3. 1. Abstract
Nanoscale iron particles are of interest due to their unique properties
They can be expensive to produce chemically and potentially
harmful to health and the environment.
Green chemistry methods using plant extracts are gaining attention
as a sustainable alternative.
Reaction yield depends on factors like temperature, precursor
concentration, extract concentration, and time.
This literature survey focuses on novel approaches using plant
extracts for zerovalent iron nanoparticle synthesis.
4. 2.Introduction
There have been numerous advancements in the field of nanotechnology since
it was first introduced by Richard P.Fenyman[01] in his well known lecture
''There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom‘’
Nanoparticles (NPs) are a diverse class of materials that comprise substances
that are particulate and have at least one dimension less than 100 nm[02].
1)Synthesis of Nanoparticles:-There are basically two main approaches for the
synthesis of nanoparticles,these are;
Top Down approach:-This methodology is based on the degradation
technique. Starting with a bigger molecule, which broke down into smaller
components, these units were then transformed into appropriate NPs.
Bottom Up approach:--This method is used in reverse since NPs are created
from relatively simpler materials; for this reason, it is also known as the
building up method.
5. 2)Characterisation of nanoparticles:-Various techniques have been developed
for the characterisation of nanoparticles. These include techniques such as X-
ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR),
SEM, TEM,etc.
XRD:-X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a versatile technique used commonly in
the field of nanotechnology to characterise and acquire accurate
information regarding the composition, crystal structure, and crystalline
grain size of nanoparticles
SEM(scanning electron microscopy):-It uses the focused electron beam
incident on the sample which scans the whole sample resulting in the ejection
of secondary electrons from the sample which are detected by the Detector
to create an image based on the intensity of secondary electrons ejected
from the material.It is used for the surface analysis of the nanomaterials
TEM:-This technique is based on the Transmission of electrons from the thin sample
which are detected on the fluorescent screen thereby producing a high resolution
sample image.It is also used for the characterisation of the nanomaterials.
6. XPS(x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy):-
Sample is irradiated with high energy photons obtained from X-ray
sources.The core electrons are ejected and their kinetic energy is
measured.The Binding energies can be used to identify the elemental
composition of the sample surface.
AFM(Atomic Force microscopy):–
It is a very important tool to image and manipulate the nanomaterials
at nanoscale.The deflections in the centilever are measured by the
Laser beam incident on the centilever which is used to plot a 3D
image of the sample.
7. 3)Zerovalant iron nanoparticles:-
Iron that has iron atoms that are in a zero valence state, or
iron that has an oxidation state of zero, is known as zero
valent iron (ZVI). Iron atoms are electronically neutral in this
state because they have neither gained nor lost any electron.
ZVI is affordable and beneficial to the environment.
Nanoscale ZVI offers a bigger surface area with higher
surface activity than bulk.
Zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) are nanoscale particles
composed of iron atoms in Zero oxidation state.[03]
8. 3.Litrature survey
Various Green synthesis methods are bieng developed using
various plant parts/products for the synthesis of Zerovalant iron
nanoparticles.
The litrature reviewed in this context are as given below:-
1.Haiyan xin et.al.[04]
in this experiment used Tie Guanyin tea extract for the
successful synthesis of ZVI nanoparticles.
The Tie Guanyin tea extract and FeCl3 solution were used
successfully in a straightforward one-step green approach
without the use of any additional chemicals to create ZVINPs.
9. The SEM,TEM spectra were able to point out the particle size and the other
specifications of ZVINPs.In the SEM image it was clear that the nanoparticles
possessed spherical shape with average diameter around 6.58 nm.
Figure:-SEM,TEM images of ZVI nanoparticles respectively.
According to the results of the XRD investigation, zerovalent iron is present in
several prominent peaks at about 44.9 and 49.2, while peaks at
approximately 35.5 and 20 represent Magnetite (Fe3O4) and iron hydroxides
(FeOOH), respectively, were attributed to these values.
10. Figure:-XRD spectrum of ZVI nanoparticles.
2. Anu Ranaa,Nisha kumari and coworkers[05]
used various plant leaf extracts for the successful synthesis of
zerovalant iron nanoparticles.
Out of 10 plant species Four species were chosen, with Psidium guajava
(Guava) emerging as the top candidate for the synthesis of green nZVI.
Plant extracts were added dropwisely in the FeCl3 6H2O solution while
continuously stirring at 400 rpm at room temperature and the solution
turned black.Nanoparticles were collected by centrifuging followed by
washing and then drying in hot air oven at 65 degrees.
11. 3.Machado et.al. (2013)[06]
The chosen leaves yielded extracts that could be divided into three
groups based on their varied antioxidant capacities: Oak, pomegranate,
and green tea).
production of ZVI nanoparticles was confirmed by TEM analysis which
revealed that they had nano-sized dimensions. The TEM pictures shown
in Fig. below:
Figure:-TEM images of ZVINPs synthesised from a)pomegranate
b)mulberry and c)cherry leaf extracts.
12. 4. Vemula Madhavi and cowokers[07]
performed the green synthesis of zero-valant iron nanoparticles using
leaf extracts of eucalyptus globulus.
In order to observe the size and shape of the nanoparticles created
using E. globulus extract, SEM examinations were carried out showing
the spherical shape and size range between 50 and 80 nm.
The XRD peak at 2θ of 46.400 indicates that zerovalant iron is
predominantly present in the sample.
13. 5. Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda.et.al.[08]
used tea extracts for one step green synthesis of ZVI nanoparticles.
The straightforward approach produced spherical Zerovalant iron
nanoparticles with distinctive size and shape.
The characterisation has been done using XRD,SEM ,TEM,UV spectroscopy.
6.Hoag et.al.[09]
Used green tea extracts for ZVI nanoparticles synthesis.
The spontaneous reaction between polyphenols and ferric nitrate, which
took place at room temperature and in a matter of minutes, was
discovered by the researchers to be both time- and energy-efficient.
7. Mehdi Fazlzadeh and co-workers[10]
used three plant extracts(Rosa damascene, Thymus vulgaris, and Urtica
dioica) for the novel green synthesis of ZVINPs.
14. This process was discovered to be simple and environmentally beneficial
and resulted in nanoparticles with a size of 100 nm.
The results also showed that the form, size, and characteristics of
synthetic nanoparticles derived from different plant extracts vary, which
affects their ability to filter contaminants from aqueous solutions.
The presence of Zerovalant iron nanoparticles is confirmed by XRD
spectroscopy.
8.Solimanzadeh,A.and Fekri,M.[11]:-
Performed clay supported ZVI nanoparticles synthesis using green tea
extract.
The SEM images showed that the nanoparticles had average diameter of
40-60 nm and had spherical shape.
The other technique used are XRD and UV visible.
15. 9.Tandon,P.K.Shukla et.al[12]:-
Used tea liquor for performing the synthesis of ZVI nanoparticle
synthesis.
Notably, this technique did not require the stabilization of the
nanoparticles with chemicals or surfactants and did not require the use
of dangerous chemicals for reduction.
The XRD pattern showed broadening of the peak at 2θ value of 44.90
which indicated the presence of ZVINPs in crystalline phase.
Figure:-XRD spectrum showing presence of ZVI
16. 10.Wang,T et.al.[13]:-
Used leaf extracts of eucalyptus globulus and green tea for the synthesis
of ZVI nanoparticles.
Fresh GT-Fe and EL-Fe nanoparticles were observed to be quasi-
spherical in SEM analysis with diameter ranging from 20-80 nm.
The characteristic peaks appearing at around 2θ of 44-450 Corresponds
to Zerovalant iron(Fe0) in the XRD spectrum.
11.Machado,S.et.al.[14]:-
Used Oak leaf extracts for the synthesis of ZVI nanoparticles.
The Fe(3+)chloride solution was combined with Oak leaf extracts to
synthesise Fe(0) nanoparticles.
The characterization techniques used are XRD,SEM,TEM etc.
17. 14.Ebrahiminezhad,A.et.al.[15]:-
Performed synthesis of ZVI nanoparticles using Singing needle (Urtica
dioca) leaf extract.
The synthesised nanoparticles showed resistance to oxidation with no
Iron oxide seen in FTIR spectrum.
These nanoparticles showed outstanding stability,hence important in
scientific purposes.
15.Somchaidee,P.,and Tedsree,K.[16]:-
Performed synthesis of ZVI nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Guava
plant(Psidium guajava)
Fe(0) nanoparticles were prepared at room temperature and were
shown to have high reduction potential.
18. 4.conclusion
The environmentally friendly aspect of the green synthesis of zero-
valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINPs), which provides a sustainable and non-
toxic alternative to conventional synthesis methods, makes it of utmost
relevance. This method not only lessens the environmental impact but
also improves the qualities of the nanoparticles, enabling their use in a
variety of industries, such as environmental remediation and medicinal
uses.
Adopting green synthesis of ZVINs is essential for promoting
environmentally responsible behavior and moving toward a greener,
more sustainable future.The green option emphasizes the need for
renewable resources and safe procedures, as well as environmental care,
which is in line with the concepts of green chemistry.
19. 5.Acknowledgement
The litrature survey is bieng done By Faisal Bashir Student of Msc
chemistry Govt. Degree(PG) College Bhaderwah under the
esteemed supervision of Prof.Mohd Yaseen Sirwal (Head of
Department) in the concerned college in Chemistry department. I
am highly thankful for his contineous support and guidance by
which I was able to complete this review.
I am also grateful to the Prof.Ankush Kumar, Dr. Irshad wani(AP)
and Dr.Shakeel Ahmed Ganaie who have provided me with all the
relevant material sources and knowledge regarding the fulfilment
of the task.
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