shreya yadav nursing tutor st. catherines hospital

2. DEFENITION
 Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, is a
serious and sometimes fatal disease.

3. Etiology
 Virus
 Herpes Simplex virus
 HSV 1(children and adults)
 HSV 2(neonates)
 Arbo virus
 Cytomegalo virus encephalitis(AIDS)

4.  Fungus :
 Cryptococcus neoformans
 Histoplasma capsulatum
 Candida

5. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 FEVER
 HEADACHE
 NAUSEA
 VOMITING

6.  CNS abnormality include
 Hemiparesis
 Tremors
 Seizures
 Personality changes
 Memory impairment
 Amnesia
 Dysphasia

7. Diagnostic measures
 LP
 CSF pressure – normal or slight increase(60-150mmof
water)
 WBC count- 500/microlitre(0-8/microlitre)
 Protein – slight increase(15-45mg/dl)
 Glucose – normal(45-75mg)

8. Brain imaging techniques
 MRI,PET,EEG
 Helps in early detection of HSV(Swelling of the brain)
 Blood / Urine/ Excretions from the back of the throat-
can be tested for virus
 EEG- abnormal patterns
 Blood test will detect viral RNA

9. MANAGEMENT
 Symptomatic and supportive management
 Mosquito control
 Acyclovir and vidarabine
 Anti seizure drugs
 For maximal benefit antiviral agents should be started
before the onset of coma

10. BRAIN ABSCESS
 Is an accumulation of pus within the brain tissue that
can result from a local or systemic infection.

11. ETIOLOGY
 Direct extension from ear, tooth, mastoid, or sinus
infection
 Spread from distant sites(pulmn infection, bacterial
endocarditis)
 Skull fracture
 Prior brain trauma
 surgery

12.  Staphylo coccus aureus and strepto cocci

13. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 Headache
 Fever
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Signs of increased ICP include drowsiness, confusion
and seizures

14. Focal symptoms
 Temporal lobe abscess
 Visual field defects
 Psychomotor seizures
 Occipital abscess
 Visual impairement
 Hallucinations

15. Diagnostic measures
 CT
 MRI
 Verifying the presence size and number of abscess

16. MANAGEMENT
 Antimicrobial therapy(6-8weeks)
 Penicillin
 Chloramphenicol
 Metronidazole
 Third generation cephalosporin
 Draining of abscess or removal of abscess
 Abscess larger than 2.5cm are excised and aspirated
 Corticosteroids