ).

80. Polymer infiltrated
ceramic networks
(PICNs)
A new material has been developed by Vita
(VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) which is
marketed as a polymer infiltrated in a porous ceramic
ADVANTAGES :
• Elastic modulus that is approximately 50% lower
compared to feldspathic ceramics and hence closer to
that of dentin.
• They are easier to mill and adjust, and also can be
more easily repaired by composite resins.
• Indicated for prosthetic treatments on stiff implants.
• Due to the inferior optical properties, PICNs are more
suitable in the molar than in the anterior region.

81. Novel processing
technologies
Addition CAD-CAM systems/
Solid free-form fabrication.
Although the CAD-CAM systems are well
established in the dental market, they present a
major drawback related to the great waste of
material upon machining. Therefore, new
technologies have been developed to overcome
this problem. Some of them produce the restoration
by means of adding layers instead of grinding pre-
fabricated blocks (additive manufacturing).
1) Selective Laser Sintering or Melting,
2) Direct 3D Printing
3) Stereolithography.

82. LASER BEAM sinters thin layers of a ceramic from a container
filled with powder to create a single coping or framework, in
which each layer represents a cross section of the CAD model.
Direct 3D Printing is similar to a traditional inkjet printer,
performing the direct printing of a ceramic suspension, allowing
the generation of dense green bodies with high resolution, and
producing complex shapes
Robocasting uses extruded filaments instead of ejected
droplets to produce the object.
Stereolithography is similar to 3D printing, however it makes
use of a suspension containing ceramic particles mixed with a
resin components (acrylates or epoxy monomers). This resin
part is polymerized during printing to shape the solid object and
is subsequently removed during the ceramic sintering process.

83. Bioceramics and bioglasses are ceramic
materials that are biocompatible. which are inert
in the body, to the other extreme of resorbable
materials, which are eventually replaced by the
body after they have assisted repair.
Bioceramics are closely related to either the
body's own materials or are extremely
durable metal oxides.
Ceramics are now commonly used in the medical
fields as dental and bone implants. Joint
replacements are commonly coated with
bioceramic materials to reduce wear and
inflammatory response. Other examples of
medical uses for bioceramics are in pacemakers,
kidney dialysis machines, and respirators.

84. CONCLUSION

85. REFERENCES
 Philips-science of dental materials: 1st South Asian Edition
 Naylor-Introduction to Metal Ceramic Technology
 12th edition Craig’s restorative dental materials; 12th edition
 John J Manappallil -Basic Dental Materials –4th edition
 John F.McCabe; Applied dental materials; 9th edition
 SILVA LH, MIRANDA RB, FAVERO SS, Lohbauer U, CESAR PF. Dental
ceramics: a review of new materials and processing methods. Brazilian oral
research. 2017 Aug;31.

86. THANK YOU