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1. ANIMAL WELFARE AND VETERINARY CENTER
A THESIS REPORT
Submitted by
SHERLY IRENE R P
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
MEASI Academy of Architecture
87 Peter’s Road, Royapettah, Chennai 600014
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600025
APRIL 2019

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to Prof.N.Altaf Ahmed,Director and to
Prof.V.Balaji, Design chair for their encouragement and guidance which helped
me through the design process
I express my thanks to Prof.S.Kesavalu,HOD for his assistance and guidance on
various structural details throughout my design development
Special thanks to Ar.Rupalatha Roosevelt and Ar.Elias Koshy , members of the
review committee for their guidance, support and constructive criticism through
each stage of design development
Furthermore I would like to thank Ar.Shabana Parween, Supervisor for her
constructive criticism and moral support throughout the development of my thesis
I would like to thank my parents, Mr.Robert Parthiban and Mrs.Suba Robert
for being my main support system and helping me get through hard times and a
special thanks to my dearest sister, Sheryl Pauline for all her moral support and
encouragement.

3. Dedicated to the abandoned dogs at Blue Cross of India that made
me want to pursue this topic

4. ABSTRACT
This thesis has been worked on with a goal to try to achieve the best possible
Veterinary facility for companion animals. Best in terms of comfort, safety, and
well-being of the animals.
The quality of existing animal oriented buildings are much below the quality of
any human oriented building . The reason being nothing but negligence towards
the environmental and sanitary conditions of such facilities.
This project aims to rethink how the three core veterinary facilities are designed,
keeping in mind the perspective of the end user. After all, what is compassion if we
do not see through the eyes of our dogs and cats?
CORE FACILITIES
“The biggest problem with animal oriented facilities is the humanization of
space”

5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………….… iv
DEDICATION…………………………………………………………….….… v
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….… vi
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………... 01
1.1 About the Project
1.2 Need
1.3 Aim
1.4 Objective
2. STUDY………………………………………………………………….02
2.1 Veterinary Hospital
2.2 Functions of a Veterinary Hospital
2.3 Design Considerations
2.4 Spatial Requirements
2.5 Surgical Procedure
2.6 Ventilation
2.7 Surfaces and Fittings
2.8 Special study
2.9 Animal Shelter
2.10 Functions of an Animal Shelter
2.11 Design Considerations

6. 3. CASE STUDY…………………………………………………………….36
Veterinary Hospital (Live)
3.1 CUPA Veterinary Hospital
3.2 Cessna Veterinary Hospital
Veterinary Hospital (Net)
3.3 Oasis Veterinary Hospital
3.4 Wallan Veterinary Hospital
3.5 Comparitive Analysis
Animal Shelter (Live)
3.6 Blue Cross of India
3.7 CARE Animal Shelter
3.8 Comparitive Analysis
4.SITE………………………………………………………………………..59
4.1 Site Selection Criteria
4.2 Site Analysis
5. DESIGN …………………………………………………………………61
5.1 Area Statement
6.APENDICES………………………………………………………………74
7.REFERENCES…………..………………………………………………..74

7. 1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT
The project comprises of three elements pertaining to all necessary veterinary
requirements for companion animals.
1. Veterinary Hospital
2. Pet Spa and grooming center + Boarding
3. Animal shelter
1.2 NEED
Current scenario of veterinary facilities are lacking basic things such as good
ventilation , healthy and healing environment , proper handling and execution of
medical procedures. Etc.
As far as the hospital is concerned, the problem lies at the design of the facility
itself. Improper segregation of species causes unnecessary stress and fear among
animals which in turn creates an aversion towards the hospital. Complete disregard
to how the actual user of the building(the dogs and cats) interact with it.
On the other hand, Animal shelters face a completely different set of issues. Dog
overpopulation is one of the main issues in the country as of now. It is illegal to
kill stray dogs and so most of these dogs end up overcrowding the shelters.
There is no control over stray dogs breeding as the Animal Birth Control system is
not being followed efficiently either.
The ABC(Animal Birth Control) rules 2001, AWBI(Animal Welfare Board of
India) states that all stray dogs must be routinely picked up and sent to Veterinary
hospitals to undergo Castration and must be brought back to where it was taken
from. But this system is not being followed in most of the states which leads to
over population of stray dogs.
This not only poses a threat to the capacity of existing shelters but also to the lives
of thousands of stray dogs that die of car accidents every year .

8. The life of overcrowded shelter dogs is an unfortunate misery. Most of the shelters
have very poor hygiene , poor maintenance and bad ventilation. This not only
affects the physical wellbeing of the animal but also the mental wellbeing.
Dogs that have been rescued from accidents, drowning in wells, mistreated by
owners and so on, are taken to a safe place by some animal lover and their wounds
are treated and they’re sent to the shelter with a second opportunity to live . But is
the shelter an ideal home for a stray? Could it ever be? If it had to be, what needs
to be changed?
1.3 AIM
(i) To enhance the quality of Medical facilities in the treatment of animals.
(ii) To create better accommodation facilities and improve the enriching
factors of the life of a shelter animal
(iii) To provide a healthy environment that would be conducive to the
physiological, social, environmental, behavioral and psychological needs
of the animal
1.4 OBJECTIVE
(i) To understand how veterinary hospitals function and develop a fear free
environment for the patients
(ii) To comprehend why animals shelters are the way they are
(iii) To find a solution to overcrowding of shelters
(iv) To come up with an innovative and effective design that caters to the
physical and psychological wellbeing of shelter animals

9. 2.STUDY
2.1 VETERINARY HOSPITAL
An animal hospital is an institution designed, built, equipped and staffed to render
modern veterinary care to animals. This care involves numerous functions and
services: reception, admission and discharge; bookkeeping and payroll; purchase
and account collections; outpatient services; laboratory; radiography; surgery and
hospitalization services, including nursing care around the clock. These are the
basic essential services which must be rendered by any animal hospital. There are
others, such as grooming, boarding and providing vending machines for clients and
employees, but these are secondary services not essential to modern veterinary
care.
2.2 FUNCTIONS OF A VETERINARY HOSPITAL
The functions of a veterinary hospital fall into four basic divisions:
 the outpatient or clinical
 the surgical
 the hospital
 General services.
1.The Outpatient/ Clinical unit deals with day to day handling of patients. This
unit must have proper facility to hold a large number of patients and daily footfall
based on the number of Outpatient rooms available. Therefore it is important to
think about the waiting areas for such spaces
2.The Surgical unit is a sterile area and must be deal with utmost hygiene and
care as it can easily transmit diseases during surgery when the wounds are open.
This unit of the hospital is not open to the public and must follow strict routines of
sterilization as per VCI standards. (Veterinary Council of India)
3.The Hospital refers to the treatment units and the In patient facility. This unit
handles second degree ailments after they have been looked over by an Outpatient

10. Veterinarian . A separate unit is to be provided for their treatment, obervation and
recovery .This unit is not open to the public
4.General Services in a Veterinary Hospital refer to the Administrative
department, account keeping, janitor services, pharmacy and storage facilty. Etc.
These are the ancillary facilities that are necessary to support the functioning of
the hospital
2.3DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The design of the hospital is important and many factors should be considered to
create a suitable environment. Some of the main points are listed below:
A. Environmental Conditions:
- Any clinical areas such as the animal wards and surgery should be maintained at
a higher temperature for animals undergoing surgery or recovering from GA and
for sick patients on treatment.
-There should be adequate and appropriate ventilation, open windows and doors do
not help to maintain any heat and are also an escape route for patients
-Adequate ventilation also helps to release bad odor from Treatment and Isolation
rooms
-Recovery rooms with access to greenery either physically or visually helps in
healing
B. Function:
-Each room should be adequate for its function, they should be large enough for
the purpose and have sufficient lighting, electrical sockets and be in a good
location.

11. - Ideally surgery rooms on higher floors should be avoided if kennel/holding areas
are downstairs.
- Zoning of spaces ought to be done with respect to the way they function, for
example, an emergency surgery will have to go from the emergency unit to the
preparation room to the OT and then to recovery and(or) In patient ward. This
sequence must determine the location of various spaces and functions
C.Layout:
-The floor plan of the hospital or clinic should be carefully considered so that there
is a flow through of traffic such as from consulting room out to treatment areas and
kennels and from prep room to surgery.
-Having to walk through several rooms or even go outside to get from one area to
another is not ideal.
-Where possible the front of the hospital should be for client areas such as
reception and consulting rooms, and the rear is treatment areas that are more
private and secure.
-It should be determined early in the design process which areas of the hospital
should receive special consideration for infection control.
-These areas include those used for housing or treating immune-compromised
patients (e.g., patients receiving chemotherapy, geriatric patients, pediatric
patients), such as operating rooms, isolation areas, intensive care units,
postoperative recovery rooms, and oncology wards.
- Operating rooms require a higher degree of infection control than other areas.
-The design of the operating room should limit foot traffic in the adjacent
areas. This mainly involves placing the operating room in a "dead end" to
minimize the movement of people outside the entrance. Windows in operating
rooms should never be opened.
-Any windows in the hospital that are allowed to open should be well fitted with
insect screens.

12. -Because hand washing is one of the main strategies for preventing nosocomial
infections, special attention should be paid to providing convenient hand washing
stations in all clinical areas of the hospital.
-Sinks should be as deep as possible to prevent splashing of water and scattering
of organisms.
-Ideally, foot pedals or infrared sensors should be installed to allow hands-free
operation of all faucets and limit the role of faucet handles as fomites.
-Antiseptic hand lotion dispensers can also be located in these stations to maximize
staff compliance with hand hygiene policies.
-If cage blankets, surgical drapes, other clinical linens, or food bowls are to be
washed in-house, the hot water system should be designed to provide
temperatures in excess of 160°F to ensure disinfection laundry and
dishwasher cycles.
D.Circulation:
(i)Typical circulation of the Client
-Upon approaching the hospital the client must be oriented so that he may go
either to the main lobby or directly to the emergency entrance.
-If the client enters through the reception area , he should go directly to the
receptionist station to register.
-If it is necessary for the client to wait, there should be a waiting area
provided.
-From the waiting area the client will move to the examination room. The
client should have direct access to the examination room and not allowed to
circulate in the work areas of the hospital.
-Following the examination and treatment of his pet, the client is directed to
a separate check-out counter at the receptionist station to make additional
appointments and financial arrangements.
-From the receptionist station the client will leave the hospital

13. (ii)Circulation of a typical patient that is need of minor medical attention.
-The patient and client are taken from the waiting area to the examination
area.
-The examination room is equipped to administer vaccinations and minor
medical treatment.
-If more extensive treatment is necessary the patient is taken to the
treatment area.
-After the treatment, the patient is returned to the client at the waiting
area and discharged.
(iii)Circulation of a typical Surgical Patient.
-The surgery is always scheduled except for emergency cases.
-After the patient has arrived, he is taken to the preoperative area to be
prepared for surgery.
-After the patient is prepared he is taken into the surgery area.
-After the surgery is complete he is placed in the intensive care cages for
close observation for a few hours.
-From the intensive care cages he is transferred to the hospital ward until
he is ready to be discharged.
-If the patient expires during surgery, the carcass is placed in a plastic bag
and taken to the morgue (freezer), where the animal is later picked up and
taken away.
(iv)Circulation of a typical emergency case.
-The emergency entrance is located adjacent to the treatment area for
quicker treatment and to avoid any unnecessary mess in the receptionist
area. Emergency cases will be received at this entrance.
-While the patient is in the treatment area the injuries are determined.
-If surgery is required the patient is taken to the preoperative area and
prepared for surgery.

14. 2.4 SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS
The spatial requirements of a Veterinary hospital fall under three categories:
A.Clinical areas
B.Hospital areas
C.General areas
A.CLINICAL AREAS
Much of the outpatient area is for the clients use. It is occasionally referred to as
the clinical area because of the activities are clinical oriented. The functions that
occur here include reception, examination, pathological services, pharmaceutical
services, public toilet, and storage
1. RECEPTION
-The receptionist station should be designed for two employees and in a manner
allowing them to observe entering clients, direct clients to examination rooms,
collect compensation due, assist the doctors as needed, and work without
disturbance from children, dogs, and talkative clients.
-A small counter should be available for payment of accounts affording a limited
degree of privacy so that the client feels free to discuss charges in detail.
Equipment:
 2 rolling chairs
 counter for filling out records
 separate counter for money transactions and scheduling appointments (for
privacy)

15.  telephone answering device
 record storing system
 intercom system
 burglar alarm system
 file cabinets (4 drawer)
 copy machine
2.WAITING ROOM
Most of the stress and fear developed at a Veterinary hospital comes from the
type of waiting room environment. Improper segregation of species, Close
proximity of cat and dog waiting areas in the hospital is the top reason of
creating stress in dogs and cats.
Reception areas in veterinary hospitals have traditionally been akin to standard
physician’s office waiting rooms. They’re typically lined with chairs and benches.
Sometimes there’s a hospitality counter with coffee and water and a television
on the wall for light entertainment.
Modern veterinary practices often try to think outside the box when it comes to the
waiting experience at their hospital by incorporating alternative waiting areas.
These alternative waiting areas offer more to clients—more technology, more
comfort, more convenience and more choices
Client waiting:
1. Outdoor waiting areas: Give clients the option to get outside for a bit instead
of being cooped up inside. Clients can get some fresh air and reconnect with
nature. For pets that get stressed sitting in reception, it’s an opportunity to go to a
more open and natural environment, which might help them feel less confined and
potentially calmer and happier
2. Long-term waiting area:

16.  Some people prefer to wait for their pets while they undergo medical
procedures as opposed to leaving and coming back later when the
procedure is over.
 For these people, it’s nice to offer a long-term waiting area—a separate,
quieter and more private space than standard waiting rooms.
 They should be extra comfortable, with sofas and arm chairs, and
equipped with TVs, Wi-Fi and maybe even some computers for public use.
Having snacks and beverages available is also nice, as well as private
restrooms, if possible.
Patient waiting
1. DOG waiting area:
-Provision of sufficient space to help patients pass by each other without too
much contact
-The ability to look outside and have a view of the outdoor environment
reduces stress in dogs and pet owners
-Availability of natural light and outdoor spill out areas can reduce the amount
of anxiety developed in the waiting room environment
-Configuration of the seating and availability of varied options to clients and
pets can contribute to a better waiting room environment
-Availability of play toys and distracting elements
-TV screens and displays of humane education/ healthcare/ etc.
2. CAT waiting area:
-A private, quiet waiting area dedicated to cat clients is a must in modern
veterinary hospitals.

17. - It gives cat clients the ability to escape the noises and smells associated with
dog customers, who can help lower the stress levels of both the cats and their
owners.
-Cats are smaller than dogs and thus cat waiting areas can be relatively small.
-Enclosing them in glass allows visibility from staff, while still keeping the
odors and noises away
-Provision of scratch pads and play toys help distract the cats and keep them
occupied
3. EXAMINATION ROOM
-The examination should be done in privacy allowing the doctor to consult with
the client.
- A minimum amount of treatment should be done here to minimize in cleaning
and to aid in the scheduling of work, therefore increasing the number of patients
that can be seen in one day.
-The treatment is generally carried out in another area of the hospital,
preventing the client from experiencing the sometimes unpleasant sights and odors
- Since they require a syringe and needle, the injectable should be stored so that the
doctor can reach all three without having to take a step. The injectable should be
kept in a small counter top refrigerator with the syringe and needles nearby.
-Indoor/outdoor examination rooms are great for Fear Free practices, as some
dogs are calmer and happier when being seen in an outdoor environment
instead of an indoor exam room.
Examination Equipment:
 -sink, for washing hands
 -counter top
 -refrigerator, to store injectable and meds

18.  -examination table
 -small cabinet, for storing examination instruments
 -instruments to perform an examination such as:
 -diagnostic set; thermometer; 2 artery forceps; 2 dressing forceps; cotton
wool jar; 5 inch curved scissors; 1 S/S kidney dish; IS/s bowl; stethoscope
 -oxygen, emergency supply
 -seating for clients
 -X-ray viewer, wall mounted
 -small supply of drugs in everyday use
 -examination lamp
 -syringes and needles
 -weighing scale
Services:
-Air conditioning
-Water supply
4. PHARMACY:
The pharmacy should be located adjacent to the examination rooms and located in
the exit way of the client so as provide easy access without having to go out of the
necessary circulation area
 The biological will be stored in a refrigerator.
 Ointments are best stored in a drawer 4 to 5 inches deep.
 Small glass or plastic dropper bottles of solutions are best stored in a drawer.
 Injectable generally are not dispensed; they are kept in the examination
rooms.
Services: Air conditioning
5. LABORATORY:
The lab needs to be fully equipped in order to conduct and provide results within
the hospital itself. It should be in close proximity to a diagnostic unit with a pass

19. through cabinet to transfer samples. The machines are not allowed to heat over 30
degree Celsius
Equipment:
 CBC Hematology analyzer
 Serum Bio Chemistry Analyzer
 Computerized radiography
 Centrifuger
 Anti-Coagulant Analyzer
 Hormone assay
 Uri scan
 Binocular microscope
 Refrigerator
 Sink
Services: Water supply, Air conditioning.
6. RADIOGRAPHY:
A separate room should be allocated for taking X-rays. It must consist of a storage
unit to hold the dressing and another unit to store records
Equipment:
 Stationary digital X-ray system
 Storage units
 Computer
7. JANITORS CLOSET
 A space for the storage of cleaning equipment and supplies is needed by
every hospital.
 The most appropriate location for this storage is near the OP rooms, ICU,
Treatment rooms .
 A minimum area of 18 to 20 square feet is necessary to contain a mop or
service sink, mop bucket, and a place to hang mops and brooms, etc.

20. 8. STORAGE ROOM
There needs to be two types of storage areas in the hospital:
 A clean storage room to store clean linen, equipment and bedding
 A soiled storage room to store dirty linen that is to be taken to the laundry
room
A storage room needs to be provided for storing medicine stock; this room should
be adjacent to the pharmacy to easy restocking. A general store room adjacent to
the office area is to be provided to store records and medical details of the patients
9. RESTROOMS
There should be a toilet that is convenient for the public's use. A separate
restroom should be provided for the staff, adjacent to a staff lounge
B.HOSPITAL AREAS
1. TREATMENT
The treatment of a patient follows the examination and can occur either during the
examination or in another centrally located and better equipped place depending on
the type and extent of treatment necessary. Usually the veterinarian chooses to take
the patient to a treatment table away from the client to prevent him from
experiencing unpleasant sights and to have more equipment at his disposal. Such
procedures as minor surgery and dental work are done, and here emergency
cases can be received and evaluated. These facilities should be located adjacent
to where the examination rooms and the pharmacy-laboratory
Equipment:
 Winged stainless steel table
 Examination lighting
 Puppy /Kitten incubator(18"x18"x24")
 Small refrigerator (2'x2'x2')

21.  Wall mounted X-ray viewer
 Bulletin board
2. ISOLATION ROOMS
-Should be designed with an anteroom to provide a place for donning barrier
clothing (e.g., gloves, gown, and booties) as well as disinfectant footbaths and a
hand washing station.
-The anteroom also limits the movement of air from the isolation room to the
general population of patients and provides storage for contaminated linens.
If space allows, the dedication of two separate areas for isolating patients enables
the separation of animals with different infectious diseases.
- A separate bathing tub within the isolation unit is also useful if there is enough
space.
-Isolation rooms and soiled areas of the hospital (e.g., areas where dirty laundry
collects) should be under negative pressure (<2.5 Pa) in relation to adjacent
areas.
-
This prevents infectious particles from being transmitted to clean areas of the
hospital by air currents. ---Isolation areas should receive six to 12 air changes
per hour, and all air should be exhausted directly outdoors with no recirculation.
-If this is not possible, the air should pass through HEPA filters before being
added to general circulation.
-Ventilation professionals (usually the provider of the HVAC system) should
routinely check the balance of airflow in the various areas of the hospital, ideally
when the building's climate control changes from predominantly heating to
predominantly air conditioning or vice versa, or at least once a year.
3. SURGERY:
The most tedious and exacting work is done here and requires a high degree of
sterilization and freedom from all distractions.

22. -All unnecessary circulation or unrelated activities must be prohibited to
maintain this high degree of sterilization and freedom from distraction.
-The surgery must be located adjacent to the pre-operative preparation area
and postoperative area. Only one entrance is recommended to the surgery with
a scrub sink adjacent to this entrance.
-The introduction and use of such equipment as anesthetic machines, heart
monitor, and automatic resuscitator means that more space is required for
surgery.
-Ample space- ability to navigate the patient around without interrupting the
surgeon
- It should be located adjacent to an emergency entrance, to receive emergency
cases to be evaluated. This prevents any undesirable sights and mess at the
receptionist station.
Equipment:
 Shadow less lamp
 Anesthetic machine
 Gas manifold
 Autoclave sterilizing machine
 Surgical trays
 Portable X-ray machine
 Wall mounted X-ray viewer
 Stainless steel surgical table
 Storage cabinets
Rooms:
 Sterile corridor
 OT
 Scrub up area
 CSSD
 Pre-operative room (for surgeon)
 Preparation room (for patient)
 Dirty corridor

23.  Dirty linen storage
 Staff lounges
 Recovery room
 ICU
 In patient wards (separate for dogs and cats)
Services: Water, Sterile Air conditioning, Oxygen lines
4. RECOVERY AND OBSERVATION WARD
This ward is basically for critical postsurgical patients that need the extra care to
assure rapid recovery. It should be located so that the veterinarian can observe
while passing by or while performing other duties. An observation window should
be provided
Wards and runs should be given special consideration in respect to ventilation,
cleaning and sound control.
-From the standpoint of ventilation and for the purpose of noise isolation, they are
best located at the rear of the hospital.
-The ventilation rate of the kennel should be determined on a different basis than
the rest of the hospital because of the large concentration of odor sources.
-Entering into the amount of odor sources is the number of animals, physical
condition of those animals, and frequency of compartment and run clean-up.
-The quantity of outside air for ventilation of the kennel and runs should be based
on an estimated percentage of animal occupancy and types of animals
-The wards and runs should have exhaust fans to assure positive exhaust and
maintain a negative pressure between these areas and other parts of the hospital
-The exhaust is larger than the supply to maintain a negative pressure
-It should be located in close proximity to a nurse station
EXERCISE RUNS
The exercise runs serve two necessary functions:
They provide a place for the animals while the cages are serviced, and they serve
as a place to exercise the animals of the wards.

24. -The runs are best located adjacent to the wards to minimize the time and effort
needed to exercise the dogs.
-One run for each six or seven cages is recommended.
- Although the minimum size for a run is 3' by 5', runs for larger dogs should be
provided at a minimum size of 4' by 7'.
-Extremely large dogs are occasionally kept in the runs rather than a cramped cage
-Divisions between runs should be constructed to discourage any contact between
occupants
-A four inch concrete block wall properly coated with glazed wall coating is the
most satisfactory, particularly in terms of long-range wear and use.
-It is recommended that these walls should be constructed approximately 5'-6"
high with cove base and rounded cap.
-The gate should be constructed of a galvanized chain-link fence material to
prevent corrosion and to allow the animal to see out.
-To facilitate cleaning, the floors of the runs should slope to the rear for positive
drainage and made of a smooth hard surface. Water for cleaning and consumption
should be available
C.GENERAL AREAS
RECEPTION
-Reception with adequate waiting areas are key to a good hospital design
OFFICE
-General accounts room for record keeping and Office room in close proximity to
the reception
-The veterinarian should have a private office for consultation purposes with
clients, for a place to concentrate on personal business, and relax privately.
LOUNGE
-The staff members need a place they can relax privately during a break or during
lunch.

25. -It should be furnished with a sleeper-sofa, refrigerator, micro-wave oven, and a
table with chairs for the convenience of the staff
KITCHEN
-The wards require a place to prepare the animal's food.
- Very few animal hospitals go to the trouble of cooking and preparing the food for
the patients.
-The prepared canned diets today are more than adequate and require much less
time and expense.
-A counter space, sink, can opener, refrigerator, storage and refuse disposal are the
necessary items for this function.
-The cabinet space above the counter top will be used as secondary storage of the
canned diets; adjustable shelving is recommended.
-The cabinet space below the counter top will be used as storage of the dry food,
bowls and refrigerator.
LAUNDRY
-Provisions for washing and drying soiled clothing is necessary.
-Preferably to be placed out of the sight of visitors
SERVICES:
1.AHU: Adequate Air Handling Units for both general air conditioning as well as
Surgical air conditioning is necessary
2.WASTE DISPOSAL:
-Proper facilities for the collection and disposal of waste generated in the hospital
are to be provided
-Proper segregation of waste should be maintained

26. 2.5 SURGICAL PROCEDURE
SURGERY PREPARATION
As the working center, such functions as instrument cleaning, storage, minor
surgery, post-operative treatment and observation have cumulatively made this the
busiest part of the hospital.
The preoperative and postoperative functions should be performed adjacent
to the surgery and wards for convenience and ease of operation.
These functions include the preparation of both the patient and equipment.
The equipment consists of the surgical linens, instruments and electronic devices.
Pre-operative Procedure-PATIENT:
 The preoperative procedures deal with the preparation of the patient.
 This takes place in the Preparation room
 The veterinary assistants begin with the administering of the pre-anesthetic
medication followed by anesthesia.
 The surgical area of the patient is clipped and the loose hair is removed.
 The surgical area is cleansed, and the animal is transported to the surgery
table.
 Hair, dust and other debris are left behind keeping the surgery clean,
therefore maintaining a high sterilized state during the surgery
Pre-operative Procedure-SURGEON & STAFF:
 All staff involved in surgery must change into sterile clothing and must have
washed their hands and feet with disinfectants
 This takes place in a separate pre-operative room outside but abutting the
sterile area
Pre-operative Procedure-EQUIPMENT:
 All equipment to be used must be thoroughly sterilized in an Autoclave and
be kept in the CSSD (central sterile services department)
 The CSSD must be abutting the sterile area
Post-operative Procedure-PATIENT:

27.  The patients undergoing Minor surgery will be taken to the recovery area
and then can be sent home
 Patients undergoing Major surgery will be taken to the recovery room post-
surgery and then moved to the In-patient wards, in the case of needing
medical attention, the patient will be taken to the ICU post-surgery and then
to the In-patient wards
Post-operative Procedure-SURGEON & STAFF:
 The surgeon and veterinary staff assisting during the surgery will need to
change from soiled scrubs and take a shower in the provided staff lounge
Post-operative Procedure-EQUIPMENT:
 Postoperative procedures include the cleaning and sterilization of the
surgical linens and instruments. The operating gowns, gloves, towels and
drapes are first cleaned in a washing machine then dried.
 Then they are loosely folded and sterilized in the autoclave.
 After sterilization they are stored for future use.
 The surgical instruments are cleaned in soap and water.
 Then they are sterilized with dry heat, because steam or boiling dulls the
cutting edges.
 Surgical packs of instruments are made up, containing the proper selection
necessary to perform certain surgical procedures.
 These packs are stored for future use and should be such that easy access
from the operating room is provided.
Surgical Preparation Equipment:
 Rolling stainless steel table (2' x 5')
 Surgical prep-tub (18"x 20")
 Stainless steel prep, counter (28" x 70")
 Bulletin board
 Wall clock
 Monocular microscope
 Weighing scales surgical scrub-up sink
Surgical Cleaning and Sterilization Equipment
 Electro sonic instrument cleaner and tray (24"x18"x20")

28.  Autoclave (24"x18"x20")
 Washer (25"x25"x36")
 Dryer (25"x25"x36")
2.6 VENTILATION
Infection control must also be a factor in the design Air contamination is likely the
most significant risk in the development of surgical site infections.
 Sensitive areas such as operating rooms and chemotherapy treatment areas
should be ventilated so that the room air pressure is higher than the
corridor air pressure.
 This "positive-pressure ventilation" ensures that air moves from clean to
less-clean areas (i.e., from inside the room to the corridor), thereby
keeping airborne infectious particles from entering the sensitive area.

Operating rooms should be kept at a pressure that is 2.5 Pa greater than
adjacent areas.
 Supply air should enter the room at the ceiling, and exhaust vents
should be placed near the floor.
 The use of laminar airflow ventilation systems has been advocated in
human medicine.
 Laminar airflow ventilation systems provide vertical or horizontal
layers of air movement in the operating room such that the flow is
highest directly over the surgical site, limiting the introduction of
particles from the environment and personnel.
 In addition to positive-pressure ventilation, the operating room should be
provided with at least 15 air changes per hour, at least three of which
should consist of fresh outside air.
 If fresh air cycles cannot be provided, high-efficiency particulate air
(HEPA) filters should be added to the supply system.
 Routine replacement of all filters—particularly HEPA filters—is
necessary. HEPA filters are changed, on average, every 6 to 12 months.
 Some systems may require more frequent maintenance; the air pressure
passing through the filters can be tested periodically to determine the
appropriate frequency of filter replacement.

29.  Another design consideration for the ventilation system is the location of air
intake equipment and exhaust vents.
 Fresh-air intake sources should not be located near exhaust vents because
this will reintroduce odors and organisms into the hospital.
During surgical procedures, dust particles, textile fibers, skin scales, and
respiratory aerosols loaded with viable microorganisms are released from the
surgical team and the surrounding into the air of the operating theatre. Bacteria
settling on surgical instruments or entering directly into the surgical site may result
in surgical site infection (SSI) .
Therefore, maintaining a high quality of the air in the operating theatre is essential
to controlling the risk of surgical infections. To reduce the morbidity and
healthcare costs associated with these infections, airborne bacteria and other
sources of contamination must be minimized.
In this regard, a fundamental role is played by the contamination- controlled
airflow system (heating, ventilation, air-conditioning system: HVAC). Indeed, in
addition to maintaining temperature and humidity at optimal levels, this system
provides ventilation that is able to keep the concentrations of gaseous pollutants,
particulates and airborne microbes below predetermined levels. HVAC systems
perform multiple functions simultaneously, including controlling three known
central variables in the airborne transmission of infectious particles: temperature,
relative humidity, and air currents.
Therefore, HVAC systems are intended to provide for the health, comfort, and
safety of occupants by maintaining thermal and air quality conditions that are
acceptable to the occupants.
In the operating theatre, the specific features of the airflow system which enable
SSIs to be contained are ventilation (dilution), air distribution, room
pressurization (infiltration barrier) and filtration (contaminant removal).
The air in operating theatres should be kept at a higher pressure than in
corridors and adjacent areas. This positive pressure prevents the flow of air from
less sterile areas into more sterile ones.
With regard to ventilation, various international scientific organizations
recommend a minimum of 15 air exchanges per hour. Specifically, the
"Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities"
issued by the CDC recommend a minimum of about 15 exchanges of filtered air

30. per hour, three (20%) of which must be fresh air. The 2008 edition of
ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170 ("Ventilation of Health-care Facilities") ,
recommends a minimum of 20 total air exchanges per hour and a minimum of 4
exchanges of outdoor air per hour in operating theatres.
The main types of airflow systems are: turbulent-flow, unidirectional-flow and
mixed-flow.
Turbulent flow directly involves the whole environment, the concentration of
airborne contaminants being controlled by means of dilution. This type of system
increases the effectiveness of air exchange and distribution. However, it has the
disadvantage of speeding up microbial dispersion. In several countries, this type of
airflow is generally considered adequate for operating theatres in which general
surgery or similar operations are performed
In unidirectional-flow systems ("laminar airflow or LAF"), the air travels in
parallel lines and contaminants are carried away at the same velocity as the
airflow. Low-velocity unidirectional flow tends to minimize the spread of airborne
contaminants and direct them towards the exhaust outlets. This system, as opposed
to turbulent flow, allows airborne particles to pass the operating area and prevents
them from landing in the wound area
Unidirectional airflow is designed to move particle-free air (called "ultraclean air")
over the aseptic operating field at a uniform velocity (0.3 to 0.5 μm/sec), sweeping
away particles in its path
From a purely technical standpoint, systems that provide laminar flow regimes
constitute the best option for an operating theatre, in terms of contamination
control, as they result in the smallest percentage of particles impacting the
surgical site.
The reason for this is that such systems supply a controlled, constant column of air
to the surgical site area; this is effective in sweeping contaminants from the
surgical site area, where they might otherwise be deposited
Laminar airflow through HEPA filters, which display 99.97% efficiency in
removing airborne particles of 0.3 μm and above, can be supplied to the operating
area by ceiling-mounted (vertical flow) or wall-mounted (horizontal flow) units. It
has been suggested that improper positioning of personnel in operating theatres
with a horizontal and vertical laminar airflow may increase the risk of infection.
In the so-called mixed-flow system, unidirectional airflow regimes are only used
to protect critical zones (e.g. the area surrounding the operating field)

31. Most operating theatres have conventional ventilation and laminar air-flow systems
with HEPA filters are generally used for orthopedic and other implant surgery
Charnley research team evaluated 5,800 surgical operations; he showed that
intraoperative contamination was a major threat to the success of total joint
replacements, and revealed that the rate of SSI fell dramatically from 7 to 0.5%
when unidirectional airflow regimes with a high number of hourly air exchanges
were adopted and surgical staff wore special suits that covered the whole body.
Subsequently, other studies have shown that fewer infections arise when
orthopedic surgery is performed in operating theatres with ultra-clean air facilities.
Currently, there is no complete consensus in the scientific community with regard
to the need to use unidirectional airflows in prosthetic orthopedic surgery, since no
prospective studies comparing air quality with SSI rates are available.
In theory, preventing contamination by flowing particle free air unidirectional over
the surgical site can potentially reduce the risk of SSI. Although this method is
biologically plausible, and some previous studies have supported this concept, a
meta-analysis encompassing 26 studies could not ultimately confirm the role of
LAF in surgery, and some recent studies have even indicated an increase in SSI
after hip prosthesis with procedures performed under LAF
In view of these contradictory results – but, more importantly, in view of
worldwide increases in health care costs and increasing difficulties in financing
and providing all modern medical advances – it is understandable that the question
arises regarding the actual need for LAF ventilation in operating theatres to prevent
SSIs
SURFACES AND FITTINGS
1.FLOORS
The choice of flooring material depends on the area of the hospital. Floors in
clinical areas should be easy to clean. This requires that the surface be relatively
smooth, nonporous, water resistant, and not physically affected by germicidal
cleaning solutions.
PUBLIC AREAS- Tiles

Tile is a popular choice for reception areas, but it is important to select a
nonporous tile that has minimal texture because small ridges or crevices
can trap dirt and bacteria.

32.  Tile also requires the use of grout, and the grout selected should be smooth
and waterproof.
 A tile floor should be well sealed; periodic professional cleaning and
resealing is recommended (based on the installer's recommendation).
 Tile is not a good choice for the clinical areas of the hospital because the
grout-filled cracks between tiles can trap bacteria.
CLINICAL AREAS – Epoxy or Sheet vinyl
 Ideally, the floors in clinical areas should be monolithic (seamless).
 Appropriate choices for clinical areas are poured epoxy or methyl
methacrylate flooring or sheet vinyl products.
 It is important to avoid a completely smooth surface; although ideal for
infection control, it can create a serious slip hazard for clients and
personnel when wet, and some dogs may have difficulty walking on it.

Vinyl composition tile is available with low-grade textures, but the joints
between tiles can trap bacteria. The manufacturer or installer should be
consulted on any type of flooring with seams to determine a method and
frequency of sealing.
 The wall base should also be selected with infection control in mind.

Base should be coved, as right-angled corners between the wall and the
floor are difficult to clean.
 If a rubberized base is selected, the joints between the floor and the base
material must be tightly sealed. A better choice for clinical areas is an
integral base.
 Poured epoxy flooring and sheet vinyl flooring both allow for continuation
of the floor material up the wall, avoiding any joints that could harbor
bacteria. A minimum of four inches of cove base above the floor is
recommended to facilitate contact with mop heads.
2. DRAINS

The use of floor drains is controversial. Drains provide the opportunity to
wash an area with large volumes of water and disinfectant or even high-
pressure washers, which may be more effective than a mop. However,

33. drains provide a potential site for bacterial colonization that can be
difficult to eliminate. If floor drains are used, they must be disinfected
routinely.
 Alternatively, wet vacuums allow the use of large volumes of water and
disinfectant without relying on floor drains.
3. WALLS
 Wall finishes also depend on the area of the hospital. Textile or fabric wall
covering should be avoided, except perhaps in administrative areas.
 In clinical areas where walls are likely to be soiled, the finish should be
washable. Vinyl wall covering is a good choice, as long as the texture is
relatively smooth for cleaning.
 For areas where the walls require frequent cleaning, a nonporous,
smooth surface is recommended.
 Good choices in these areas are:
 Painted, sealed concrete;
 Laminates (e.g., melamine);
 In sensitive areas of the hospital (e.g., isolation units, surgical suites,
oncology wards), wall finishes should be free of fissures, open joints, or
crevices that could harbor dirt particles. Wherever plumbing penetrates the
wall, the joins should be well sealed.
4. CEILINGS
 Ceilings are less likely to be directly contaminated with infectious body
fluids than walls or floors.
 It is therefore advisable to install a hard ceiling that is smooth and washable
(e.g., painted drywall) in operating rooms.
Joins at any ceiling perforations (e.g., for surgical lighting, ventilation ducts)
should be sealed.
2.8 SPECIAL STUDY
While a “no stress” environment is not possible, understanding how to create a
“low stress” (sometimes called “fear-free”) environment and how to handle
animals in a less stressful manner benefits patients, staff and the hospital alike.

34. One study (Döring, Roscher, Scheipl, Küchenhoff and Erhard, 2009) that
examined the behavior of clinically healthy dogs visiting a veterinary hospital in
Germany found that 78.5% of the dogs studied (n = 135) were fearful on the
examination table. Fewer than half of the dogs entered the practice calmly and
13.3% had to be dragged or carried into the practice.
The Bayer veterinary care usage study (Volk, Felsted, Thomas, and Siren, 2011)
identified that Ama Jorreason clients failed to bring their pets to the veterinary
hospital was because clients were unwilling to put up with the stress to the animal
and to themselves. Veterinarians interviewed in the study stated that many pet
owners delayed bringing sick and injured animals to the clinic, with one
experienced veterinarian saying, “I’m [now] seeing pets three days sicker.”
Many cat owners in the study indicated that their cats acted remote and unfriendly
for several days after returning home, which is particularly undesirable in sick or
recovering animals.
Factors that impacted on welfare within the hospital environment included:
auditory and olfactory stimulation; optimization of analgesia; patient to patient
interactions; separation from the owner and other conspecifics; novel space;
physical, visual or temporal separation of patients; and physical restraint
Fear is a normal behavior. It is an emotional response that occurs when an animal
perceives that a situation is dangerous, and is adaptive when it helps an animal
escape from a situation that is truly dangerous. Anxiety, on the other hand, is
anticipation of future danger that may be unknown, imagined or real. Chronic
anxiety is considered to be an abnormal behavior and can be a serious welfare
concern for an animal in a continual state of anxiety.
An animal’s responses to stimuli can range from mild signs of anxiety to extreme
panic/catatonia; severely panicked animals can be seriously injured by chewing or
charging through doors and windows in an attempt to escape the frightening
stimuli When a stimulus is intensely unpleasant, a single exposure can be enough
to induce a fearful response in the future (known as “one-event (trial) learning”).
This theory, promoted by American psychologist Edwin Guthrie (Landsberg,
Hunthausen and Ackerman, 2013 ), supports Tynes (2014 ) assumption that some

35. animals are so frightened by their experiences at the veterinary clinic that their
responses on subsequent visits could be defined as phobic.
Non-human animals do not perceive the world as we see it. They see, hear, smell
and experience their environment in different ways, yet veterinary hospitals are
usually designed with humans in mind and not necessary the patients. Keeping
these crucial differences in mind can help greatly when it comes to designing a
low-stress environment.
How an animal behaves in a given situation depends on its genetic predisposition,
previous experience and the environment it is in (Steimer, 2002). Frightened
animals may attempt to run away, freeze or become aggressive; pressurizing
fearful animals in uncertain situations is likely to lead to bites. Taking a few
minutes to assess just how fearful a pet is, and altering staff behaviors and the
environment can go a long way to encourage patient cooperation
The design of the hospital is very important to put patients and clients at ease.
Research has shown that cats in shelters become highly distressed when they saw
or heard dogs probably because the cats had no way of escaping from the dogs and
no means of hiding within their cages. Thus, it is important that feline contact with
dogs be minimized within the veterinary environment
WAITING ROOM:
The Bayer veterinary care usage study (Volk et al., 2011) showed that cats also
displayed signs of stress and fear in the veterinary clinic waiting room, particularly
when unfamiliar dogs were present. Yin (2009) advocates setting up the hospital so
that the first thing the pet sees on arrival is a reception desk and no other animals.
Visual barriers in the waiting rooms provide species-specific areas, and cat carriers
can be placed in raised and enclosed areas. Tasty treats should be placed in
strategic positions such as the reception desk or near the weighing scale.
Dogs have dichromatic color vision and can discern the color blue (Neitz, Geist,
and Jacobs, 1989 [50]), hence it may be beneficial to paint floor scales in this color
to demarcate it from the surrounding floor area.

36. ACOUSTIC AND OLFACTORY ENVIRONMENT:
Areas that are often overlooked regarding hospital design that may increase stress
are how to combat noise and odour. Although the response of dogs to music has
been studied fairly extensively, the effect of the acoustic environment on canine
and feline stress (and staff) levels in the veterinary clinic is lacking. Soothing
music (and possibly even TV) might benefit some animals. One study (Kogan,
Schoenfeld-Tacher, and Simon, 2012) found that playing “classical music”
increased the amount of time kenneled dogs spent sleeping and decreased
vocalizing compared to other music or no music, and “heavy metal” music
increased body shaking (or trembling). In another study of kenneled dogs, Wells,
Graham, and Hepper (2002) also found increases in resting postures and decreased
barking to classical music, while heavy metal music elicited increased barking.
However, research on the effects of sound in dogs is unclear, and it may be that
music is not the most effective method of acoustic enrichment, for dogs at least. A
recent study by Brayley and Montrose (2016 [54]) found that the reading of
audiobooks was more effective in enhancing the welfare of kenneled dogs than
other auditory conditions including classical music. The authors concluded that as
dogs are highly social animals whose welfare is enhanced by human
interactions, audiobooks may somewhat fulfill this role and provide the illusion of
company
Sick animals may need to be kept in the treatment area in order to be monitored,
but noise levels and movement should be kept to a minimum. Noise levels can be
minimized by the use of quiet clippers, nonslip matters on tables to reduce noise
and the use of one-way mirrors for monitoring patients. With regards to hospital
design, Moser (2004) reported that sound can be absorbed by installing products
with high noise-reduction coefficient ratings such as sound-absorbing acoustic
ceiling tiles, baffles, and wall panels. Solid doors absorb more sound that hollow-
core doors, and high ceilings minimize sound bouncing off them. Moser (2004)
also suggested that odours can be minimized by good hygiene, good drainage, and
good ventilation.
Dogs and cats obtain a lot of information through olfaction, and scent mark with
urine and feces as well as with facial and body secretions (Overall, 2014). Animals
that are exquisitely sensitive to odours are likely to find the olfactory environment

37. of a veterinary hospital stressful. A solution of bleach, even as low as 1%, can
destroy olfactory neurons (Overall, 2013) resulting in a loss of information and
heightening anxiety. Airing out rooms and using disinfectants that do not have
discernibly strong odours followed by air-drying may help minimize this stress.
Overall, 2014 suggests that because cats (and dogs) are intrigued by odorant
molecules in scent trails, opening a window may result in the animals paying more
attention to these odours than to stressors
COLOUR:
It may behave veterinarians to paint or decorate their practice in colors that are
positively perceived by dogs and cats. Architect Heather Lewis is currently
working on what colors and lighting might be calming for dogs and cats in the
veterinary environment. Dogs have dichromatic vision, see better in low light
than humans can, and can see into the ultraviolet UVB spectrum. Cats also see
into the UVB spectrum and in low-light situations, and although they are not
believed to see colors with as much precision as humans do, they have trichromatic
vision (Lewis, 2015). The ability to see the UVB spectrum means that some
materials are likely to appear fluorescent to dogs and cats, including organic
material such as urine that contains phosphorous. Bright white, man-made
materials such as paper, plastic and white fabrics are likely to be visually jarring—
“Your professional-looking white doctor’s coat could be lighting up like a
Christmas tree to your patients” (Lewis, 2015). Lewis (2015) suggests that “fear
free” colours for dogs and cats include hues in the soft yellow to violet range,
avoiding oranges and reds, and dark colours. Because dogs and cats do not see
well in low light, using lighter colours in darker areas are likely to make them feel
more at ease, as dark colours make it harder to see and comprehend their
surroundings. A “visually comfortable” colour palate for dogs and cats can be
found on-line

38. Fear free colour palette
2.9 ANIMAL SHELTER
An animal shelter has two main jobs—to be a safe haven for all animals in need
and to be the nucleus of a community's animal care and control program. Its staff
should provide quality care for all stray and relinquished animals temporarily in its
care, making every effort to provide a safe, comfortable, and stress-free
environment. The shelter should also be accessible and welcoming to the
community.
2.10 FUNTIONS OF AN ANIMAL SHELTER
1.Animal Care and Housing
The shelter should provide the most comfortable, stress-free environment possible
for the animals in your care. Animals should have access to clean, fresh water at all
times and be fed according. Food and water bowls should be properly disinfected
every day.
Cages and kennels should be commercially manufactured, in good condition,
cleaned and disinfected daily, and free of sharp or broken edges. Dogs and cats
must be housed separately, and the housing should reflect their different needs.
2. Adoptions
The shelter should strive to place animals in loving, responsible, and permanent
homes. Adoption fees for purebred or obedience-trained animals or for animals

39. with distinguishing characteristics should be the same as those charged for other
animals. In addition, adoption fees for cats and dogs should be identical
3.Record Keeping
Complete and accurate records are essential for the responsible, efficient, and legal
operation of your animal shelter. A record should be prepared for every animal
entering the shelter, giving a full description of the animal and any information
about the animal's background that is available. These records should be numbered
and filed so that all staff can easily retrieve them. An animal should have the same
record or tag number throughout his or her stay at the shelter, and each animal
must be clearly identified with a temporary collar and tag.
Accurate record keeping is also necessary for an effective lost-and-found program
as well as for tracking animal control calls, cruelty complaints, and the disposition
of the animals in the shelter's care.
4. Programs
Shelter activities should be based on the best interests of the animals and the
community. The role of staff members is to provide humane care of the animals
and to carry out the shelter's programs effectively. Staff members should provide
commissioners or board members with information or assistance that will promote
the development of responsible animal care and control programs.
5. Spay/Neuter Efforts
It is imperative that shelters have a mandatory spay/neuter program for all adopted
animals, preferably one that incorporates both sterilization at adoption and early-
age spay/neuter. Shelters should make it a top priority to ensure that the animals
they place for adoption do not contribute to companion animal overpopulation
6.Cruelty Investigation
Every community should have trained personnel to investigate animal cruelty
issues and enforce animal protection laws. All calls and complaints must be
handled in a professional, courteous, and timely manner. Personnel should be able
to respond twenty-four hours a day in cases of emergency.

40. 7. Humane Education
Every shelter should make every effort to provide humane education for local
residents, especially children. From sponsoring community-wide awareness
campaigns to sending shelter staff into classrooms for presentations, your shelter
can embrace a variety of strategies to teach responsible pet ownership and instill a
humane ethic in all members of the community
8. Volunteers
Volunteers can be an invaluable asset to any shelter and its animals. All volunteers
must be properly trained for the duties they are assigned and should be supervised
at all times
2.11 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
One of the basic goals should be to reduce stress and disease transmission.
Separation of the animals in the care of the facility in the following manner is
critical:
• Dogs from cats
• Infectious from healthy animals.
• Aggressive animals from all others
• Nursing mothers and their young from all others
• Newly arrived owner relinquished and stray from adoptable animals
• Recently recovered or mildly ill animals from seriously ill, infectious animals
• Animals with respiratory illness separate from those with skin (such as
ringworm) or gastrointestinal illness
Kennel Design:
-Provide enough space for the animal to move around and be comfortable
-Do NOT use double or triple decker cages for animals as they are difficult to clean
and also pose a danger to kennel staff when animals need to be placed in or
removed from the cage

41. Flooring:
-Appropriate flooring materials are vital to maintaining a clean facility in which
microorganisms and odors are minimized. Poured floors with a minimum of seams
are best.
-Ceramic tile is not a good choice for kennel or housing areas because grout is
permeable and therefore impossible to clean adequately.
-Sheet vinyl (for kennels) - durable, easy to maintain
-exposed concrete (for corridors and utility areas)
Lighting:
-Lighting fixtures in kennels should be placed over dog runs rather than down the
middle of the aisle separating facing runs.
-This makes it easier for visitors and staff to view the animals.
- Positioning the fixtures in this way should allow sufficient light to spill over to
the walkways so that no safety hazard is created for the public or staff.
PLUMBING:
-The drainage system must be designed so that waste from one kennel never
contaminates another. Drain openings should be at least 4" in diameter.
- Lead-away pipes should be at least 6" in diameter. Drain covers should be of
stainless steel or other non-corrosive and easily cleanable material.
-These should be easily removable for cleaning but otherwise kept in place to
prevent puppies, other small animals, the public, or staff from falling or slipping
into them.
- Drain Traps should also be installed and cleaned on a regular basis.
MATERIAL:
The perfect surface would have these characteristics:
 Pleasing visual impact.

42.  Durable.
 Easily cleanable.
 Resilient.
 Nonabsorbent to liquids and odors.
 Prevents microbial growth.
 Sound absorbent
Interior Wall Finishes:
-Epoxy paint (animal holding, high maintenance areas, high moisture areas)
-ceramic tile (for backsplash areas)
-vinyl wall covering (decorative areas and client areas)
-kydex acrylic PVC sheet (heavy duty areas)

43. 3.CASE STUDY

73. 6. APENDICES
(i) HSUS Guidelines for Shelter
(ii) www.dvm360.com
(iii) http://www.vetfolio.com/general/guidelines-for-reducing-
veterinary-hospital-pathogens-hospital-design-and-special-
considerations-ce
(iv) http://veterinaryhospitaldesign.dvm360.com/vicki-pollard-
cvt-aia
(v) Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care
facilities.
(vi) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4718372/ -
Operating theatre quality and prevention of surgical site
infections-US national library of medicine
(vii) VCI Standards
(viii) Neufert Standards
7.REFERENCES
(i) Heather E Lewis, AIA
(ii) Dr.Ravi Sundar George, HOD, Madras Veterinary College
(iii) Mr.Dawn, Blue Cross of India Manager
(iv) Dr. Satya, Blue cross of India Board member
(v) Dr.Siva, Chief Vet at Blue Cross of India