HISTORY OF UNIVERSE TIMELINE EVOLUTION OF HUTS VALUATION OF 1 BILLION VEDIC VILLAGE IN TAMIL NADU PANDAVLENA / TRIRASHMI CAVES

1. CULTURAL INFLUENCE IN
ARCHITECTURE
MADE BY:- RAKHEE VYAS

2. EXERCISE-1 HISTORICAL TIMELINE
• THE BEGINNING The Universe begins 13.7 billion years ago with an event
known as the Big Bang. Both time and space are created in this event.
• FRACTION OF A SECOND Rapid expansion occurs during a billionth of a
billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second – the visible Universe is the
size of a grapefruit
• 1 SECOND The Large Hadron Collider at CERN is recreating the conditions
that prevailed a fraction of a second after the Big Bang
• 100 – 1000 SECONDS Nuclei of hydrogen, helium, lithium and other light
elements form
• 300,000 YEARS We can detect radiation from the early formation of the
Universe back as far as this point. Before this, the Universe is opaque: it’s as
if a veil has been pulled over it.

3. • A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS Matter clumps together under its own gravity forming the
first protogalaxies and within them, the first stars. Stars are nuclear furnaces in which heavier
elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon and iron are formed. Massive stars exploding as
supernovae create even heavier elements. Such explosions send material into space ready to
be incorporated into future generations of stars and planets
A FEW BILLION YEARS Initially, the expansion of the Universe decelerated – but a few billion
years after the Big Bang, the expansion began to accelerate. The acceleration is caused by a
mysterious force known as ‘dark energy’, the nature of which is completely unknown
• 9 BILLION YEARS The Sun, along with its eight planets, and all the asteroids, comets and
Kuiper Belt objects, such as Pluto, form from the debris left behind by earlier generations of
stars
• 10 BILLION YEARS The first life appears on Earth in the form of simple cells. Impacting comets
and asteroids might have contributed organic molecules to Earth. Life spreads across the
globe.
• 13.7 BILLION YEARS This is where we are today. Using our own ingenuity, humanity is probing
the depths of the Universe and trying to unravel its mysteries, from our tiny, home planet,
Earth. The visible Universe contains billions of galaxies, each comprising billions of stars.
Within our own Galaxy, hundreds of exoplanets have been discovered orbiting other stars

4. Exercise 2 :- Valuation of 1 billion
• 1 billion = 100 cr in inr
• 1 Billion 1,000,000,000
• 1,000,000,000, i.e. one thousand million, or 109 (ten to the ninth power), as defined
on the short scale. This is now the meaning in both British and American English.
• Historically, in British English, 1,000,000,000,000, i.e. one million million, or 1012
(ten to the twelfth power), as defined on the long scale. This is one thousand times
larger than the short scale billion, and equivalent to the short scale trillion
• The word billion was formed in the 16th century This long scale definition was
similarly applied to trillion, quadrillion and so on. The words were originally French,
and entered English around the end of the 17th century.
• Later, French arithmeticians changed the words' meanings, adopting the short scale
definition whereby three zeros rather than six were added at each step, so a billion
came to denote a thousand million (109), a trillion (1012), and so on.

5. Exercise 3 :- Vedic village in TAMIL NADU

6. VEDIC HOUSES IN BENGAL

7. EVOLUTIONS IN HUT

10. • The way of life of building occupants, and the way they use their shelters, is of great influence
on building forms. The size of family units, who shares which spaces, how food is prepared
and eaten, how people interact and many other cultural considerations will affect the layout
and size of dwellings.
• For example, the family units of several East African ethnic communities live in family
compounds, surrounded by marked boundaries, in which separate single-roomed dwellings
are built to house different members of the family. In polygamous communities there may be
separate dwellings for different wives, and more again for sons who are too old to share space
with the women of the family. Social interaction within the family is governed by, and privacy
is provided by, the separation between the structures in which family members live. By
contrast, in Western Europe, such separation is accomplished inside one dwelling, by dividing
the building into separate rooms.
• Culture also has a great influence on the appearance of vernacular buildings, as occupants
often decorate buildings in accordance with local customs and beliefs.

11. Exercise 4 :- Pandavlena / Trirashmi
caves
• Located about 8 kilometres to the south of the centre of Nashik in Maharashtra in
India, the Pandavleni Caves are ancient rock-cut caves that are situated on the
tableland of the Trivashmi Hills. These caves have existed for more than 2000
years now and date back to the period between the 3rd century BC and 2nd
century AD. Interestingly, these caves hold their importance and value till date.
The Pandavleni caves are a group of 24 caves that represent the Hinayana
Buddhism.
• The Pandavleni Caves were built by prominent rulers of that time, such as the
Satavahanas and Kshaharatas, for the Hinayana Buddhist monks. They are also
commonly known as the Pandu Caves, Pandavleni Caves, and Nasik Caves,
• cave numbers 3 and 10 are the most beautiful ones. The architecture of these
caves is unique and impressive.
• Cave number 15 has an inscription about the King of Western Maharashtra

12. • Cave No.3 "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE).
• Cave No.3 at Nasik is one of the most important caves, and the largest, of the Pandavleni
caves complex.
• It was built and dedicated to the Samgha in the 2nd century CE by Queen Gotami Balasiri,
mother of deceased Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni, and contains numerous
important inscriptions.
• A well developed vihara
• The cave is a vihara type of cave, meant to provide shelter to Buddhist monks. It is, with
cave No10, the largest Vihara cave in the Pandavleni caves complex.
• The hall is 41 feet wide and 46 deep, with a bench round three sides. The cave has six
pillars on the front porch, roughly similar to those of the early cave No10 built by the
viceroy of Nahapana circa 120 CE. Inside, 18 monk cells are laid out according to a square
plan, seven on the right side, six in the back, and five in the left.

13. • Though the great stupas are magnificient it occupies more space but it is
functionless inside
• Space around the stupa is inappropriate to congregate during unfavorable
climatic condtion…which resulted into construction of chaitya hall
• Felt of inconvenience during circumbulation in the place formed between
circular profile of chaitya and straight wall of hall
• So rectangular hall was changed into rectangular hall with apsidal end
• Initially chaitya hall was built over high plinth enclosed by inevitable sacred
railing

16. Thank you