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1. HYPERTENSION
2. WATER AND ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCE DISORDERS
PRESENTED BY
YASH MAHAJAN
BAMS II YEAR
BATCH 2017- 18

2. HYPERTENSION
• Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure is, by
definition, a repeatedly elevated blood pressure exceeding
140 over 90 mmHg -- a systolic pressure above 140 or a
diastolic pressure above 90.

17. SYMPTOMS OF ELECTROLYTE
DISORDERS
• Mild forms of electrolyte disorders may not cause any
symptoms. Such disorders can go undetected until
they’re discovered during a routine blood test.
Symptoms usually start to appear once a particular
disorder becomes more severe.
• Not all electrolyte imbalances cause the same
symptoms, but many share similar symptoms.

18. COMMON SYMPTOMS OF AN
ELECTROLYTE DISORDER INCLUDE:
• Irregular heartbeat
• fast heart rate
• fatigue
• lethargy
• convulsions or seizures
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea or constipation
• abdominal cramping
• muscle cramping
• muscle weakness
• irritability
• confusion
• Headache
• Numbness and tingling

19. CAUSES OF ELECTROLYTE
DISORDERS
• Electrolyte disorders are most often caused by a loss of bodily
fluids through prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or sweating. They
may also develop due to fluid loss related to burns.
• Certain medications can cause electrolyte disorders as well. In
some cases, underlying diseases, such as acute or chronic
kidney disease, are to be blamed.
• The exact cause may vary depending on the specific type of
electrolyte disorder.

27. CHLORIDE
• Chloride is necessary for maintaining the proper balance of
bodily fluids.
HYPERCHLOREMIA
Hyperchloremia occurs when there’s too much chloride in the
body. It can happen as a result of:
• Severe dehydration
• Kidney failure
• Dialysis

28. CHLORIDE
HYPOCHLOREMIA
• Hypochloremia develops when there’s too little chloride in the
body. It’s often caused by sodium or potassium problems.
• Other causes can include:
• cystic fibrosis
• eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa
• scorpion stings
• acute kidney failure

29. MAGNESIUM
• Magnesium is a critical mineral that regulates many important functions,
such as:
• muscle contraction
• heart rhythm
• nerve function
HYPERMAGNESEMIA
Hypermagnesemia means excess amounts of magnesium. This disorder
primarily affects people with Addison’s disease and end-stage kidney
disease.

30. HYPOMAGNESEMIA
Hypomagnesemia means
having too little magnesium in
the body. Common causes
include:
• Alcohol use disorder
• Malnutrition
• Malabsorption
• Chronic diarrhea
• Excessive sweating
• Heart failure
• Certain medications,
including some diuretics
and antibiotics

31. PHOSPHATE
• The kidneys, bones, and intestines work to balance phosphate levels in the body. Phosphate
is necessary for a wide variety of functions and interacts closely with calcium.
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA
• Hyperphosphatemia can occur due to:
• Low calcium levels
• Chronic kidney disease
• Severe breathing difficulties
• Underactive parathyroid glands
• Severe muscle injury
• Tumor lysis syndrome, a complication of cancer treatment
• excessive use of phosphate-containing laxatives

32. HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA
• Low levels of phosphate, or hypophosphatemia, can be seen in:
• acute alcohol abuse
• severe burns
• starvation
• vitamin D deficiency
• overactive parathyroid glands
• certain medications, such as intravenous (IV) iron treatment, niacin (Niacor,
Niaspan), and some antacids

33. DIAGNOSING ELECTROLYTE
DISORDERS
• A simple blood test can measure the levels of electrolytes in
the body. A blood test that looks at the kidney function is
important as well.
• A physical exam or extra tests to confirm a suspected
electrolyte disorder may need to be performed. These
additional tests will vary depending on the condition