5.excretion introduction
•
1 like•57 views
This document discusses excretion in animals and plants. In animals, metabolic processes produce carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogenous waste from proteins and nucleoproteins that must be excreted as it is toxic. There are three types of excretory products in plants - oxygen from photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water from respiration, and organic and inorganic compounds that are either stored or removed when necessary.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Fermentation
Alcoholic and lactid acid fermentation.
INTRODUCTION
FERMENTATION
Fermentation is metabolic process of converting carbohydrate into acid or alcohol.
Mainly occur under anaerobic conditions.
Mainly occur naturally in bacteria and fungi.
There will be no net change in the C:H ratio of reactants and products.
Two main types:
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (ETHANOL FEEMENTATION).
END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS
CATABOLIC FATES OF PYRUVATE FORMED IN GLYCOLYSIS
Three possible fates.
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars are converted to cellular energy and metabolic lactate.
Condition:Hypoxic-that is when cell do not receive enough oxygen to perform krebs cycle and ETC.
Location : Cytoplasm
Occur in lactic acid bacteria,very active skeletal muscle cells under low anaerobic conditions and in some tissues and cell types (even under aerobic conditions) such as erythrocytes which have no mitochondria and thus cannot oxidise pyruvate to carbon-di-oxide.
STEPS IN LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Regeneration of NAD+ and continuation of glycolysis
ALCOHOL(ETHANOL) FERMENTATION.
Yeast and some other micro-organisms ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon-di-oxide.
Location:Cytoplasm.
Overall equation:
STEPS:
MECHANISM OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
SOME FERMENTED PRODUCTS
BY LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Sour dough.
Yogurt(fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus in milk)
Pickle.
BY ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
Most breads.
Alcoholic beverages.
Fermentation processes and their application
Fermentation is a process by which microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen. There are two main types of fermentation - alcoholic fermentation which produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation which produces lactic acid. Fermentation is used to produce many foods like bread, yogurt, cheese, and beverages like wine. It is also used industrially to produce chemicals like acetone, butanol and ethanol through ABE fermentation of Clostridia bacteria, and amino acids through the growth of various microorganisms. Common products of fermentation include foods, industrial chemicals, enzymes, vitamins and pharmaceuticals.
Vitamin c
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, can be produced through two main methods - the traditional Reichstein process involving chemical and microbial steps, or a newer two-stage fermentation process. The two-stage fermentation process replaces chemical reactions with a second fermentation step using Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and Bacillus spp. to convert L-sorbose to the intermediate 2-keto-L-gulonic acid. Vitamin C finds many uses as a food additive and dietary supplement for its antioxidant properties and role in immune function and collagen production. Biosynthesis of vitamin C is now favored over extraction from natural sources due to lower production costs and more sustainable production methods.
Fermentation
1. The document describes different types of fermentation including alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. It provides details on the products and pathways of each type.
2. It asks multiple choice questions about the topics covered, including what products come from alcoholic fermentation, what taste lactic acid bacteria give foods, examples of milk products from lactic acid fermentation, and differences between fermentation and aerobic respiration.
3. A timeline is provided showing intervals of exercise, and questions ask about when the body switches energy sources, which process provides more energy for different durations of exercise, and where the body gets energy for a 25-minute race.
Fermentation and it's types
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts carbohydrates into acids, gases, or alcohol without the use of oxygen. There are several types of fermentation including bacterial, yeast, and mold fermentations. Louis Pasteur's work with fermentation helped prove the germ theory of disease and led to the pasteurization process. The document then describes various fermentation processes such as lactic acid fermentation, which produces lactic acid, and alcoholic fermentation, which produces ethanol and carbon dioxide from sugars like glucose. Examples of fermented products from each process are also provided.
Shivom
The document analyzes the contents of various cold drinks available in the market. Experiments were conducted to test for the presence of glucose, alcohol, carbon dioxide and acidity. Glucose was detected using Benedict's solution which turned reddish upon heating. Carbonation was observed by the limewater turning milky as carbon dioxide dissolved in it. Alcohol presence was shown by a yellow precipitate forming when iodine, potassium iodide and sodium hydroxide were added. The drinks' pH showed them to be acidic, with Coca Cola having the lowest pH. While cold drinks provide refreshment, they also have disadvantages like potential for weight gain, harming bones and aiding corrosion.
Analysis of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) in citrus fruits
Prakhar Seth completed a project analyzing the content of ascorbic acid in different citrus fruits to fulfill a chemistry course requirement. He titrated lemon juice, orange juice, and Citrus Maxima juice with an iodine solution using starch as an indicator. The results found that lemon juice contained 31.68% ascorbic acid, orange juice contained 49.28% ascorbic acid, and Citrus Maxima juice contained the highest amount at 70.4% ascorbic acid. Prakhar thanked his teacher, lab assistant, parents, and friends for their support and guidance throughout the project.
MEGPL-PWTP Plant
The wastewater treatment plant is experiencing issues like poor sludge settling and high pH. Recommendations include decreasing soda ash to lower alkalinity and pH, reducing dissolved oxygen levels, cleaning one of the treatment trains, installing pumps to better control return activated sludge between aerobic and anaerobic zones, using flocculants to aid settling, and adding a coagulant to remove emulsions. The goal is to improve treatment and meet discharge standards.
Recommended
Fermentation
Alcoholic and lactid acid fermentation.
INTRODUCTION
FERMENTATION
Fermentation is metabolic process of converting carbohydrate into acid or alcohol.
Mainly occur under anaerobic conditions.
Mainly occur naturally in bacteria and fungi.
There will be no net change in the C:H ratio of reactants and products.
Two main types:
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (ETHANOL FEEMENTATION).
END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS
CATABOLIC FATES OF PYRUVATE FORMED IN GLYCOLYSIS
Three possible fates.
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars are converted to cellular energy and metabolic lactate.
Condition:Hypoxic-that is when cell do not receive enough oxygen to perform krebs cycle and ETC.
Location : Cytoplasm
Occur in lactic acid bacteria,very active skeletal muscle cells under low anaerobic conditions and in some tissues and cell types (even under aerobic conditions) such as erythrocytes which have no mitochondria and thus cannot oxidise pyruvate to carbon-di-oxide.
STEPS IN LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Regeneration of NAD+ and continuation of glycolysis
ALCOHOL(ETHANOL) FERMENTATION.
Yeast and some other micro-organisms ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon-di-oxide.
Location:Cytoplasm.
Overall equation:
STEPS:
MECHANISM OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
SOME FERMENTED PRODUCTS
BY LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Sour dough.
Yogurt(fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus in milk)
Pickle.
BY ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
Most breads.
Alcoholic beverages.
Fermentation processes and their application
Fermentation is a process by which microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen. There are two main types of fermentation - alcoholic fermentation which produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation which produces lactic acid. Fermentation is used to produce many foods like bread, yogurt, cheese, and beverages like wine. It is also used industrially to produce chemicals like acetone, butanol and ethanol through ABE fermentation of Clostridia bacteria, and amino acids through the growth of various microorganisms. Common products of fermentation include foods, industrial chemicals, enzymes, vitamins and pharmaceuticals.
Vitamin c
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, can be produced through two main methods - the traditional Reichstein process involving chemical and microbial steps, or a newer two-stage fermentation process. The two-stage fermentation process replaces chemical reactions with a second fermentation step using Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and Bacillus spp. to convert L-sorbose to the intermediate 2-keto-L-gulonic acid. Vitamin C finds many uses as a food additive and dietary supplement for its antioxidant properties and role in immune function and collagen production. Biosynthesis of vitamin C is now favored over extraction from natural sources due to lower production costs and more sustainable production methods.
Fermentation
1. The document describes different types of fermentation including alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. It provides details on the products and pathways of each type.
2. It asks multiple choice questions about the topics covered, including what products come from alcoholic fermentation, what taste lactic acid bacteria give foods, examples of milk products from lactic acid fermentation, and differences between fermentation and aerobic respiration.
3. A timeline is provided showing intervals of exercise, and questions ask about when the body switches energy sources, which process provides more energy for different durations of exercise, and where the body gets energy for a 25-minute race.
Fermentation and it's types
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts carbohydrates into acids, gases, or alcohol without the use of oxygen. There are several types of fermentation including bacterial, yeast, and mold fermentations. Louis Pasteur's work with fermentation helped prove the germ theory of disease and led to the pasteurization process. The document then describes various fermentation processes such as lactic acid fermentation, which produces lactic acid, and alcoholic fermentation, which produces ethanol and carbon dioxide from sugars like glucose. Examples of fermented products from each process are also provided.
Shivom
The document analyzes the contents of various cold drinks available in the market. Experiments were conducted to test for the presence of glucose, alcohol, carbon dioxide and acidity. Glucose was detected using Benedict's solution which turned reddish upon heating. Carbonation was observed by the limewater turning milky as carbon dioxide dissolved in it. Alcohol presence was shown by a yellow precipitate forming when iodine, potassium iodide and sodium hydroxide were added. The drinks' pH showed them to be acidic, with Coca Cola having the lowest pH. While cold drinks provide refreshment, they also have disadvantages like potential for weight gain, harming bones and aiding corrosion.
Analysis of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) in citrus fruits
Prakhar Seth completed a project analyzing the content of ascorbic acid in different citrus fruits to fulfill a chemistry course requirement. He titrated lemon juice, orange juice, and Citrus Maxima juice with an iodine solution using starch as an indicator. The results found that lemon juice contained 31.68% ascorbic acid, orange juice contained 49.28% ascorbic acid, and Citrus Maxima juice contained the highest amount at 70.4% ascorbic acid. Prakhar thanked his teacher, lab assistant, parents, and friends for their support and guidance throughout the project.
MEGPL-PWTP Plant
The wastewater treatment plant is experiencing issues like poor sludge settling and high pH. Recommendations include decreasing soda ash to lower alkalinity and pH, reducing dissolved oxygen levels, cleaning one of the treatment trains, installing pumps to better control return activated sludge between aerobic and anaerobic zones, using flocculants to aid settling, and adding a coagulant to remove emulsions. The goal is to improve treatment and meet discharge standards.
Fermentation
Fermentation can take place aerobically or anaerobically in cells. Anaerobic fermentation occurs when there is not enough oxygen after glycolysis. Alcohol fermentation is a two-step process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol via acetaldehyde. Lactic acid fermentation directly reduces pyruvate to lactate without carbon dioxide release and causes muscle fatigue and pain in humans during low oxygen states.
Fermentation
Fermentation involves microorganisms breaking down compounds and carrying out metabolic activities under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. There are three main types of fermentation - acetic acid, lactic acid, and alcoholic fermentation. Acetic acid fermentation produces vinegar, lactic acid fermentation produces pickled foods, and alcoholic fermentation produces drinks like beer, wine and cider through conversion of sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation makes foods easier to digest, preserves them without use of heat, and was one of the earliest food preservation methods.
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...
The activated sludge plant at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant underwent a model capacity evaluation stress test over 3 months to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies. During the stress test, 3 of 5 aeration basins and 3 of 4 clarifiers were used to treat flows up to 37.8 mgd, demonstrating the plant's ability to effectively treat over 20% more than the permitted flow. Operational improvements made prior to the stress test optimized plant performance by increasing oxygen transfer efficiency, improving anoxic zone mixing, controlling sludge flows, and screening solids. Comparing data from the stress test to 2002 data showed a 38% reduction in biochemical oxygen demand entering the plant, validating the effectiveness of the operational improvements
Fermentation presentation
Fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols, carbon dioxide, or organic acids by microorganisms like yeast and bacteria in anaerobic conditions. It results in less energy production than aerobic respiration. Key steps include glycolysis which converts glucose to pyruvate, and alcoholic fermentation which converts pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation is used to produce foods and beverages like beer, wine, yogurt and cheese, as well as treat wastewater.
Optimization of ABE Fermentation from Rice Husk Medium using Clostridium acet...
A chemically defined medium was optimised for the biomass production of Clostridium acetobutylicum in the fermentor using rice husk as the carbon source.
Respiration
1) The document discusses respiration, which is the biological oxidation of organic compounds into CO2 and H2O with the release of energy. It occurs through catabolic processes in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells.
2) There are two main types of respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and produces a large amount of ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces a small amount of ATP.
3) The document outlines the key stages of aerobic respiration - glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC). It provides details on the products and location of each stage. For
Chemistry Investigatory Project of class 12th CBSE
This document appears to be a student project report analyzing the contents of different cold drink brands. It includes sections like the introduction, aim, theory, tests conducted to detect ingredients like carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results found that all drinks contained these ingredients. The conclusion compares the drinks and finds that Coca Cola is most acidic while Limca is least. Fanta contains the highest sucrose while Sprite has the most carbon dioxide. Potential disadvantages of cold drinks are also discussed.
Fermentation ppt
Fermentation is a classical biotechnology process that involves harnessing bacteria and yeast to produce consumable products from their waste. Key examples include alcoholic fermentation by yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide from glucose, and lactic acid fermentation by muscle and bacteria cells to produce lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and a few ATP. Yogurt is produced through lactic acid fermentation of milk by thermophilic bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, which acidify the milk and cause the casein proteins to coagulate into a gel-like texture.
Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration vs Fermentation
Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation are three processes that cells use to produce energy in the form of ATP. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces the most ATP. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP. Fermentation also does not use oxygen and produces only a small amount of ATP. It allows glycolysis to continue without the other respiration stages. Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid while alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Copy Of Determination Of The Contents Of Cold Drinks
Himanshu Sagar, a class XII student, conducted a chemistry project to analyze the contents of different cold drink brands through qualitative analysis. Tests were performed to detect the presence of carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results showed that all drinks contained these components. Coca Cola was found to be the most acidic while Limca was the least. Sprite had the maximum carbon dioxide while Fanta had the minimum. The project concluded by discussing both the disadvantages and uses of cold drinks.
25046610 folio-chemistry-form-5-chemicals-for-consumers
This document discusses chemicals used for consumers, focusing on soaps and detergents, food additives, and medicines. It provides details on the history, manufacturing, and molecular structure of soaps and detergents. Detergents are synthesized from petroleum while soaps are made through saponification of animal fats or vegetable oils with alkalis. Both soaps and detergents act as cleansing agents due to their hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Additives are included in detergents to enhance cleaning power and other properties. Food additives and their uses and effects are also outlined. The document concludes with an overview of traditional and modern medicines, their sources, functions, and potential side effects.
Colloquium presentation (Yang)
This document summarizes a study on the biodegradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs) in the presence of humus under different redox conditions. The study tested PhAC biodegradation under aerobic and anaerobic redox conditions including aerobic respiration, aerobic nitrification, denitrification, sulfidogenic, and methanogenic conditions. It was found that humus increased removal of Naproxen under some aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The document concludes with recommendations for improving experimental controls and using enrichment bacteria in future studies.
Hatch-Slack Pathway (C4 Cycle)
The document summarizes the Hatch-Slack or C4 pathway, an alternative to the Calvin cycle that fixes carbon and minimizes photorespiration. The pathway was discovered in 1966 and involves two cell types - mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Carbon dioxide is initially fixed by the mesophyll cells into a four-carbon acid like malate or aspartate, which is then transported to the bundle sheath cells. There, the four-carbon acid is decarboxylated, releasing carbon dioxide to enter the Calvin cycle. The three-carbon acid byproduct is returned to the mesophyll cells, completing the five-stage cycle. The document further describes the three main types of C4 cycles that differ in the
Different mode of carbon dioxide assimilation
This document discusses the three main modes of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants: C3, C4, and CAM cycles. The C3 cycle fixes carbon through Calvin-Benson cycle in mesophyll cells throughout the leaf. Most plants use this cycle. The C4 cycle fixes carbon in mesophyll cells and transports it to bundle sheath cells, concentrating CO2 around Rubisco to promote photosynthesis. C4 plants include grasses. The CAM cycle fixes carbon at night and stores it as malic acid, releasing CO2 during the day to concentrate it around Rubisco. This allows CAM plants like cacti to keep their stomata closed in the day. C4 and CAM plants evolved to reduce photorespiration
Irene label
This document provides information about a calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution product. It indicates that the solution is used topically in various lotions as a protective agent. It notes that calcium hydroxide is quickly converted to the insoluble calcium carbonate when exposed to air. The document also provides storage, manufacturing, formulation and lot information for a 60mL bottle of the lime water solution.
Lecture 42
Potassium sulfate is a white crystalline salt commonly used as a fertilizer. It can be manufactured through the Mannheim process, which involves reacting potassium chloride with sulfuric acid, or by recovering it from natural complex salts like kainite. It provides both potassium and sulfur to plants. Potassium sulfate's main use is as a fertilizer for chloride sensitive crops like tobacco, grapes, and potatoes. It is also used to reduce muzzle flash in artillery charges.
Chemistry project....cold drinks
This document summarizes a student's science project analyzing the contents of different cold drink brands. The student conducted qualitative tests to detect the presence of glucose, carbon dioxide, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose in drinks like Coke, Sprite, Limca and Fanta. The tests confirmed that all drinks contained these components. Coke had the lowest pH, making it most acidic. Sprite contained the most carbon dioxide while Fanta contained the least. The project also outlined disadvantages of cold drinks and some unexpected uses of them.
Geography M2 Chemical Weathering
The document discusses chemical weathering, which is the breakdown of rocks through chemical processes. It occurs when rocks interact with substances like water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are four main types of chemical weathering: oxidation, solution, carbonation, and biotic weathering. The document provides details on each type of chemical weathering and includes objectives, diagrams, and a quiz for students.
Cyanide and its biodegradation
details of hazardous component of waste from metallurgy / electroplating industries with information regarding its bio degradation
Cyanocobalamin production
Cyanocobalamin is produced through bacterial fermentation. Bacteria such as Pseudomonas denitrificans and Propionibacterium shermanii are cultured in sterilized medium to produce precursors to cyanocobalamin. The precursors are then treated with potassium cyanide and heat to convert them into cyanocobalamin. Cyanocobalamin production involves anaerobic fermentation to produce precursors, aerobic fermentation to produce more precursors, and chemical treatment to convert the precursors into the final cyanocobalamin product.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
More Related Content
What's hot
Fermentation
Fermentation can take place aerobically or anaerobically in cells. Anaerobic fermentation occurs when there is not enough oxygen after glycolysis. Alcohol fermentation is a two-step process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol via acetaldehyde. Lactic acid fermentation directly reduces pyruvate to lactate without carbon dioxide release and causes muscle fatigue and pain in humans during low oxygen states.
Fermentation
Fermentation involves microorganisms breaking down compounds and carrying out metabolic activities under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. There are three main types of fermentation - acetic acid, lactic acid, and alcoholic fermentation. Acetic acid fermentation produces vinegar, lactic acid fermentation produces pickled foods, and alcoholic fermentation produces drinks like beer, wine and cider through conversion of sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation makes foods easier to digest, preserves them without use of heat, and was one of the earliest food preservation methods.
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...
The activated sludge plant at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant underwent a model capacity evaluation stress test over 3 months to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies. During the stress test, 3 of 5 aeration basins and 3 of 4 clarifiers were used to treat flows up to 37.8 mgd, demonstrating the plant's ability to effectively treat over 20% more than the permitted flow. Operational improvements made prior to the stress test optimized plant performance by increasing oxygen transfer efficiency, improving anoxic zone mixing, controlling sludge flows, and screening solids. Comparing data from the stress test to 2002 data showed a 38% reduction in biochemical oxygen demand entering the plant, validating the effectiveness of the operational improvements
Fermentation presentation
Fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols, carbon dioxide, or organic acids by microorganisms like yeast and bacteria in anaerobic conditions. It results in less energy production than aerobic respiration. Key steps include glycolysis which converts glucose to pyruvate, and alcoholic fermentation which converts pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation is used to produce foods and beverages like beer, wine, yogurt and cheese, as well as treat wastewater.
Optimization of ABE Fermentation from Rice Husk Medium using Clostridium acet...
A chemically defined medium was optimised for the biomass production of Clostridium acetobutylicum in the fermentor using rice husk as the carbon source.
Respiration
1) The document discusses respiration, which is the biological oxidation of organic compounds into CO2 and H2O with the release of energy. It occurs through catabolic processes in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells.
2) There are two main types of respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and produces a large amount of ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces a small amount of ATP.
3) The document outlines the key stages of aerobic respiration - glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC). It provides details on the products and location of each stage. For
Chemistry Investigatory Project of class 12th CBSE
This document appears to be a student project report analyzing the contents of different cold drink brands. It includes sections like the introduction, aim, theory, tests conducted to detect ingredients like carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results found that all drinks contained these ingredients. The conclusion compares the drinks and finds that Coca Cola is most acidic while Limca is least. Fanta contains the highest sucrose while Sprite has the most carbon dioxide. Potential disadvantages of cold drinks are also discussed.
Fermentation ppt
Fermentation is a classical biotechnology process that involves harnessing bacteria and yeast to produce consumable products from their waste. Key examples include alcoholic fermentation by yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide from glucose, and lactic acid fermentation by muscle and bacteria cells to produce lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and a few ATP. Yogurt is produced through lactic acid fermentation of milk by thermophilic bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, which acidify the milk and cause the casein proteins to coagulate into a gel-like texture.
Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration vs Fermentation
Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation are three processes that cells use to produce energy in the form of ATP. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces the most ATP. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP. Fermentation also does not use oxygen and produces only a small amount of ATP. It allows glycolysis to continue without the other respiration stages. Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid while alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Copy Of Determination Of The Contents Of Cold Drinks
Himanshu Sagar, a class XII student, conducted a chemistry project to analyze the contents of different cold drink brands through qualitative analysis. Tests were performed to detect the presence of carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results showed that all drinks contained these components. Coca Cola was found to be the most acidic while Limca was the least. Sprite had the maximum carbon dioxide while Fanta had the minimum. The project concluded by discussing both the disadvantages and uses of cold drinks.
25046610 folio-chemistry-form-5-chemicals-for-consumers
This document discusses chemicals used for consumers, focusing on soaps and detergents, food additives, and medicines. It provides details on the history, manufacturing, and molecular structure of soaps and detergents. Detergents are synthesized from petroleum while soaps are made through saponification of animal fats or vegetable oils with alkalis. Both soaps and detergents act as cleansing agents due to their hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Additives are included in detergents to enhance cleaning power and other properties. Food additives and their uses and effects are also outlined. The document concludes with an overview of traditional and modern medicines, their sources, functions, and potential side effects.
Colloquium presentation (Yang)
This document summarizes a study on the biodegradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs) in the presence of humus under different redox conditions. The study tested PhAC biodegradation under aerobic and anaerobic redox conditions including aerobic respiration, aerobic nitrification, denitrification, sulfidogenic, and methanogenic conditions. It was found that humus increased removal of Naproxen under some aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The document concludes with recommendations for improving experimental controls and using enrichment bacteria in future studies.
Hatch-Slack Pathway (C4 Cycle)
The document summarizes the Hatch-Slack or C4 pathway, an alternative to the Calvin cycle that fixes carbon and minimizes photorespiration. The pathway was discovered in 1966 and involves two cell types - mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Carbon dioxide is initially fixed by the mesophyll cells into a four-carbon acid like malate or aspartate, which is then transported to the bundle sheath cells. There, the four-carbon acid is decarboxylated, releasing carbon dioxide to enter the Calvin cycle. The three-carbon acid byproduct is returned to the mesophyll cells, completing the five-stage cycle. The document further describes the three main types of C4 cycles that differ in the
Different mode of carbon dioxide assimilation
This document discusses the three main modes of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants: C3, C4, and CAM cycles. The C3 cycle fixes carbon through Calvin-Benson cycle in mesophyll cells throughout the leaf. Most plants use this cycle. The C4 cycle fixes carbon in mesophyll cells and transports it to bundle sheath cells, concentrating CO2 around Rubisco to promote photosynthesis. C4 plants include grasses. The CAM cycle fixes carbon at night and stores it as malic acid, releasing CO2 during the day to concentrate it around Rubisco. This allows CAM plants like cacti to keep their stomata closed in the day. C4 and CAM plants evolved to reduce photorespiration
Irene label
This document provides information about a calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution product. It indicates that the solution is used topically in various lotions as a protective agent. It notes that calcium hydroxide is quickly converted to the insoluble calcium carbonate when exposed to air. The document also provides storage, manufacturing, formulation and lot information for a 60mL bottle of the lime water solution.
Lecture 42
Potassium sulfate is a white crystalline salt commonly used as a fertilizer. It can be manufactured through the Mannheim process, which involves reacting potassium chloride with sulfuric acid, or by recovering it from natural complex salts like kainite. It provides both potassium and sulfur to plants. Potassium sulfate's main use is as a fertilizer for chloride sensitive crops like tobacco, grapes, and potatoes. It is also used to reduce muzzle flash in artillery charges.
Chemistry project....cold drinks
This document summarizes a student's science project analyzing the contents of different cold drink brands. The student conducted qualitative tests to detect the presence of glucose, carbon dioxide, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose in drinks like Coke, Sprite, Limca and Fanta. The tests confirmed that all drinks contained these components. Coke had the lowest pH, making it most acidic. Sprite contained the most carbon dioxide while Fanta contained the least. The project also outlined disadvantages of cold drinks and some unexpected uses of them.
Geography M2 Chemical Weathering
The document discusses chemical weathering, which is the breakdown of rocks through chemical processes. It occurs when rocks interact with substances like water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are four main types of chemical weathering: oxidation, solution, carbonation, and biotic weathering. The document provides details on each type of chemical weathering and includes objectives, diagrams, and a quiz for students.
Cyanide and its biodegradation
details of hazardous component of waste from metallurgy / electroplating industries with information regarding its bio degradation
Cyanocobalamin production
Cyanocobalamin is produced through bacterial fermentation. Bacteria such as Pseudomonas denitrificans and Propionibacterium shermanii are cultured in sterilized medium to produce precursors to cyanocobalamin. The precursors are then treated with potassium cyanide and heat to convert them into cyanocobalamin. Cyanocobalamin production involves anaerobic fermentation to produce precursors, aerobic fermentation to produce more precursors, and chemical treatment to convert the precursors into the final cyanocobalamin product.
What's hot (20)
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...
Optimization of ABE Fermentation from Rice Husk Medium using Clostridium acet...
Optimization of ABE Fermentation from Rice Husk Medium using Clostridium acet...
Chemistry Investigatory Project of class 12th CBSE
Chemistry Investigatory Project of class 12th CBSE
Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration vs Fermentation
Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration vs Fermentation
Copy Of Determination Of The Contents Of Cold Drinks
Copy Of Determination Of The Contents Of Cold Drinks
25046610 folio-chemistry-form-5-chemicals-for-consumers
25046610 folio-chemistry-form-5-chemicals-for-consumers
Recently uploaded
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Male reproduction physiology by Suyash Garg .pptx
Physiology of Male reproduction.
Video mentioned at page no. 23 as summary for better understanding
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Recently uploaded (20)
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
5.excretion introduction
- 1. PUNJAB GROUP OF COLLEGE OF BWP
- 2. Topic : Excretion Lecture No Chapter No 15 Prof. Rabia Ramzan
- 3. Excretion Definition Elimination of metabolic waste specially Nitrogen waste called----------- -
- 4. Excretion in animal Metabolism of lipid ,carbohydrates Produce CO2,H2O Metabolism of protein and nucleoprotein Produce Nitrogen waste • Toxic • Must be excreted
- 6. Excretion in plants Three types of excretory products in plants Oxygen produce durring autotrophic mode of life (photosynthesis) CO2,H2O Durring metabolic respiration Organic, Inorganic Compound 1.Stored for various purpose 2. Removed when necessory