SiGNa's ActiveEOR® and ActiveSand® products are a new class of green chemicals that increase recovery from oil & gas reservoirs. SiGNa’s oil & gas products combine the benefits of chemical, immiscible gas, and thermal flooding techniques to give producers the advantages three oil recovery techniques from one easy-to-use, pumpable chemical. Silicides can be used as a standalone chemical or injected alongside other EOR techniques. Usable at any depth and with any viscosity, silicides generate heat, pressure, and silicates downhole, within the formation. No heat is lost on the surface and only minimal losses to the wellbore casing and tubing strings. These green chemicals produce only benign by-products and deliver cleaner wastewater, causing less impact on the environment.

1. Alkali Metal Silicides for Oil Field Applications
Improving Heavy Oil EOR

2. 1
Formed in 2005 to commercialize its patented stabilized alkali metals
Customers include industrial chemical processors & energy companies
Holds 30 families of patents including composition of matter, method of making and
methods of use patents
Patented use of alkali metal silicides for oilfield applications
SiGNa is a chemical manufacturer that
specializes in stabilized reactive alkali metals

3. A valuable new tool for the EOR toolkit
2
Desired reactivity + safety is
achieved by solvating metals
in inorganic powders
’S
stabilized alkali metals

4. ActiveEOR®

5. Key Mechanisms for EOR
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6. How it Works: The ActiveEOR® Reaction
5
Cost Effective, Higher Performing & Safe
HeatSodium SilicateHydrogenSodium Silicide Water
Material Attributes
Free-flowing, easily-handled solid chemical
Rapid, controllable and safe chemical reactivity – reaction is
only limited by availability of water
Uses inexpensive, abundant raw materials
Non-damaging, non-toxic byproducts (green chemistry)
Easily blends with a hydrocarbon for reservoir injection
Oil Recovery Benefits
• Reaction occurs in situ, maximizing heat, pressure and
gas benefits
• An injection of only 3% PV, compared to typical CEOR
that requires 30-40% PV
• Technology is not limited by depth or crude viscosity
• No well redesign or special equipment needed
Na4Si4 (s) + 10 H2O (l) 10 H2 (g) + 2 Na2Si2O5 (aq) + 1654 (kJ)

7. How it Works: The ActiveEOR® Reaction
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Na4Si4 (s) + 10 H2O (l)
Heat Mechanisms/Benefits
• Viscosity reduction to improve oil mobility (potential viscosity decrease >30%)
• Unlike steam, all heat is released in situ and minimize losses in transit
• Localized pore reaction site temperature increase >300°C possible
• 360,000 BTU per bbl of 30% silicide dispersion; 3,484 BTU per lb NaSi, or 3,959 BTU per lb H2O
• No GHG emissions from heat generation
HeatSodium SilicateHydrogenSodium Silicide Water
Na4Si4 (s) + 10 H2O (l) 10 H2 (g) + 2 Na2Si2O5 (aq) + 1654 (kJ)

8. How it Works: The ActiveEOR® Reaction
7
Hydrogen Mechanisms/Benefits
• Generates 10 mols of gas – potential 2 to 5 X volume expansion in reservoir [f (T,P)]
• 100 lb of silicide should generate ~53,400 L, or 1,885 ft3, of gas at STP
• Provides gas cap energy to low pressured reservoirs – accelerates production by up to 20%
• Rapid reaction rate and gas evolution in pores to dislodge oil
• Potential for foam formation
• Potential for hydrogenation/cracking of heavy crudes to lower viscosity and beneficiate oil
• Not a greenhouse gas (GHG) – produced hydrogen can be reinjected/energy sourced/flared
HeatSodium SilicateHydrogenSodium Silicide Water
Na4Si4 (s) + 10 H2O (l) 10 H2 (g) + 2 Na2Si2O5 (aq) + 1654 (kJ)

9. How it Works: The ActiveEOR® Reaction
8
Na4Si4 (s) + 10 H2O (l)
HeatSodium SilicateHydrogenSodium Silicide Water
Sodium Silicate Mechanisms/Benefits
• Provides alkali to convert crude acid fractions into surfactants to lower IFT and mobilize oil
• Well buffered to limit sand dissolution (1% silicate = pH 11.8)
• Most effective alkali to inactivate brine hardness ions – protects surfactants
• Silicates promote a water wet environment for improved release of oil
• A green chemical that is widely used in detergent formulations and for water softening
Na4Si4 (s) + 10 H2O (l) 10 H2 (g) + 2 Na2Si2O5 (aq) + 1654 (kJ)

10. Oil and Gas Application Roadmap
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POST-CHOPS RECOVERY
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
CARBONATE WETTABILITY
Increase recovery post-CHOPS with
the ability to reactivate suspended wells.
Equivalent production rates with reduced water
injection and treatment costs.
Converts carbonate surface from
highly oil wet to highly water wet.
Significantly increase recovery and reduced production
times for heavy crudes and bitumen.
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

11. Post-CHOPS EOR
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in collaboration with

12. ActiveEOR® for Post-CHOPS
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13. Technical Concept: ActiveEOR® for Post-CHOPS
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14. ActiveEOR® for Post-CHOPS Recovery
• ActiveEOR® is applied downhole as a 40
wt.% solids submicron dispersion slurried
in hydrocarbon carrier fluid
• Pure hydrocarbon spacers ensures
reaction occurs deep within formation
• Short concentrated slug
(20 m3 = short injection time)
• Huff-and-Puff process with no need for
additional CapEx
13

15. Concept Evaluation (Stage 1)
Proof of Concept post-CHOPS work
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16. Suggested Post-CHOPS
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*Primary CHOPS recovery 3-5%; incremental results with ActiveEOR® recovers additional 3%

17. Well Pressure Increase
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18. Reduced Viscosity
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19. ActiveEOR® for
Chemical EOR

20. ActiveEOR® for Enhanced CEOR
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• ActiveEOR® is applied downhole as a 20 to
40% solids submicron dispersion in
hydrocarbon carrier fluid
• Pure hydrocarbon spacers ensures reaction
occurs deep within formation
• Short concentrated slug
(1 to 5% PV = short injection time)
• Applicable for vertical and/or horizontal well
configurations

21. Recover More Oil
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Actual reservoir corefloods conducted at SURTEK, a
global leader in chemical EOR
Coreflood & oil characteristics favorable to current chemical
flooding techniques (ASP): 22°API, 12 cp oil

22. Recover More Oil Faster
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Actual reservoir corefloods conducted at
SURTEK, a global leader in chemical EOR
Coreflood & oil characteristics favorable to
current chemical flooding techniques (ASP):
22°API, 12 cp oil

23. Core Flood Results in Diesel
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24. 3% PV of 30% Dispersion in Mineral Oil
2323

25. ActiveEOR® for
Carbonate Wettability Alteration
in collaboration with

26. Oil Drop Contact Angle Measurement
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27. Remineralizaton of Surface

28. Hydraulic Fracturing

29. Hydraulic Fracturing
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30. Cleaner Frac Water Flowback
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31. Reaction Rate vs. Particle Size
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