INTRODUCTION & EVOLUTION OF STADIUM - INTERNATIONAL , NATIONAL LEVEL STADIUM CASE STUDIES WITH INFERENCE

1. STADIUM
STADIUM
AN INTODUCTION
776 BCE
First athletic games in honour of Zeus are
held at Olympia with the stadion foot race.
330 BCE
New stadium constructed at Nemea ,Greece
which is origianlly a stadion for running
700 BCE
Greeks built broad hippodrome stadiums to
accommodate horse chariot races
600 BCE
Circus Maximus, hippodromes. First & largest
stadium in ancient Rome 1,50,000 seating
80 CE
Stadium of Domitian, Rome, Italy with 20,000
seating capacity
70 CE
Giant amphitheatre - The Colosseum, Rome
Amphitheater with 50,000 capacity.
144 CE
The Panathenaic Stadium, Athens, Greece
built entirely of marble.
500 CE
Stadium at Delphi, Greece with 6500 seating
capacity. Was originally a temple complex
118 CE
The Stadium of Philippopolis, Bulgaria.
largest & preserved buildings from the time of
the Roman Empire. 30,000 seating capacity
100 CE
Aphrodisias stadium with seating has capacity
for 30,000. Considerably larger and
structurally more extensive
1787 CE
Lord's Cricket Ground, London. Owned by
MCC. 31,100 seating capacity
hippodrome
stadiums
stadiON
horseshoe-styled
stadium
CIRCUS
OLYMPIC stadium
amphitheatre
MODERN stadium
DOMED stadium
Al-Madina Stadium, Baghdad
Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, London
Ancient Olympia, Greece
Ancient Olympia, Greece
Hippodrome of Domitian - Rome
Circus Maximas, Rome
Colosseum, Rome
Panathenaic Stadium, Greece
A stadium is a place or venue for outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists
of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed
to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for association
football. Other popular stadium sports include gridiron football, baseball, cricket,
rugby, and bullfighting. Many large sports venues are also used for concerts.
ETYMOLOGY
"Stadium" is from Latin-Greek word "stadion", a measure of length equalling the
length of 600 human feet. 1 stadion approximately = 600 ft (180 m)
The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length – about 185 m (607 ft)
The English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman
track of such length.
EVOLUTION OF STADIUM - TYPES &
SHAPES
Embracing the horseshoe: A look through centuries of stadium design. The Greeks were
the reason for the horseshoe-styled stadium and the Romans for all those high-rising
seats style
Stadion
Or known as stade was an ancient running
event, part of the Ancient Olympic Games. The
first Greek stadiums were long and narrow
Horse-shoe Style Stadium
The construction for Geek stadiums took one
of two paths: cut out of a hillside or
constructed on flat ground. Building into the
hillside provided natural seating along the
banks with good sightlines.
Hippodrome Stadium
The Greeks built hippodrome stadiums similar
in layout but broad enough to accommodate
four-horse chariot races, a feature of the
Olympic Games as early as the 7th century
BCE.
Circus
The construction for Geek stadiums took one
of two paths: cut out of a hillside or
constructed on flat ground. Building into the
hillside provided natural seating along the
banks with good sightlines.
Amphitheatre
Oval or round in plan and was completely
enclosed on all sides. Intended for gladiatorial
contests, designed to afford maximum seating
capacity and optimum visual facility for
spectators.
Olympic Stadium
The Olympics provided a major focal point for
the development of the modern stadium
concept. In each period since the first modern
Olympiad, the host country has usually erected
a permanent stadium to mark the event.

2. 1896 CE
First modern Olympiad, Athens. Since then the
host country erected a permanent stadium to
mark the event.
1908 CE
The IV Olympiad- Shepherd’s Bush, London.
50,000 seating capacity
1952 CE
Helsinki Olympic Stadium, Finland - Summer
Olympics.
1922 CE
Rose Bowl stadium California, U.S. Site of the
annual college gridiron football game
1895 CE
Franklin Field, Philadelphia, U.S. the oldest
stadium still operating for football games.
1892 CE
Goodison Park, Liverpool, UK. First soccer
specific venue with capacity of 39,572
2001 CE
Miller ParkBaseball stadium, Wisconsin, U.S.
only fan-shaped convertible roof in America.
1992 CE
The Oriole Park is a baseball stadium in
Baltimore, Maryland. It is the home field of
Major League Baseball's Baltimore Orioles
2017 CE
Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad, India.
The largest stadium in the world, with a
seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.
2022 CE
Lusail Stadium, Lusail, Qatar. With capacity
80,000 seats. The stadium will host the final
game of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
2013 CE
Ak Bars Arena, Kazan, Russia. has the largest
outside screen in the world. Its capacity is
around 45,379.
Rose Bowl Stadium, US
Ak Bars Arena, Russia
Lusail Stadium, Qatar
Modern Stadium
The stands were partly roofed, and the
stadium seated more than 50,000 people.
American football inspired a new type of
stadium design.
Domed Stadium
A notable pioneer in trend was triple-tiered
Stadiums. The shapes varied widely according
to the variety of uses. Material has made
possible the construction of daring new
designs.
Futuristic Stadium
More iconic the designs, bold motifs and the
form more subtle and organic. Enclosed
stadium and greater capacities have led
toward the search for improved materials and
construction techniques.
STADIUMS IN THE 5TH - 19TH CENTURY
As history runs its course, different activities are emphasized by society. While the
ancient Greeks and Romans put theater, sports, and combat at the center of their
everyday lives, this slowly faded out.
Centuries of suspension - 5th to the 15th century, religion became the focus of
everyone's lives. Christianity swept throughout Europe and all societal emphasis
turned to the church. Daily life activities were centered on the church and all
architectural work went towards building new churches.
In 394, emperor Theodosius abolished the Olympic Games, they were regarded as a
pagan rite. This affected the development of sports facilities, no new stadium or
amphitheater would be built for fifteen centuries.
During the Renaissance, a period spanning the 14th to the 17th century,
participation in sports was restored. Running and equestrian events were
reintroduced and held in open fields or town squares. No permanent structures
were constructed.
Stadium Revival- Sports and the stadium as a building experienced huge growth in
the 19th century after the industrial revolution. Sport games became properly
defined and different clubs and federations were developed.
SINCE 20TH CENTURY
The European and Mediterranean regions, main sport was football (soccer), or
other organised team sports. These sports increased in popularity, which led to the
need for construction of new stadium
Gen I Stadium - focus on high spectator numbers with little regard for actual
comfort and experience of the spectators. Eg. White City Stadium, London
Gen II Stadium - With the invention of television, sporting events telecasted to
millions around the world. This meant that spectators no longer needed to travel to
a stadium to view It led to improvements in facilities such as toilets as well as the
inclusion of food and beverage facilities. Eg. Stamford Bridge, London
Gen III Stadium - A series of fires in stadiums utilising wooden stands, sparked
calls for increased safety for patrons. Developed with a distinct focus on safety and
family-friendly environments. Eg. Heysel Stadium disaster in Belgium in 1985
Gen IV Stadium - focused on the multiple uses of stadiums and the flexibility to
host a variety of events year round to increase revenue. Features a retractable roof,
a wide array of amenities. Eg. Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, Australia
Gen V Stadium - focus on unique ideas and designs for stadium of the city to aid
in urban renewal of the area. Some of the world’s newest stadium are entire
sporting and entertainment precincts. They tend to draw tourism and nightlife.
Eg. Emirates Stadium in London, England
THE 21TH CENTURY MARVEL
The 80,000-seat Lusail Stadium will embody Qatar's ambition and its passion
for sharing Arab culture with the world. It is here that the FIFA World Cup Qatar
2022 final will be staged, with billions around the globe watching on.
The design of this magnificent stadium is inspired by the interplay of light and
shadow that characterises the fanar lantern. Its shape and façade echo the
intricate decorative motifs on bowls, vessels and other art pieces found across
the Arab and Islamic world during the rise of civilisation in the region.
Located 15km north of central Doha, Lusail is a pioneer among cities. Every
aspect of its planning, from its tram system and sustainability-focused
arena, concentrates on human needs and environmental conservation.
Once the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 is over, Lusail Stadium will be
transformed into a community space including schools, shops, cafés, sporting
facilities and health clinics. This multi-purpose community hub will allow people
to find everything they need under one roof – the original roof of the football
stadium.

3. EVOLUTION OF STADIUM STRUCTURES
I Olympics @Olympia
The first stadiums were cut into the side of a hill,
Thebes, Epidaurus and at Olympia, the site of the
Olympic Games, which began there in the 8th
century BCE.
Hippodrome
Hippodrome was dug into a hillside and the
excavated material used to construct an
embankment for supporting seats on the opposite
side. Shape was oblong, with one end semicircular
and the other square; it thus resembled a U with a
closed top.
Colosseum
Colosseum is a freestanding structure of stone and
concrete, using a complex system of barrel vaults and
groin vaults and measuring 620 by 513 feet overall.
White City Stadium
White City Stadium hosted the first modern
olympics in 1908 built in only 10 months using structure
steel.
Dodger Stadium
A basic difficulty of the roofed stadium was the
interference with visibility by the columns supporting
the roof. Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles was the
first tiered stadium to provide column-free views from
all seats in 1959.
Astrodome
Astrodome, built in 1965 in Houston, Texas; this was
the first major fully roofed stadium. Transparent
plastic panels supported by a steel lattice. It featured
the "Astrolite", the first animated scoreboard.
Metrodome
Metrodome, built in 1982, Minneapolis–St. Paul,
Minnesota. Flexible steel cables for span large roof
dimensions. Cables contributed to speed of
construction, to lightness of roof, and to economy of
construction cost in covered stadiums.
Oita Bank Dome
Oita Bank Dome indoor stadium, Japan, 2002, the
retractable roof driven by a wire traction system
offers year-round usage for sporting events.
Signal Iduna Park
Signal Iduna Park, Germany, 2006 composed of four
roofed grandstands. The yellow pylons that give the
stadium its characteristic exterior. South terrace
which is called “The Yellow Wall” is the biggest
standing terrace in Europe.
Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium
Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Port Elizabeth, South
Africa built in 2010. The primary structure is made of
concrete while the roof skeleton is in steel. The
geometry of the roof is shape of leaves unfolding -
space frame tubular truss.
49ers Levi's Stadium
49ers Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, United States,
2014. The most innovative and technologically
advanced stadiums in the NFL today. A hybrid design-
build model with expandable outdoor entertainment
venue.
Sofi Stadium
The SoFi Stadium the most advanced, high-tech
stadium and World’s First Indoor-Outdoor Stadium.
stadium’s ETFE roof, a translucent plastic shades the
guests from about half of the sun’s heat. The roof also
features operable panels that can open and close.
Has samsung's Infinity display.
STRUCTURAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR STADIUM ROOFS
A post and beam style roofing
structure
A cantilever style roofing structure Cable supported structure Membrane structures
ELEMENTS OF
STADIUM
Pitch - Playing Area. Dimensions are defined by
standards of sports organisation. Eg. footbal -
FIFA
Spectators area - Grandstands and Seating
Envelope - Roof, Covering Membrane, Facade
designed to ensure protection from weather and
noise
Access and Parking - below stadium or close to
it
Hospitality - VIP Lounge, Reception, other
commercial spaces, press and media
Sustainability - FIFA Green Goal Programme,
reduce water consumption, waste generation,
create energy efficient systems, water and waste
disposal management systems.
Vertical pilings are drilled into the
ground to support superstructure,
transferring the building load into
the surface of the earth.
After the foundations of a stadium
are laid, the structural frame of
the stadium must be erected to
support the grandstand terraces.
These are typically arranged using steel products -
structural beams, columns, and reinforcing mesh.
Final aspect of a stadium’s design
is roof or canopy. Conventional -
king truss and cantilevered designs.
Newly, ETFE Membrane -
composite 3D structure.
Trusses beams are widely used due to fabrication
and assembling methods. Tridimensional Mesh
Structures are also used.

4. N
JAMSIL SPORTS
JAMSIL SPORTS
MICE
MICE COMPLEX
COMPLEX
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
No.25 Olympic-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul,
South Korea
Typology - Arenas, Ballparks, Mixed-use Venues,
Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Baseball, Conferences &
Expos, Esports, Events, Swimming, Football
Project - Regeneration of Seoul 1988 Olympics
site.
Initiation - 2023
Architect - Populous was selected by the Seoul
Metropolitan Government
Site Area - 35-hectars
Facilities - Main Stadium, Auxiliary Stadium,
Sports Complex, Baseball Park, Exhibition and
Convention centre, luxury hotel, athletes
accommodation
Sustainable development - LEED-ND
certification: Leadership in Energy and
environmental Design Neighborhood Development
Jamsil Sports MICE Complex
Designed by global architecture firm Populous, the
Jamsil Sports MICE Complex is set to become a world-
leading cultural & sports destination. The new
Complex will cover an area of 334,605sq.m,
containing exhibition convention facilities, luxury hotels
and sports facilities.
ZONING - RELOCATION & CONSTRUCTION
Moving roads underground: Move Olympic-daero,
Tancheondong-ro, and Tancheonseo-ro underground in
order to integrate and use the waterside areas.
The waterside areas: The waterside areas around the
Hangang River can be used for a multi-purpose location
featuring performances, picnicking, and camping.
Pedestrian walkways: Build pedestrian walkways
encompassing COEX, Hyundai Motors GBC, Tancheon
Stream, Jamsil Sports Complex, and the Hangang River
Build a symbolic Tancheon Walkway that integrates
buildings into a bridge, and use it as a base for cultural
tourism.
Ecological bases: Preserve and nurture the channel
junction of the Hangang River and Tancheon Stream,
where various ecosystems exist, as an ecological base.
Make tourist attractions by building facilities for leisure and
rest at the center of the city, including places to walk and
ecological bases
Build large-scale exhibition and convention
facilities, and expand related infrastructure -
commercial and cultural facilities
Establish a plan to utilize the surrounding area
and waterside areas (513,447 ㎡) by moving
roads underground.
Main Stadium: Preserve the circular stadium a
symbolism of the 1988 Olympics, and modernize
the stadium for international games.
Baseball Park: Build in a location offering views
of the Hangang River, design for optimal game-
viewing experiences.
Build accommodations such as luxury business
hotels and youth hostels, and establish for-profit
facilities (190,000 ㎡ ) differentiated from local
commercial areas.
Sports Complex: Transform into a complex for
sports and culture, with concert and entertainment
facilities. featuring an indoor gymnasium,
swimming pool, and concert hall
URBAN REGENERATION OF THE JAMSIL SPORTS COMPLEX

5. SEOUL OLYMPIC STADIUM
SEOUL OLYMPIC STADIUM
JAMSIL SPORTS COMPLEX
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
Location - Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea
Typology - Multi purpose Stadium
Capacity - 69,950
Field size - 110 x 75m
Project - Regeneration of Seoul 1988 Olympics
site.
Construction cost - 491 billion won
Architect - Kim Swoo-geun
Site Area - 1,44,800 m² / 36 Acres
Open - September 29, 1984
Seoul Olympic Stadium
Is a multi-purpose stadium in Seoul, South Korea. It is
the main stadium built for the 1988 Summer Olympics
and the 10th Asian Games in 1986. It is the centrepiece
of the Seoul Sports Complex in the Songpa District, in
the southeast of the city south of the Han River
CONCEPT
The lines of the stadium's profile imitate the elegant
curves of a Korean Joseon Dynasty porcelain vase.
Spectator seats are distributed on two tiers, totally
covered. Initially built with a capacity of approximately
100,000, today it seats 69,950.
SITE ADJACENCIES
ENTRY TO
SITE
ENTRY TO
SITE
OLYMBIC
STADIUM
JAMSIL
BASEBALL
STADIUM
JAMSIL
AUXILLARY
STADIUM
SPORTS
COMPLEX -
TO BE
DEVELOPED
RESIDENTIAL
AREA
MIXED USE
AREA
TANCHEON
STREAM N
GANGNAM GU
SONGPA GU
OLYMPIC DAERO HIGHWAY
OLYMPIC RO HIGHWAY
BONGEUN SA RO HIGHWAY
How 1988 Olympics shaped Korea's
architecture and design?
Olympic Effect: Korean Architecture and Design from
1980s to 1990s. The era of compressed growth, public
investment was concentrated on new development
projects, mainly in Jamsil and Gangnam. It was a
catalyst for urban change, gave a development to
South Korea's relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet
Union and with China.
Why is Olympic Stadium redeveloped?
After 2002 FIFA World cup, the stadium lost it's
significance due to visibility being not good. Since the
Stadium held a long history, it was decided to be
remodeled than being demolished. Various sculptures
commemorating the Seoul Olympics have been
erected around the stadium.
2002 FIFA World Cup
1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic Stadium remodeling:
Design competion was won by Now Dongin
Architecture Office. The construction started in 2021
after this competition and will be completed in 2024.
The estimated project cost is more than 280 billion
won. For this project is a part of the 1.7 trillion won
Urban Revamp. In addition, nearby Jamsil Baseball
Stadium and Jamsil Student Gymnasium will be
demolished and newly built.
SITE PLAN
The main architecural feature of the stadium is the
undulating roof and the curve of the upper course.
The entire concourse is a Garden concept.
The extra grandstands re to be removed and
replaced by Garden vomitories where both
inside of the stadium and outside Han river can be
viewed.
Undulating Park
The main stadium is an architectural heritage with
morphological simplicity and completeness.
However the form is hidden behind ramps, decks
and trees.
The original form of the stadium is to revealed
through 30m wide nail to strengthen the historical
value.
Massing
UPCOMING PROJECT VIEWS

6. LONGITUDINAL SECTION
The new stadium bowl design suggest active connection with wide
vomitory garden concourse concept. Provides green connections,
picture framed views, access to sky decks. The upper bowl is common
space for citizens
EXISTING PLAN REMODELED PLAN
PARKING LAYOUT - DROP OFF
DISTRICT SECTION
PARKING LAYOUT
Polycarbonate is a high-impact, strong
material, which blocks harmful UV rays.
Its lightweight properties make it easier
to install, aids for transparency while
maintaining durability. Protects Against
Discoloring, Unbreakable.
Translucent polycarbonate roof
PLAYERS FACILITIES

7. BEIJING OLYMPIC
BEIJING OLYMPIC
GREEN
GREEN
BEIJING, CHINA
1 Guojiatiyuchang South Rd, Chaoyang,
China, 100101
Typology - Arenas, Mixed-use, Sports Venues,
Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Gymnastics, Conferences &
Expos, Events, Swimming, Football, Tennis
Project - 2008 Summer Olympics venues, Olympic
Green
Initiation - December, 2003
Architect - Sasaki was awarded first prize in
International design competition
Site Area - 2,800 acres
Facilities - Cultural Axis, Olympics venues,
Olympic Green, Olympic Park, Olympic village,
Olypic Tower
Sustainable development - Carbon neutrality
include minimising construction by reusing five of
Beijing 2008 venues, using renewable energy to
power all Games venues.
Beijing Olympic Park
Sasaki provided planning and urban design for the
Olympic Green —the principal venue of the 2008
Beijing Olympics. The proposal is deeply connected to
an environmental ideal that is rooted in the legends of
ancient China and links to the present day through the
contemporary imperative of sustainable development.
The Beijing National Stadium is the centerpiece
of project. It served as the site of the opening and
closing ceremonies of the 2022 Winter Olympics.
The Beijing National Aquatics Center will be the
site of the curling competitions during the 2022
Winter Olympics.
The National Convention Center, held fencing
and, the shooting and fencing disciplines of the
modern pentathlon.
The Beijing National Indoor Stadium held artistic
gymnastics and trampolining events. It was the
main indoor arena used during the Games.
The Beijing National Speed Skating Oval is an
arena that was built for the 2022 Winter
Olympics.
The Olympic Green Tennis Center hosted the
tennis and wheelchair tennis events. It has 16
courts. It opened on October 1, 2007.
SPORTS VENUES OF THE OLYMPIC GREEN
The Forest Park
The Cultural Axis
The Olympic Axis
Urban design plan for the Olympic Green includes streets
and pedestrian routes that extend from the adjacent
districts through the site and public transit stations.
The design is comprised of three fundamental elements.
The Forest Park is an area of land north of the central
Olympic Green conceived of as an ideal paradise from
which Chinese civilization emerged many millennia ago. The
park is a sculpted landform of hills, forests, and meadows.
Existing bodies of water are reformed into Dragon Lake.
The Cultural Axis is an extension the axis some 5
kilometers through the Olympic Green site. The scale of the
axis is monumental to emphasize its significance and
concludes with a powerful simplicity in the hills of the Forest
Park.
The Olympic Axis is set against the Cultural Axis at an
acute angle. The Olympic Axis begins at the existing Asian
Games stadium and extends northwest through the
National Stadium, continuing onward to a Sports Heroes
Garden. The Olympic Axis terminates at the Memorial of
Olympic Spirit.

8. BEIJING
NATIONAL
STADIUM
STATE GRID
CHAOYANG
OLYMPIC
VILLAGE
BUSINESS OFFICE
GRAND
SKYLIGHT CATIC
HOTEL
YANGSHAN
RIVER
BEIJING OLYMPIC
PARK 2
ENTRANCE
TICKET OFFICE
BEIJING
OLYMPIC
PARK
OLYMPIC
FOREST
PARK
ENTRY TO
STADIUM
ENTRY TO
STADIUM
ENTRY TO
STADIUM
ENTRY TO
STADIUM
PARKING
PARKING
PARKING
BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM
BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM
NATIONAL STADIUM SOUTH ROAD,
BEIJING, CHINA
Location - Chaoyang, Beijing, China
Typology - Multi purpose Stadium
Capacity - 80,000
Field size - 110 x 75m
Project - 2008 Summer Olympics venues
Construction cost - CN¥2.3 billion
Architect - Herzog & de Meuron, ArupSport,
China Architectural Design & Research Group,
Site Area - 258,000 m² / 64 Acres
Open - 28 June 2008
Beijing National Stadium
Also known as the Bird's Nest, designed for use
throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and
Paralympics. It was used again in the 2022 Winter
Olympics and Paralympics. The Bird's Nest sometimes
has temporary large screens installed at the stands.
Ai Weiwei
CONCEPT
Designed to incorporate elements of Chinese art and
culture. The Stadium is an enormous saddle-shaped
elliptic steel structure. The structural form is popularly
described as a 'bird’s nest', with its pattern inspired
by Chinese-style 'crazed pottery'.
SITE PLAN
Besides athletics, the stadium also hosts
other games like football and numerous
ceremonies. The Bird’s Nest stadium covers
an area of about 258 thousand square
meters and accommodates 80,000
permanent seats and 11,000 short-term
seats.
Seating
The stadium has a saddle-shaped roof with
the major axis being 332.3 meters long
and the stub axis being 296.4 meterse
long. The highest point of the stadium is
68.5 meters above the ground. The roof is
covered with a transparent material, which
allows sunshine to penetrate, thus
facilitating lighting of the stadium.
Stadium Form
To ensure a compact and optimum design, Arup’s sports architects established the design for the
seating bowl first, with the outer façade wrapping around it. The design ensures that all spectators
are as close as possible to the action and have clear sight lines. Seemingly random, the pattern
abides by complex rules for which advanced geometry was defined.
DESIGN
The design is revolving on the nests of birds, not solely
aesthetically but also at a structural level. The entire structure,
visible from the outside, mirrors the branches of the nests that
working together with each other achieve unimaginable
resistance to the elements.
To achieve the optimum design, the team worked out the
sightlines, the bowl geometry, airflow to keep the grass in good
condition, seismic studies and the design of the external
envelope.
ROOFING
The stadium comprises a seven-storey wall made of concrete.
The roof of the stadium and the steel structure are not intact.
Nevertheless, the two share a common foundation. The facade
follows crucial geometrical rules and comprises 36 kilometers
of unpacked steel.
Two layers of transparent ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) casing make the stadium’s
roof. The ETFE covers the upper part of the roof while the PTFE
covers the lower part. In addition, the inner ring’s sidewalls are
enclosed in a PTFE audio ceiling.
Primary: This comprised the space truss lines and the main
structural system.
Secondary: This was used to break up the panel size
created by the main structural system to facilitate the
cladding system panels.
Stairs: The access stairs to the top tier of the bowl were
integrated into the walls supporting the roof structure.
Centreline geometry definition
Most the geometry can be assigned to three categories:
N

9. OPTIMUM SEATING BOWL
CONFIGURATION FOR OLYMPIC MODE.
STADIUM - MASTER PLAN
The architects’ ambition was to create symbol of China’s
cultural, sporting, and economic renaissance in Olympic
history. The form of the bowl and the distribution of seating
types largely determine all other aspects of a stadium,
including the shape and structure of the roof, the levels and
locations of the concourses and premium facilities, and the
amount of natural light and ventilation reaching the playing
area
LIKE MOST MODERN STADIA, THE “BIRD’S NEST” WAS DESIGNED
INSIDE OUT, BEGINNING WITH THE BOWL.
Construction of the stadium proceeded in several distinct phases, the first phase involving
the construction of a concrete supporting structure upon the concrete foundations laid
for the construction site.
This was followed by the phased installation of the curved steel frame surrounding the
stadium, which is largely self-supporting. This phased installation involved the
interconnection of sections of the curved steel frame that were constructed in Shanghai
and transported to Beijing for assembly and welding.
The entire structure of interconnected sections was welded together as the primary
means of interconnection used to assemble the entire surrounding nest structure. Upon
removal of the supporting columns, the completed nest structure as a whole settled
approximately 27 cm to attain full stability before the interior design and construction of
the stadium could be installed and completed
The steel structure had to be supported by 176 hydraulic jacks during its construction
while the structure was not capable of self-sustainment. Each crane was capable of
holding 300 tons. Later, the hydraulic jacks were removed at once to check the stability of
the structure of the stadium.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The building was standing on 78 supporting columns, evenly spaced
below the structure and were subjected to 42000 tons of steel
load, making it the largest steel structure in the world.
Flouro-Carbon polymer transparent sheets were used to fill up the
spaces between the steel structural members.
SECTION ALONG NORTH - SOUTH
SECTION ALONG EAST - WEST
LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS
ZONING
Aside from the structural advantages provided by steel, it has
the added benefit of being easily recyclable, and thus ties in
with focus on sustainable design, and the driving principles of
biometric design.
The ETFE panels serve to protect spectators from the elements
and provide acoustic insulation, while allowing sunlight to filter
through to feed the natural grass field
Openings in the façade allow natural ventilation as air filters
through the public concourse, into the stadium, and eventually
vents through the central opening in the roof structure.
INFERENCE
As China is surrounded by some of the deadliest fault lines, the
stadium had to be earthquake proof. The building structure of
Beijing Olympics stadium had to pass vigorous seismic tests
Dividing the concrete building structure of Beijing stadium into
6 parts was the key to safety. Being isolated, each part could
move flexibly and independently in earthquake so that it could
absorb the energy by its free movement, instead of being
broken into pieces by this energy.
Every seat was designed to be as close to the action as
possible. No seat was more than 142m from the center of the
stadium
GREEN FEATURES

10. C
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P
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K
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W
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TAMIL NADU
PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT
CHEPAUK
PALACE
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M. A. CHIDAMBARAM
M. A. CHIDAMBARAM
STADIUM
STADIUM
TAMIL NADU, INDIA.
Typology - Cricket Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Cricket.
Project - Chepauk palace pavilion renovation into
stadium
Initiation - 1916
Architect - Hopkins Architects, London and
Nataraj & Venkat Architects, Chennai were
contracted by the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association.
Site Area - 752,000 square feet
Cost - ₹138 crore
Seating Capacity - 50,000
Sustainable development - Advanced Solar
Passive Techniques are employed to achieve
energy efficiency
M.A. Chidambaram Stadium
Also known as the Chepauk Stadium, is a cricket
stadium in Chennai. Established in 1916, it is the second
oldest cricket stadium in the country after Eden
Gardens in Kolkata. Formerly known as Madras
Cricket Club Ground, the stadium is named after M.
A. Chidambaram Chettiar, former president of BCCI
and Head of TNCA. More than the records, Chepauk
atmosphere and the crowd, reputed to be the most
knowledgeable and appreciative in the country.
Wallajah Road, Chepauk, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India
In 1859, Madras Presidency acquired Chepauk palace in an auction for ₹589,000.
In 1865, the government gave permission to build a pavilion at the palace grounds to
Madras Cricket Club.
The pavilion was finished in 1866.
The pavilion was reconstructed in 1892 and was utilized till 1982 when it was
demolished as part of the stadium renovation.
Chepauk Stadium was established in 1916.
Evolution Of Stadium
In June 2009, reconstruction work of the stadium was taken up at the cost of ₹175
crore.
The plan consisted of constructing three new reinforced concrete stands designated I,
J, and K accommodating 12,000 spectators and 24 hospitality boxes.
The renovation was completed in 2011 and the old roofing with pillars that often
blocked the view in the old stadium were replaced by light quad conical roofing held
together by cables. The stadium can currently accommodate 50,000 spectators.
The stands are at a gradient of 36° and lets the sea breeze in to get the ground's
traditional swing back.
Renovation
SITE PLAN
M.A. CHIDAMBARAM STADIUM - ANATOMY
FLOODLIGHT - a large, powerful light, typically one
of several used to illuminate ground, For most of
practice and Non-televised Matches 250 to 350 lux
are used, which is sufficient for players to have mild
competition among the team members. The
professional matches require 500 to 750 lux.
PITCH - The playing area, the dimensions and the
type of pitches are defined by the standards of
Laws of Cricket - rectangular area of the ground 22
yards. The surface here is completely dry and dusty
soil.
GRANDSTAND - the main seating stand,
commanding the best view for spectators is covered
by tensile membrane. Each grandstand is a massive
28m span between each supporting column, The
shade canopies are 3 separate structures on each
of the different parts stadium.
CANOPY - the Stadium has lightweight roof with a
minimalist steel support structure. PTFE
polytetrafluoroethylen membrane are used. Optimal
for the high daily temperatures of Chennai. The
Tensile fabrics have optimal tension and strength
within each panel.
Road networks connecting to the stadium Bells Road (West), Victoria
Hostel Road (East) and Walajah Road (North)
Nearest Railway station - Chepauk Railway Station 0.3 Km away (East)
Nearest Airport - Chennai International Airport 13.5 Km away (South
West)
The Marina Beach is 1.2 Km away from the stadium to the (East)
Conectivity
Chennai - average daytime max temperature 32°C, The average mini
temperature 25°C. Topographically, the project area is a flat terrain
Climatology
Form and Function
The renovated form is climate responsive with a series of twelve stands.
The sea-breeze is then able to flow through the horizontal gap between
the lower terrace and the upper stands, through the vertical gaps between
the stands and across the playing surface. Stands on the western edge of
the site allow greater air flow from the east. A green belt development is
proposed for 17,000 Sq.M which is 22% of total site area
CHEPAUK PALACE M. A. CHIDAMBARAM STADIUM
N

11. THE GRANDSTAND PROJECT
The Chepauk Stadium Grandstand project was to provide shade for spectators
of India’s second oldest cricket stadium. The aim was to provide a lightweight
roof for the cricket ground with a minimalist steel support structure. This
short time frame also meant prefabricated building components were used and
adjustability to allow for supporting grandstand construction tolerances. The
shade canopies are 3 separate structures on each of the different parts stadium
The proposal of Greenbelt Development was aimed to provide open
spaces and to be used for other non-building purposes
Stadium is Elliptical in plan in a rectangular plot leaving behind
triangular coners for landscape
To minimize building energy consumption, conventional energy-
efficient devices, mechanical and electrical pumps, fans, lighting
fixtures are used.
The stadium has efficient envelope, appropriate amounts of
fenestration, increased day lighting design, and thermal mass. The
basic idea of passive solar design is to allow daylight, heat, and
airflow into a building.
There is a storm water drainage systems are designed for rainfall
intensity of 100 mm/hr. All pipes are made of PVC for vertical drain.
INFERENCE
The structural system
consists of major steel
columns from which steel
beams and cables are
supported. Cable tie
systems suspend critical
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium is the home ground of the Tamil Nadu cricket
team and the Indian Premier League team Chennai Super Kings franchise
based in Chennai
STAIRCASE
The various levels of a tower is connected through
Dog-legged staircase with a wall as partition. These
staircase has wide span of landing and mid-landing
to give the crowd free access through the
connectivity.
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
TFE was chosen as it has excellent solar reflectance
(up to 70%) to survive the high daily temperatures of
Chennai. Day-time temperatures can reach 45°C in
Chennai and so extensive translucent fabric roof
structures provide shade over the stands.
It also is very resistant to UV, perfect for long cricket test matches often
played at the ground. The result of the project is a long lasting design that
will continue to be relevant for decades to come.
STADIUM LAYOUT
STEEL SUPPORT
Local steel was used along with local steel
fabrication. Cables were sourced from China and
imported into India in order to minimize delivery time
for the tight schedule. Membrane was Sheerfill 2
and was selected for durability and strength under
high wind loads. canopies that feature cabling or
A biaxial stretch test was
performed on the batch
of fabric used on this
project. The shape of
each panel was based
on the test made on
fabric's tension along the warp. The shape of each panel was
ensured optimal tension and strength within each panel. The
process of testing tensile strength in fabric is the ISO 14001
Quality certification.
FABRICATION
COLLABORATION
The structure was a collaboration between architects in Great
Britain, engineers in Australia along with the client, installers, and
fabricators in India. The membrane schedule calls for yearly
inspections by local authorities as well as yearly cleaning of the
membrane surface.
Architect: Nataraj Venkat & Associates
Structural Engineer: Sterling Engineering Consultancy Services &
Lightweight Structures Association of AustralAsia
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
steel elements and pull up point for the membrane. As the entire
structure is a combination of different time of extensive
construction. The entire structure allows for adjustment in the
structural system in order to accommodate construction
tolerances in India.
LIVE CASE STUDY
The stadium was visited in
person and studied on
05.08.2022 by
Sharon Rose J
Sharon Sherani D
Yasvant Kumar K
wiring that helps provide crucial support to a building structure by
tensioning in the membrane system.
N

12. BHARATHI
BHARATHI
SPORTS STADIUM
SPORTS STADIUM
TAMIL NADU, INDIA.
Typology - Multi purposr Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Track and field, Football,
Swimming, Baseketball, Tennis, Cricket, Hockey
Project - Sports development for industrial town
NLC India Ltd.,
Initiation - 1982
Site Area - 62 Acres
Stadium Seating Capacity - 20,000
Clubs - , Town club & Lignite City Clubs
Bharathi Sports Stadium
Neyveli Lignite Corporation runs a Sports Club Board in
order to uphold sport activities in the township.
Bharathi Stadium conducts functions like Republic day
celebration, Independence Day celebration.
Kamaraj Road, Block-10, Neyveli Town Ship,
Tamil Nadu , India
Football ground Outdoor Basketball Court
SPORTS VENUES OF BHARATHI SPORTS
AUTHORITY
Road networks connecting to the stadium Kamaraj Rd (south), High school Rd (north) and
Town club Rd (east)
Nearest Railway station - Vadalur Railway Station 10.4 Km away (south)
Nearest Airport - Neyveli Airport is situated 3 km (east)
The Stadium is 6.2 Km from Arch gate - Neyveli entrance
Conectivity
Outdoor Tennis Court
Indoor Basketball Court
Swimming Pool Indoor Tennis Court
SITE PLAN
EVOLUTION OF THE STADIUM
Neyveli is a industrial town in the Cuddalore district in the Indian
state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 62 kilometres (39 mi) inland from
the Bay of Bengal.
NLC India Limited is a government-owned-fossil fuel miner and
thermal power generator under the ownership of Ministry of Coal,
Government of India. It annually produces about 30 million tonnes
of Lignite from opencast mines at Neyveli in the state of Tamil
Nadu
1935 - black particles was discovered by Jambulinga Mudaliar. The
analysis led to the discovery of lignite reserves beneath Neyveli.
1956 - The Neyveli Lignite Corporation was formed as a corporate
Body by the Government of India.
1962 - The mining of lignite started. The first thermal power station
was commissioned with assistance from the U.S.S.R.
1976 - The gallery for public meetings
1982 - The gallery was developed into Stadium
1983 - Construction of swimming pool
1999 - Extention of the stadium into the school behind
2012 - New grand stand was built for dignitaries
2018 - Construction of new stage and VIP Lounge
Indoor Games Room
Cricket ground Outdoor Hockey Court
Neyveli - temperature hovers around 33°c , and at night it feels
like 25°c. Neyveli gets 127.99mm of rain. It has a tropical savanna
climate.
Climatology

13. KAMARAJ ROAD
TOWN
CLUB
ROAD
PARKING
PARKING
MAIN ENTRY
ENTRY
OLD MAIN
ENTRY
N
STADIUM LAYOUT BHARATHI SPORTS STADIUM - ANATOMY
FLOODLIGHT - a large, powerful light, typically one
of several used to illuminate ground, For most of
practice 250 to 350 lux are used, which is sufficient
for players to have mild competition among the
team members.
PITCH - The playing area, the dimensions and the
type of pitches are defined by the standards of
each sport. Field of play - Grass Pitch
GRANDSTAND - the grandstand, a roofed seating
stand, commanding the best view for spectators.
this was specially built for the dignitaries to hold
National day celebrations.
CANOPY - the Stadium is partially roofed and
partially open. the grandstand, stage, the old entry
are concrete roofed. During events or mass
gatherings, the open spaces are temproarily
covered with palm thatch.
PARKING - the Stadium has 1,250 m² open parking
space and 980 m² covered parking space. During
event days, nearby Township Administration parking
space is used which is around 3,250 m² open area
The Stadium has precast concrete terrace units - seating decks
spaning the entire stadium yeilding with 20,000 and more seating
capacity.
There are 10 rows of seating with 45cm riser height and 60cm
tread depth. There is proposal to provide individual plastic seats
over the concrete terraces. This seating is used by students to
display Bharathium during National days.
STADIUM SEATING
LIVE CASE STUDY
The stadium was visited in person and
studied on 09.08.2022 by Sharon
Sherani D under the guidence of
Mr.Murugan, ADGM, Sports & Mr.Daniel,
HR, Education Dept
NATIONAL DAY CELEBRATIONS
Independence Day and Republic Day of the Nation are celebrated at Neyveli
with great fervour and enthusiasm. The CMD, NLCIL hoists the National Flag
during Celebrations at Bharathi Stadium, Neyveli.
Other than state level sport competitions, the national holidays are the only
days the stadium is crowded. School students gather every year on
International Yoga day and perform yoga.
ADMINISTRATION - the Office of Education Sports
and Culture is incharge for all the events ands sports
conducted in Neyveli. The office holds records on
Players, Championships, Schools and competitions,
all cultural activities.
The planning of all the sports facilities within 2 km of radius turns the enitre
site into a sports hub.
Inclution of indoor games into sports activity and provition of separate
block for that is notable
The hostel facility for sports students in a winged block is situated within
the sports hub perimetre. Separate hall for dining is provided.
Imparting 3 swimming pools one for beginers, one with varied depths and
other of national level practice and competitions.
INFERENCE
SPORTS ACTIVITIES - WAKABILITY RADIUS
The following are the sport facilities within 2km of walking radius with
Township Admin office as centre.

14. N
INDERJIT SINGH
INDERJIT SINGH
BINDRA STADIUM
BINDRA STADIUM
CHANDIGARH, INDIA.
Typology - Cricket Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Cricket.
Project - The Punjab Cricket Association for the
development of the game of cricket in Punjab
Initiation - 1993
Architect - Ar. Khizir and Associates.
Constrction - R.S. Construction Company based
in Chandigarh
Site Area - 3.85 acres
Cost - ₹ 25 crore
Seating Capacity - 27,000
Pitch Curator - Daljit Singh
Inauguration - One Day International match
between India and South Africa during the Hero
Cup on 22 November 1993.
Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium
Popularly referred to as the Mohali Stadium, The
cricketing activities of Punjab Cricket Association
are well spread in the total area of Punjab and Union
Territory of Chandigarh. The stadium is home of
Punjab cricket team and Punjab Kings (IPL franchise).
The stadium is named after former BCCI president &
former PCA president Inderjit Singh Bindra.
Sukhna Path, Sector 63, Sahibzada Ajit
Singh Nagar, Chandigarh, India
SITE PLAN
Road networks connecting to the stadium Mohali Stadium Rd (West),
Sukhna Path (south). Attawa choa a seasonal stream (North)
Nearest Railway station - Sahibzada Ajeet Singh Nagar 4 Km away
(south)
Nearest Airport - Chandigarh International Airport 11.5 Km away
(South West)
The Stadium is 156 Km away from Punjab
Conectivity
Chandigarh - Summer max temperature 103°F , Winter mini
temperature 49°F. Topographically, the project area is a flat terrain
Climatology
MOHALI STADIUM - ANATOMY
FLOODLIGHT - Here floodlights are
unconventional compared to other stadiums, the
light pillars are very low in height. This is to avoid
aircraft from the nearby Chandigarh airport
colliding with light pillars. That is the reason
behind the stadium having 16 floodlights.
PITCH - The playing area, been known by its lush
green and reputed for its support to fast bowlers.
It is the liveliest pitch in India. The pitch is covered
by grass too. The distance between the wicket
and boundary is 75 yards.
GRANDSTAND - the main seating stand,
commanding the best view for spectators is
concrete roofed. Known as Northern Pavillion is a
four floor sloped roofed grandstand connected
through straight run staircase.
VIP LOUNGE - With reception, conference rooms,
the VIP Lounge of the Stadium known as the
terrace pavillion is a three floor AC lounge with
two corporate boxes and one pavillion terrace in
the south stand.
N
STADIUM LAYOUT
VOMITORY - a passage that allows people to
enter or leave stadium. This an entrance ways in
piercing the banks of seats. There are 7
Vomitories in here. The stadium is built in
Traditional Indian Architecture Style.