2. Introduction
Croup syndrome is a respiratory illness
characterized by inspiratory stridor cough
and hoarseness.
It is the inflammation and obstruction of
larynx, trachea and major bronchi.
3. Contd…
It is used to describe a variety of upper
respiratory conditions in children including
laryngitis, laryngotrachitis,
laryngotracheobronchitis or spasmodic
croup.
4. Incidence
It is more common among children age 3- 36
months of age.
It affects children between the ages of 3 months
to 6 years.
It is more common in boys than girls.
8. Acute epiglottitis
Epiglottitis is an acute, severe inflammation of the
epiglottis adjacent tissues usually caused by bacteria.
The local inflammation and edema may lead to
severe airway obstruction resulting in severe hypoxia
needing tracheostomy.
It is commonly seen in children between 3-6 years of
age.
9.
10. Clinical manifestation
Sudden onset of high fever( 38- 40 degree
celcius)
Dysphagia
Lethargy and dyspnea
Restlessness and anxiety
Hyperextension of neck, drooling and severe
sore throat.
11. Contd..
Rapid thready pulse
Characteristic tripod position
Stridor or hoarseness may be present
Hypoxia
12. Diagnostic evaluation
History taking
Physical examination: red and inflammed
throat with a large, cherry red, edematous
epiglottal enlargement which confirms a
diagnosis.
13. Contd..
Complete blood count with differential
count reveals elevated white blood cells
count and neutrophils
Blood culture may identify causative agent
14. Management
Monitor for respiratory fatigue visually and with
continuous pulse oximetry.
Administer humidified oxygen according to pulse
oximetry.
Prepare equipment and expertise for immediate
intubation required in the event of respiratory failure.
15. Contd..
Administer IV antibiotics.
Administer anti- inflammatory drugs.
Avoid sedatives that may suppress the
respiratory drive.
19. Acute laryngotracheaobronchitis
Acute laryngotracheaobronchitis is
characterized by inflammation and
narrowing of the larynx and tracheal areas.
It is the most common croup and usually
children younger than 5 years old.
20.
21. Clinical manifestation
Lowered pitch, hoarseness and loss of voice.
A dry cough characterized by brassy, seal like
barking cough.
Inspiratory stridor may be audible with the
stethoscope placed on anterior aspect of trachea.
22. Contd..
Lymphadenopathy
Tachypnea, tachycardia, and use of
accessory muscles
Lower rib retraction, retraction of soft
tissues of neck.
Restlessness, pallor, sweating.
Fever
23.
24.
25. Acute spasmodic croup
Acute spasmodic croup is characterized by
paroxysmal attack of laryngeal obstruction that
occurs mainly at night.
It is similar to acute LTB, but it tends to occur at
night and reoccurs with respiratory tract infections.
It is common among 1-3 years child.
26. Sign and symptoms
The child goes to bed well or with very mild
respiratory symptoms but awakes suddenly
with characteristic barking metallic cough,
hoarseness noisy respiration and restlessness.
The child looks anxious, frightened and
prostrated.
27. Management
Patient may require hospitalization, especially infant
and young children who have hypoxemia.
Keep the child on rest to conserve energy, keep in
upright position.
IV or oral glucocorticosteroids are commonly used.
28. Contd..
Antibiotics are appropriate for whooping
cough(pertusis) and prevent secondary
infection.
Epinephrine inhalation may temporarily
dilate the airways by relaxing bronchial
smooth muscles and causing vasoconstriction
reducing mucosal inflammation.
29. Nursing management
Monitor the pulse oximetry, and monitor the patient
for airway obstruction, which requires endotracheal
intubation.
Monitor for respiratory fatigue visually and with
continuous pulse oximetry.
Administer humidified oxygen. Plain nebulizer may
be used.
30. Contd..
Carefully monitor cough and breathe sounds,
hoarseness, severity of retractions,
inspiratory stridor, cyanosis.
Monitor and support respiration and control
fever.
31. Contd..
Keep the child as quiet as possible, position
him propped up position.
Provide small amounts regularly meals,
rather than large meals.
Isolate the patient
33. Contd..
Pleurisy is defined as the inflammation of
the pleura.
It is also called pleuritis, is a condition that
generally stems from an existing
respiratory infection disease or injury.
34. Types
Wet pleurisy
It is more common and refers to an
accumulation of fluid within the pleural
space.
36. Causes
Infection, including pneumonia, tuberculosis and
other bacterial or viral respiratory infections.
Immune disorder including systemic lupus
erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis
Disease including cancer, pancreatitis, liver
cirrhosis
37.
38. Contd..
Drug reaction such as isoniazid,
methotrexate,procarbazine, hydralazine,
phenytion and quinidine etc.
Injury in the chest such as rib fracture,
collapsed lungs
40. Clinical features
Chest pain: sharp pain caused by the pleura
rubbing against one another
Cough
Fever and general discomfort
Rapid, shallow breathing
Decreased breath sound
41. Diagnosis
History taking
Physical examination
Chest X- ray: pleural thickening
CT- scan and ultrasound
Thoracocentesis and fluid alanysis
42. Treatment
Treatment of primary cause
Pain management: analgesic and anti-
inflammatory drugs such as acetaminophen,
ibuprofen and indomethasone.
Codeine based cough syrup
Antibiotics
Thoracocentesis or chest tube insertion to
drain fluid
43.
44. Nursing management
Reassure the patient and explain about the
nature of pain.
Keep the patient in comfortable position, turn
frequently in affected side.
Encourage to do deep breathing and coughing
exercise.
Give prescribed medication.
Apply pressure in affected side.
45. References
Shrestha T. “Essential Child Health Nursing”
2nd edition(2016), Medhavi Publication Jamal,
Kathmandu.
Adhikari T. “Essentials of Pediatric Nursing”
2nd edition(2015), Vidayarthi Pustak Bhandar,
Bhotahity Kathmandu.
https://www.healthline.com