Trypanosoma

1. SARFRAZ-UR-RAHMAN
PH.D SCHOLAR (PARASITOLOGY)
1. Veterinary Parasitology 2nd Edition by GM
Urquhart
2. Veterinary Parasitology 4th Edition by M A
Taylor
3.Georgis Parasitology for veterinarian's 10th
Edition by Dwight D. Bowman
4. Internet sources
References:
Trypanosoma
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2. Class: Mastigophora
 Genera …..most important 6 genera
Mastigophora
Trypanosoma Leishmania Trichomonas Histomonas Hexamita Giardia

3. Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma…..... is derived from Greek
word… trypanon…borer…soma….body.
These are zooflagellates that live as parasites in
the blood of humans and vertebrates.
 It is usually transmitted by an insect bite, and
it causes serious diseases, like sleeping
sickness or chagas disease.
Disease is called trypanosomiasis,
common name is Surra, Phaitta.

4. Methods of transmission
3 Methods:
1-Cyclic transmission… Transmission in the animals
The Salivaria
The Stercoraria
2-Non-cyclic transmission……Mechanical
transmission
3-Venereal Transmission…..Direct contact

5. Cyclic Transmission
 Intermediate host: Arthropods… Trypanosomes multiplies and series
of morphological transformation.
 2- Type of Trypanosomes:
 The Salivaria….Mostly develops in the insects, interior gut, after that
transfer in the host.
 Anterior station development…..When the multiplication occurs in the
digestive tract or proboscis.
 Transmitted by tsetse fly.
 Examples:
 T. congolense
 T. vivax
 T. brucei

6. Cyclic Transmission
 The Stercoraria…..these cause infections in the insects, you may say the
insects' parasites.
Posterior station development………….the multiplication and transformation of trypanosoma
occur in the gut and infective form migrate to the rectum and passed with faeces.
Relatively non-pathogenic
Examples:
 T. theileri….transmitted by tabanid flies and sheep skeds.
 T. melophagium….. transmitted by tabanid flies and sheep skeds.
 T. cruzi……is transmitted in the faeces of reduviid bugs (Rhodnius prolixus).
 Diseases:
 T. brucei…causes sleeping sickness/African trypanosomiasis.
 T. cruzi…causes chagas disease/ American trypanosomiasis.

7. Non- cyclic transmission
 Mechanical transmission
 Trypanosomes are transferred from one mammalian host to another by interrupted feeding of biting
insects notably the tabanid and stomoxys.
 The cyclic transmission
 The Salivaria…Trypanosoma in man
 The Stercoraria…Trypanosoma in man
 The Salivaria:
 Trypanosomiasis causes the serious problems in the cattle is called Nagana
 Species:
 T. congolense
 T. vivax
 T. brucei
 Clinical signs:
 Lymphadenopathy
 Anaemia
 Hosts: all domestic livestock

8. The Salivaria
 Intermediate host:
 Glossina spp…..G. morsitans
 Site: all species… in the bloodstream
 T. brucei….is also found in extravascular tissues, myocardium, central
nervous system, reproductive tract.
 Minor specie: T. simiae…..parasite of pigs and camels
 Distribution: 10 million square km of Sub-Saharan.
 Identification:..spindle-shaped protozoa, 8-39 µm…long fagellum

9. Identification of species
 T. brucei:
 Pleomorphic
 Long and slender less than 39 µm
 Short and stumpy less that 18 µm
 Undulating membrane…conspicuous
 Single centrally placed nucleus
 Kinetoplast small and subterminal
 T. congolense:
 Monomorphic
 8-18µm
 Undulating membrane in unconsipicuous
 Medium sized kinetoplast is marginal
 No free flagellum

10. Identification of species
 T. vivax:
 Monomorphic
 20-27 µm
 Undulating membrane is inconspicuous
 Large kinetoplast is terminal
 Short free flagellum

11. Life cycle of Trypanosoma
Domestic Livestock
Tsetse
fly
Feeding through
blood/lymph
Midgut of tsetse
fly
PP…2-3 weeks
Trypanosoma lose their glycoprotein
coat
Proboscis
(T. congolense)
Salivary gland
(T. brucei)
Trypomastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
Metacyclic
Trypomastigote
Chancre:
At the site of inoculation.. metacyclic
forms multiply locally and raised
cutaneous inflammatory swelling.

12. Difference between trypomastigote and epimastigote
 Epimastigote:
 Extra cellular and non-infective form of parasite
 Found in midgut if insect and multiply by binary fission
 Juxta nuclear kinetoplast
 Flagellum arises from it
 Short undulating membrane
 Trypomastigote:
 True trypanosome type
 20 µm long
 Undulating membrane
 Elongated or blade shaped body
 Found in peripheral blood
 Tapering posterior end
 Short flagellum direct interiorly
 Kinetoplast:
 Is network of circular DNA (called k DNA) inside a large mitochondrion.

13. Pathogenesis
Fever
High parasitaemia
Sever anaemia
Hemorrhages on mucosal and serosal
surfaces
Lymphoid enlargement…splenomegaly
Anaemia…cardinal feature
Cell degeneration and inflammatory infiltrate

14. Clinical signs
 Ruminants:
 Anaemia
 Generalized enlargement of superficial lymph nodes
 Fever, loss of appetite
 Myocarditis, heart failure
 Horses:
 Oedema of the limbs and genitalia (T. brucei)
 Pig:
 T. congolense
 Pyrexia
 Dogs/cats:
 Fever, anaemia, myocarditis and corneal opacity

15. Epidemiology
The vectors
 The parasite..genetic variations
The host…
 Trypanotolerance….parasitaemia for long
period
 Small hump less cattle
 Boss taurus..N
̓ dama
 African indigenous breeds of sheep

16. Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis
Thick smear…Giemsa or Leishman's stain
PCR

17. Treatment
 Diminazene aceturate (Berenil, Veriben ):
 3.5 mg/kg
 Irreversible inhibition of Trypanosomal-S-adenosyle-l-methionine decarboxylase
enzyme involves in synthesis of polyamines.
 Homidium salt (Ethidium & Novidium)..potassium antimony tartarate:
 1-1.5 g I.V or 3-6 g/100Kg I.M/SC
 Suramin, quinupramine sulphate( Trypacide formerly called Antrycid):
 Drug of choice
 1-2 mg/kg bwt
 Inhibit of enzymes. Oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
 Melarssomine dichlorohydrate melly or cymelarsan):
 25mg/ml..
 in epiaxial (lumbar) muscle in third region….fifth lumbar..
 23gauge..1 inch needle.

18. Control
 Control of tsetse fly
 In sheep and goat….isometamidium (samorin) is
the drug of choice
 Awareness about tsetse fly
 Trekked to market through in area of endemic
trypanosomiasis.
 Chemoprophylactic treatment region

19. Trypanosomiasis in man
 T. brucei (human strain):
 It has two sub species
 T. brucei gambiense..eat and central Africa
 T. brucei rhodesiense…West Africa
 Both causes African sleeping sickness.
 T. brucei brucei is not infective to man but causes nagana disease in cattle (Animals)
 The Stercoraria:
 Species:
 T. theileri..tabanid flies
 T. melophagium…sheep skeds ( Melophagus ovinus)
 Host: cattle and sheep
 Distribution: Western Europe
 Vector..
 faeces…..metacyclic trypanosoma..enter into final host through abraded skin or ingestion of
vector
 Non-pathogenic trypanosomes.
 Transmission…
 rubbing kissing bugs faeces
 Skin abrasions by bites of bugs

20. Mechanical transmission
 Non-cyclic transmission
 Disease..surra..phetta
 Trypanosoma evansi
 Vector… Tabanidae & stomoxys
 Vampire…..act as vector & reservoir host
 Host..horses and cattle and occasionally in cattle, buffaloe, pigs
 Clinical signs:
 Fever, anaemia, emaciation, paralysis of hindquarter
 South America..disease is called mal de caderas or disease of hip..T. equirium
 Treatment:
 isometamidium chloride (veridium)
 0.5 mg/ kg bwt
 Create a direct toxic effect on trypanosomes

21. Trypanosoma equiperdum
 Causes venereal disease in horse and
donkeys………called Dourine
 Clinical signs:
 Ventral, abdominal oedema
 Ascending motor nerve paralysis
 Progressive emaciation

22. Thank you so much