Writing Consonantal writing Pronunciation rules Spelling rules

1. By: Shatha Rashed

2. Writing
Consonantal
writing
Pronunciation rules
Spelling
rules

3. Writing is a secondary and incomplete representation
of speech. Normal orthography doesn’t represent
speech fully due to these reasons :

4. 1- speech shows pitch , unshown in writing.
2- speech shows the emotional mood of speaker and
emotions are not shown in writing expect lexically .
3- speech is accompanied and supplemented by facial
expression, none existent in writing .
4- speech is accompanied and supplemented by body
movements, unshown in writing.
5- speech has stresses and intonations contours, absent
in writing.

5. Types of writing Orthographic writing
which we use when when we write and which you see in this page , in
some languages , like Arabic , each letter stands for one phoneme and each
phoneme is represented by one letter . phonemic writing This type of writing
is where a word is writing in phonemes , not in graphemes as exactly
pronounced : /d a g / for a dog / haet / for hat /.. etcphonetic writing This
type of writing which uses IPA symbols as phonemic writing dose and adds to
them certain diacritics that marks secondary phonetic features such as
aspiration , nasalization , Velarization .

6. Writing
Consonantal
writing
Pronunciation rules
Spelling
rules

7. Some language choose to include consonants and
long vowels in normal writing and exclude short
vowels. Such writing is called consonantal writing. An
example of such languages is Arabic. However, if
written Arabic is vocalized, all segmental phonemes,
i.e., consonants and vowels, appear, and therefore,
Arabic vocalized writing is almost perfect.

8. Writing
Consonantal
writing
Pronunciation rules
Spelling
rules

9. Pronunciation
Introdution

10. Level 1 : People often don’t understand what you want to say. You
use the wrong sounds in English words.
Level 2 : People understand what you say, but it’s unpleasant to
listen to you.
Level 3 : People understand you, and your English is pleasant to
listen to.

11. When a person learns English as Second Language, they are speaking English "filtered" through
their first language. They are using their native language's "speech rules" of pronunciation (and
often grammar) on their new language.
They are not aware of the American "speech rules“
There are many schools and classes which teach English all around the world, however, few of
them address the "speech rules" This is because many of the teachers who are providing English
training do not know of these "speech rules"

12. We often hear people say, "I want to reduce my accent," "I
want to have a British accent", but what exactly is an accent?
An accent is way of speaking. A process by which a speaker
substitutes a sound from their native language for a sound
from English.

13. Although English writing does not match English pronunciation very well,
there are some rules that organize the relationship between writing and
pronunciation. Here are some of them.
1- If the plurality <s> comes after a voiceless final sound, it is pronounced /s/ , e.g., cats ,
pipes.
2- If the plurality <s> comes after a voiced final sound, it is /z/ , e.g., doors , heads.
3- If the plurality <s> comes after a voiced final hissing sounds, it is /iz/ e.g., buses , images.
4- The same three previous rules apply to the <s> added to the verb , e.g., takes , goes .

14. Writing
Consonantal
writing
Pronunciation rules
Spelling
rules

15. Spelling rules
The imperfect fit between English graphemes and English phonemes causes a lot of
spelling problems in addition to pronunciation problems. However, there are some rules that
may control and organize spelling;
1- If a final ( e ) is followed by suffix beginning with a vowel, it is usually omitted.
Write + ing = writing
2 - If a final letters are ( ee ) and suffix is added, nothing is omitted.
See + able = seeable
3 - If a final is ( e ) and suffix beginning with a consonant is added, the final ( e )
is not usually omitted.
Move + ment = movement

16. 4- Some exception to the previous rules are mileage, acreage, noticeable, and
changeable.
5- To mark the possessive ( genitive ) case, add ‘s to the singular.
boy’s Mary’s
6- If the noun is plural without a final –s, add ‘s to make the possessive.
women’s men’s
7- If the noun is a proper noun ending in ( s ), ‘s or ‘ only may be added to make
the possessive.

17. 8- Pronouns do not take ‘s or ‘ for the possessive. The exception are indefinite
pronouns.
9- Some abbreviations in spelling are …
he’s ( he has, he is ) I’m ( I am )
10- If the final <y> is preceded by a vowel and a suffix beginning with a vowel is
added, no change takes place.
11- Rule 10 does not apply if the suffix begins with < I >
Pray + ed = prayed.
The letter <y> remains as it is in this case.
Carry + ing = carrying.

18. Marys
12- A proper noun ending in -y is pluralized by adding <s> regardless of what
precedes <y> .
13- If a final consonant is preceded by a stressed short simple vowel and a suffix
beginning with a vowel is added, the consonant is doubled.
Drop + ed = dropped.

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