This document provides an overview of the different branches of geology. It discusses the definition of geology as the study of the Earth, including its origin, structure, composition and history. Some of the key branches mentioned include physical geology, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, structural geology, geophysics, stratigraphy, geochemistry, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, hydrogeology, geology of Pakistan, resources engineering, photo geology, remote sensing, engineering geology, and field geology. Each branch is studied to better understand different aspects of the Earth and its materials.
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INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY
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EARTH
Geology; (in Greek, Geo = Earth, Logos = Science)
Geology; a science dealing with study of Earth
Also known as earth science.
The study of the earth comprises of the whole earth;
Origin
Structure
Composition and history (include life development)
Nature of the processes
Geology is a fascinating subject;
Geology feels the pulse of the earth
Geologists discover new deposits of rocks and
minerals of economic value
INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY
- Physical Geology - Economic Geology
- Mineralogy - Crystallography
- Structural Geology - Petrology
- Mining Geology - Geochemistry
- Hydrology - Economic Geology
- Geology of Pakistan - Stratigraphy
- Resources Engineering - Paleontology
- Photo Geology - Remote-sensing
- Environmental Geology - Historical Geology
- Geophysics - Field Geology
DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
Various processes of physical agents such as wind,
water, glaciers and sea waves, these agents modifying
the surface of the earth continuously
Physical geology includes study of;
Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD)
The study of physical geology plays a vital role in
engineering like;
It reveals constructive and destructive processes of
physical agents at a particular site
It helps in selecting a suitable site for different types
of projects after studying the effects of physical
agents which go on modifying the surface of the
earth physically, chemically and mechanically.
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
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Mineralogy deals with the study of minerals
A mineral is a;
Naturally occurring
Homogeneous solid
Inorganically formed
Having a definite chemical composition and
ordered atomic arrangement.
The study of mineralogy is most important;
To identify the rocks in industries such as cement,
iron, steel, fertilizers and glass
In the production of atomic energy
MINERALOGY
As a branch of geology, it deals with the study
of crystals
A crystal is a regular polyhedral form bounded
by smooth surfaces
The study of crystallography is necessary for
the identification of Minerals
It helps to recognize the minerals
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
As a branch of geology deals with;
Study of rocks’
A rock is defined as;
The aggregation of minerals found in the earth’s
crust
The study of petrology is most important for the
selection of suitable rocks for;
Building Stones
Road Metals
Construction of Dams
PETROLOGY
The study of structures found in rocks
The structural geology also known as;
Tectonic geology or
Tectonics
Structural geology is an arrangement of rocks and
used in selection of suitable sites for projects such as;
Dams
Tunnels
Multistoried Buildings, etc.
Geological features like faults, fractures, joints, beds,
and folds are important geological structures
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
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Branch of earth science dealing with the physical
processes and phenomena occurring in the earth
Geophysics uses physics to examine the earth's
structure, physical properties and processes of
geological phenomena, including fields such as;
Meteorology
Oceanography
Seismology
Gravitational
Magnetism
Logging
GEOPHYSICS
The branch of geology concerned with the order
and relative position of strata and their
relationship to the geological timescale
Study of stratified rocks and their correlation
The analysis of the order and position of layers of
archaeological remains
The structure of a particular set of strata
STRATIGRAPHY
The study of the chemical composition of the earth
and its;
Rocks
Minerals
Structures
Processes
Physical aspects of the Earth
Examine the distribution of earths;
Chemical elements
Movement of elements into soil and water systems
GEOCHEMISTRY
The study of fossils and the ancient remains of;
Animals
Plants
Fossils are useful in the study of;
Evolution
Migration of Animals and Plants through ages
Ancient Geography
Climate of an area
PALEONTOLOGY
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The study of both stratigraphy and paleontology
it’s used to know about;
Land
Seas
Climate
Life of early times upon the earth
HISTORICAL GEOLOGY
The study of;
Minerals
Rocks
Materials of Economic Importance like;
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Geothermal Energy
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
Study of application of geology to mining
engineering in such a way that the selection of
suitable sites for quarrying and mines can be
determined
Geology is useful to know the method of mining of
rock and mineral deposits on earth’s surface and
subsurface
MINING GEOLOGY
All the geological problems that arise in the field of
civil engineering along with suitable treatments
Construction of dams, tunnels, mountain roads,
building stones and road metals
Geology provides knowledge of construction
materials, their structure and properties
Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD) by
surface water helps in soil conservation, river control,
coastal and harbor works
The foundation problems of dams, bridges and
buildings are directly related with geology of area
CIVIL ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
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Studies quality and quantity of groundwater that are
present in the rocks in different conditions
Moreover, it includes;
Atmospheric Water, Hydroclimatology
Surface water, Hydrology
Groundwater, Hydrogeology
The knowledge of groundwater is necessary for
excavation works, water supply, irrigation and
many other purposes
HYDROGEOLOGY
The geological study of our Provinces and Country
related to;
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Physiography
Stratigraphy
Economic Mineral Deposits
GEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
The study of;
Water
Land
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Minerals
Resources development geology is also applied in
various aspects of resources;
Supply and Storage
Filling up of Reservoirs
Pollution Disposal and
Contaminated Water Disposal
RESOURCES ENGINEERING
The study of aerial photographs taken from an
airplane or satellite
Geological interpretation of aerial photographs
Identification of geological features
Study geological phenomena
Interpretation of the geomorphological features
Study of lithofacies on the aerial photographs
PHOTO GEOLOGY
and
REMOTESENSING
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Science and Engineering helps in;
Civil Engineering
Mining Engineering
Groundwater
Land Pollution
Nuclear Explosion
Oceanography
Space Exploration.
Geology provides information about site of construction
materials used in buildings, dams, tunnels, tanks,
reservoirs, highways and bridges
Geological information is most important in planning
phase, design phase and construction phase of an
engineering project
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
FIELD GEOLOGY
Field Geology is related to the sciences of;
Geology
Geomorphology
Petrology
Sedimentology
Stratigraphy
Structural Geology
GIS