3. Introduction
Course details
3 Hours Lecture /week with 3 Course Credits
Communication:
• Activities involve lectures, tutorials and a field practice
• Lectures - provide the theoretical background of the topics
• Tutorials - if there’s a need for additional guidance in the
preparation for assessments. Please note that You have to arrange
an appointment in due time.
• Field Practice.
4. Scope of Geology
• Geology is the science of the earth, it is not a
basic science like mathematics, physics,
chemistry or biology, but is an application of
these basic sciences to the problems presented
by the earth.
6. Scope of Engineering Geology
• Engineering geology may be defined as the branch of
applied science which deals with the application of
geology for a safe and economic design and
construction of a civil engineering projects
The basic objective of engineering geology are two
fold:
• It enables a civil engineer to understand engineering
application of certain conditions related to the area of
construction, which are essentially geological in nature.
• It enables a geologists to understand the nature of
geological information that is absolutely essential for
the safe design and construction of a civil engineering
project.
9. Geology &Civil Engineering
• The scope of engineering geology is best studied
with reference to major activities of the profession of
civil engineer which are: Construction, water
resource development, town and regional planning.
10. Geology &Civil Engineering
Geology in Construction Jobs
• In all types of heavy construction jobs such as
buildings, towers, tanks, dams and reservoir,
highway bridges, traffic and hydropower
tunnels etc. full geological information about
the site of construction (or Excavation) and
about the natural materials of construction is
paramount importance.
14. Geology &Civil Engineering
• The aspect of geology has full relevance in all the three
aspects of each construction i.e. planning, designing and
execution.
Planning
• Following geological information is greatly useful in planning
an engineering project.
• Topographical maps Such maps give details of relief features
and are essential to understand relative merit and demerit of
all the possible sites.
• Hydrological Maps. These maps give broad details about the
distribution and geometry of the surface water channels and
also the occurrence and depth contour of groundwater.
• Geological Maps. Petrological characters and structural
disposition of rock types as developed in the proposed area
depicted in geological maps.
18. Geology &Civil Engineering
Design
• Some of the geological characters that have a direct or
indirect bearing upon the design of a proposed project are:
• (i) the existence of hard bed rocks and their depth from and
inclination.
• (ii) The mechanical properties along and across the site of the
proposed project;
• (iii) Presence, nature and distribution pattern of planes of
structural weakness
• (iv) The position of ground water table in totality.
• (v) Seismic character of the area as deciphered from the
seismic history and prediction about future seismicity.
22. Geology &Civil Engineering
Construction
• The engineer responsible for the quality control of
construction materials will derive enormous benefit from his
geological background of the nature material such as sand,
gravel, crushed rocks.
• Similarly for construction in geologically sensitive areas as
those of coastal belts, seismic zones and permafrost regions,
knowledge of geological history of the area is of great
importance.
• Construction of underground projects like tunnels cannot at
all be undertaken without a through knowledge of the
geological characters and setting of the rocks and their
relevance to the loads imposed.
26. Geology &Civil Engineering
Geology in Water Resource Development
• Exploration and development of water resources have
become very important areas of activities for scientists,
technologists and engineers in all parts of the world.
• The water resource engineers has to understand the water
cycle in all essential details. Study of water cycle is an
essential prerequisite for effective planning and execution of
major water resource development programmers on national
and regional level.
30. Geology &Civil Engineering
Geology in Town and Regional Planning
• A town planner is concerned essential with land utilization in
as best and as aesthetics a manner as possible for developing
cities and towns for meetings social needs in different areas.
• The regional Town Planner is responsible for adopting an
integrated approach in all such cases of allocation of land for
developmental projects.
• Thus a change induced in the natural setup of an area due to
a proposed new project is going to lead a series of changes in
the adjoining and even in distant places. In nature, nothing
works in isolation. As such all sound planning must be in
tune with the natural features and processes of a region.
34. Brief History of Formation of Earth and Earth
Crust
• According to currently held views of the earth, the planets
of the solar system originated from a hot gas and dust
cloud probably formed by a supernova explosion.
• The dust particles are considered to have aggregated into
clumps of materials that grew into our prismoidal planets.
• In the early phases, when the cloud-called solar nebulas-
was very hot, mainly iron rich compounds accumulated
into protoplanets to form what would become the iron rich
planetary cores, while low density silicate minerals of the
outer parts were formed at a later stage lower
temperatures. This gave the present radial segregation into
distinct chemical zones.
38. Formation of Earth and Earth Crust
• The earth began to cool by loss of heat of radiations, and
when it had cooled sufficiently, by the consolidation of
molten earth material, and outer crust of solid material was
formed. These solids building up the earth are called rocks.
• Thus the first rock to be formed on the earth were formed by
the cooling and consolidation of molten rock material. They
belong to important class of rock igneous rocks because of
the high temperature of their formation.
43. Formation of Earth and Earth Crust
• The earth began to cool by loss of heat of radiations, and
when it had cooled sufficiently, by the consolidation of
molten earth material, and outer crust of solid material was
formed. These solids building up the earth are called rocks.
• Thus the first rock to be formed on the earth were formed by
the cooling and consolidation of molten rock material. They
belong to important class of rock igneous rocks because of
the high temperature of their formation.
45. Brief History of Formation of Earth and Earth
Crust
• When the first rocks of the solid crust were formed.
Obviously no water could exist on the earth in the
liquid form at this stage, all of it being held in the
atmosphere in the form of vapor.
• As the earth cooled down to below boiling point of
vapor began to condense and the first rain fell. The
water accumulated in the hollows and
depressessions of the land surface forming the first
oceans, and gradually a system of river, lakes ,
oceans etc were established.
46. Brief History of Formation of Earth and Earth
Crust
• Water, as soon as it appeared in the liquid state, began to attack the
first formed rocks with the help of the atmosphere as a result
causing consequent decay of rocks called rock weathering.
• All these products of the decay of land are carried by running
water, and are ultimately dumped on the ocean bottom and
accumulated there for ages forming thick layer of new rocks.
• The newely formed rocks, as soon as they emerge from the sea,
come under the attack of water and atmosphere, and the newely
formed ocean starts receiving material derived from the decay of
the rock land.
• The rocks formed by the deposition of rock waste on ocean are
called ‘sedimentary rocks’ and as a result of number of such
sedimentary cycles vast piles of sedimentary rocks have
accumulated in different parts of the earth in different geological
period.
49. Brief History of Formation of Earth and Earth
Crust
• The Internal Processes The period of uplift of sedimentary
rocks are period of great crustal instability. The internal
forces that develop give rise to tectonic earth movements by
the sediments are folded into high mountains like himalayas
and alps.
• Large quantities of molten rock material called magma,
formed by the melting of crustal rocks, are outpoured on the
surface through volcanoes as lava. The forces which bring
about tectonic earth movements are also responsible for
giving rise to the third type of rocks the ‘metamorphic rocks’.
51. Brief History of Formation of Earth and Earth
Crust
• Thus by the operation of different geological
processes different types of rocks are formed, each
having different characteristics depending on the
mode of formation. To understand the geological
processes, therefore, the characteristics of rocks
resulting by their operation have to be studied.
