Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants and benefits both mother and baby. Breastfeeding involves the feeding of an infant with breastmilk, which is produced when suckling stimulates the release of prolactin and oxytocin hormones. Breastmilk contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals essential for the baby's growth and development as well as their health, such as protecting against disease. Proper positioning and latching-on are important to establish successful breastfeeding and avoid issues like sore or cracked nipples. Breastfeeding is recommended for around 6 months with continued breastfeeding along with complementary foods for up to 2 years or more for optimal child health and development.

1. BREAST FEEDING

2. DEFINITION OF BREASTFEEDING
Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or
young child with breast milk directly from
female human breasts (i.e., via lactation) not
from a baby bottle or other container.

3. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BREAST
Lacteferous
ducts
lobules
dilated
section
of duct to
hold milk
nipple
fat
pectoralis major
muscle
chest wall/
rib cage
normal duct cells
basement
membrane
lumen
Enlargement:
Nipple:18-20
duct

5. CON’T…
• Nipple and aerola enlarge and darken during
pregnancy.
• Small bump on aerola called Montgomery
gland.
montgomery gland:
• To soften the nipple
(prepare the nipple for
breastfeed)

6. The Prolactin Reflex
1. (Long arrow) Nerve impulses from sucking go to brain
2. (Short arrow) The pituitary gland releases prolactin into the
blood
3. (Breast) This causes the alveolar cells to secrete milk and
swells the alveoli
The Milk Ejection Reflex
1. (Long arrow) Nerve impulses from sucking go to the brain
2. (Short arow) The pituitary gland releases oxytocin into the
bloodstream
3. (Breast) This causes muscles around the alveoli in the
breast to squeez milk to the nipple
The milk ejection reflex

7. HOW BREAST MILK IS PRODUCED
• The let-down reflex
• How body responds to baby’s suckling:
Infant suckling stimulates the nerve endings in the nipple
and areola, which signal the pituitary gland in the brain to
release two hormones, prolactin and oxytocin.
How Breast Responds to Baby’s Suckling:
• Prolactin causes alveoli to take nutrients (proteins,
sugars) from blood supply and turn them into breast milk.
• Oxytocin causes the cells around the alveoli to contract
and eject milk down the milk ducts. This passing of the
milk down the ducts is called the “let-down” (milk
ejection) reflex.

8. CON’T…
• Let-down is experienced in numerous ways
including:
– Infant begins to actively suck and swallow.
– Milk may drip from the opposite breast.
– Mother may feel a tingling or a full sensation
(after the first week of nursing) in breasts or
uterine cramping.
– May feel thirsty.

9. 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding
1. Have a written breastfeeding policy that is
routinely communicated to all health care staff.
2. Train all health care staff in skills necessary to
implement this policy.
3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits
and management of breastfeeding.
4. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within half
an hour of birth.
5. Show mothers how to breastfeed, and how to
maintain lactation even if they should be
separated from their infants.

10. CONT…
6.Give newborn infants no food or drink other than
breast milk, unless medically indicated.
7.Practise rooming-in - that is, allow mothers and
infants to remain together - 24 hours a day.
8.Encourage breastfeeding on demand.
9.Give no artificial teats or pacifiers (also called
dummies or soothers) to breastfeeding infants.
10.Foster the establishment of breastfeeding
support groups and refer mothers to them on
discharge from the hospital or clinic.

11. BREAST MILK CONTENTS
Proteins
Human milk contains two types of proteins: whey and
casein. Approximately 60% is whey, while 40% is casein.
• Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of iron-dependent bacteria
in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Secretory IgA also works to protect the infant from
viruses and bacteria, specifically those that the baby,
mom, and family are exposed to. It also helps to protect
against E. Coli and possibly allergies. Other
immunoglobulins, including IgG and IgM, in breast milk
also help protect against bacterial and viral infections.

12. BREAST MILK CONTENTS
• Lysozyme is an enzyme that protects the infant
against E. Coli and Salmonella. It also promotes
the growth of healthy intestinal flora and has
anti-inflammatory functions.
• Bifidus factor supports the growth of
lactobacillus that protects the baby against
harmful bacteria by creating an acidic
environment where it cannot survive.

13. CONT’
Fats
• It is necessary for brain development,
absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and is a
primary calorie source.
• Long chain fatty acids are needed for
brain, retina, and nervous system
development. They are deposited in the
brain during the last trimester of pregnancy
and are also found in breast milk.

14. CONT’
Vitamins
• The amount and types of vitamins in breast milk is directly
related to the mother’s vitamin intake. Fat-soluble vitamins,
including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are all vital to the infant’s
health. Water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin C, riboflavin,
niacin, and panthothenic acid are also essential.
Carbohydrates
• Lactose is the primary carbohydrate found in human milk..
Lactose helps to decrease the amount of unhealthy bacteria
in the stomach, which improves the absorption of calcium,
phosphorus, and magnesium. It helps to fight disease and
promotes the growth of healthy bacteria in the stomach.

15. BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING TO
MOTHER
1. This promotes mother and child bonding.
2. It prevens uterine bleeding in the mother
after delivery.
3. This is a natural form of Family Planning.
4. This reduces the risks of breast and ovarian
cancer in the mother.
5. This saves time and precious expenses
need not be used for buying milk powder
and health care.

16. BENEFITS BREASTFEEDING FOR BABY
1. This provides the best possible nutrion to the
young child.
2. It reduces the incidence of coughs and colds,ear
infections,bronchitis,pneumonia,meningitis and
diarrhoea through its protective factors.
3. It protects the child from colic,asthma,eczema,
nose and food allergies.
4. It is essential for the optimal physical,emotional
and mental development of the child.Breastfed
child are also smarter.

17. HOW LONG TO BREASTFEED
• Newborns can nurse for 5 to 10 minute per breast; every 2 to
3 hours. This comes to about 10 to 12 feedings per day. In the
beginning, there is only colostrum, and there’s not very much
of it, so be ready to feed often but for short durations.
• One month or more: as baby gets older, his stomach will get
larger. He will nurse less frequently but for a longer duration at
each feeding session. For example, he may nurse 20 to 40
minute per breast every 3 to 4 hours.
• By 6 months, Baby may breastfeed for 20 to 40 minutes per
breast; 3 to 5 times per day.

18. CONTRAINDICATION TO
BREASTFEEDING
 Active /untreated TB
 Mom takes radioactive compound(cancer for
chemo)
 Mom take illegal drug
 HIV infection

19. THE PROPER WAY TO BREASTFEED
• Stimulate the baby mouth to open by
touching the nipple.
• Let the baby open the mouth wider.
• Bring the baby near to the breast
• Latch the baby to the breast

20. PROPER LATCH-ON
1. Baby open the mouth wider.
2. The chin touching the breast
3. The chick looked flatulent.
4. The lip are flanged out.
5. The breast looked full and round
6. Can hear the sound suck and swallow
7. The nipple looked long and round after
breastfeed.

21. DISLATCH BABY AFTER
BREASTFEEDING
• Used little finger press on the gum to open
the baby mouth to dislatch from the nipple

22. POSITIONING OF
BREASTFEEDING

23. Side lying position

24. Football hold position

25. Cradle hold position

26. Cross cradle hold position

27. Saddle Hold

28. Twin Football Hold

29. SIGNS THAT THE BABY IS GETTING ENOUGH
BREAST MILK
1. He is contented for 1-2 hours after a feed
2. He passes clear dilute urine 5-6 times a day
3. He passes bright yellow watery stools 6-8
times a day
4. He regains birth weight after 2weeks

30. BREAST MILK SUPPLY CAN BE
INCREASED BY:
1. Frequent feeds day and night
2. Allowing unlimited breastfeeding to satisfy
baby’s suckling needs
3. Mother to eat and drink sufficient quantities
to satisfy baby’s suckling her hunger and
thirst
4. Cultural foods like ginger and rice wine are
compatible with breastfeeding.

31. BREAST MILK STORAGE/THAWING:
 Unless being used immediately, refrigerate it within 1
hour.
 Thaw/warm the milk in container of lukewarm water or
running water.
 Once milk is thawed, it should be used within 24 hours.
 Once milk is warmed and not used for the feeding, it
should be discarded.

32. Place of storage Temperature Maximum storage time
In a room 25°C 77°F Six to eight hours
Insulated thermal bag with
ice packs
Up to 24 hours
In a refrigerator 4°C 39°F Up to five days
Freezer compartment
inside a refrigerator
-15°C 5°F Two weeks
A combined refrigerator
and freezer with separate
doors
-18°C 0°F Three to six months
Chest or upright manual
defrost deep freezer
-20°C -4°F Six to twelve months

33. COMPLICATION
 Breast Pain
 Biting
 Too much milk
 Mastitis
 Breast abscess
 Breast engorgement
 Sore nipple

34. CONT’
Sore, Cracked Nipples
The causes of sore and/or cracked nipples
includes :
• Improper latching on by the baby
• Thrush
• Dry skin
• Dermatitis
• Biting

35. han