Space Recommendations for an ANimal Shelter

A RESEARCH PRESENTATION ON
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN ANIMAL
SHELTER
PRESENTED BY:
SHRADDHA ADHIKARI
B.ARCH V/I
71033

Introduction
Literature Review
Case studies
Comparative analysis
Conclusion
Table of Contents

Result
Comparative
analysis
Cross case
analysis
Case studies
Literature
review
Problem
statement
Questionnaire
preparation
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
FOR AN ANIMAL SHELTER
Methodology

INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW CASE STUDY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CONCLUSION
Problem statement:
 Spatial design considerations to create a better animal shelter.
Main Research Questions
 What are the standard space recommendations for various animals in
an animal shelter?
Sub-research Questions
 What kind of social environment should be provided for animals?
 What are the various strategies for HVAC, odor, and noise control in
an animal’s shelter?

ANIMAL SHELTER
• Place where stray, lost, abandoned or
surrendered animalsare kept.
• rescue stray animals and find them a new
home.
• Animals need their own space to rest and run.
• Animal environment and housing should be
considered.

SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF ANIMALS
• Considerations should be given to an animal's
social needs.
• social companion might buffer:
 effects of a stressful situation
 reduce behavioral abnormality
 increase opportunities for exercise
 expand species-typical behaviour
 cognitive stimulation.

SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF Animals
• Dog’s social group-- pack
hierarchy
• Cow’s social group-- herd
• Animals interact with each other
and people through
 body postures
 facial expressions
 tail and ear positions
 raising of hair or "hackles,"
 vocalizations, and scents

SHELTERING PROCESS OF ANIMALS

SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR DOGS
 kennels should have room
to move normally
 minimum area of 4’ x 4’/dog
 at least 6” higher than the
head of the dog
Table-Space requirements for dogs according to sizeFig- A typical kennel

DOG SHELTER CORE SPACES
Fig-Chart showing circulation inside a dog’s shelter
i. Dog spaces
 Dog holding area
 Isolation area
 Outdoor areas for dogs-a free
 living environment
 Training area
 Foster and adoption area
 Breeding area
 Hostel
 Euthanasia area
ii. Medical Spaces
 Clinic
 Pharmacy and laboratory

TYPES OF DOGS HOUSING
 Individual or quarantine kennels  Group housing

RUNS AND EXERCISE AREA FOR DOGS
• length of the runs and
exercise areas--minimum of 3
times the length of the dog
• the width--allow the dog to
turn around easily
• Height-- 1½ times the height
of the dog, with the
maximum height--48 inches;
minimum 18 inches
Table showing exercise area for dogs according to size.

SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR CATTLE
Fig: Cattle anthropometry and space required.
TYPES OF HOUSING
 loose housing--kept loose in an open
paddock except at the time of milking
and treatment.
 conventional barn--confined together
on a platform and secured at neck by
stanchions or neck chain.
Fig: Loose Housing
Fig:Conventional barn

CATTLE SHELTER CORE SPACES
i. Cow shed
• Surfaces-slip resistant and free of
edges or fittings that may cause injury.
• A slope of 1 in 20 is used.
Fig: Layout of a cattle shed
Table– guidelines on cubicle length depending upon size of cow
ii. Cubicles
 5% more cubicles than animals in the group
to reduce bullying and increase lying times.

CATTLE SHELTER CORE SPACES
iii. Calving pen
• pen of 3m x 4m (12 m2)
• number of calving pens--10% of the
number of total breedable female
stock in the farm.
iv. Isolation Shed
• separation of sick animals from
apparently healthy animals
v. Quarantine shed
• located at the entrance of the shelter.
• newly brought animals--for a
minimum period of 30 to 40 days

HVAC, ODOR AND NOISE CONTROL
Heating, cooling and Ventilation
• temperature at floor level for infant,
sick, or injured animals--75°F/24°C
• healthy adult animals--between 65-
70°F/18-21°C
• Exhaust should be 110 percent of air
supplied to maintain negative pressure
,ten air changes per hour should be
provided.
• forced air system works best.
Fig: Natural ventilation in a cattle shed
Fig: stack effect

Odor Control
• 12 air changes per hour, with a minimum
exhaust fan capacity of 500 cubic feet
per minute (CFM) and enough fans to
provide 50 CFM per dog.

Noise Control
 Noise produced by a barking dog--
60 to 110 db.
 Noise produced by a cattle--
52 to 79 db.
Methods of combating noise pollution:
i. Absorption: Carpet, drapery, foam rubber,
acoustic ceiling tile, and sprayed-on fibers
having a high NRC.
ii. Isolation: Resilient clips;Ceiling
Isolators;Foam Spacer, Barrium Loaded Vinyl.
Fig: Absorbtion
Fig:Isolation by using dry walls
Noise Control by vegetation

INTRODUCTION CASE STUDYLITERATURE REVIEW COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CONCLUSION
NATIONAL CASE STUDY I- SNEHA’S CARE
Introduction
Location: Chobhar, Kathmandu
Total Area--5 ropanies for dog’s shelter
--3 ropanies for cow’s shelter(except
grazing area)
Total no. of animals sheltered: 250 dogs and 5
cattle
Establishment: 2014 AD
Building Type--Scattered temporary structures
built with concrete blocks;
--Truss structure for cows;
outdoor barn provided. Conceptual Master Plan of Sneha’s Care

General Check
up
(Identifying
conditions of
dogs)
shifted to Isolation
kennels if the dogs
are sick or
vulnerable to other
dogs
Treatment
and grooming
Shifted to
other kennels
Proceed for
adoption and
rehoming
General Process of Sheltering of Dogs

Zoning and layout  Playground with kennels are categorized
into five parts:
Kennel I: For holding dogs:
Kennel II: For Operated dogs of three
district; Kathamndu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur.
Kennnel III: For paralyzed dogs
Kennel IV: For dogs aggressive with
animals
Kennel: For isolated dogs
 Kennel Size:
For large dog: 16 sq.ft, height 7’
For small dog: 10 sq. ft, height 5’
For Isolated dog in kennel: 20 sq. ft, height 7’

Isolation Space
Quarantine Zone
Paralyzed Zone
Clinic

General Process of Sheltering of cows
General Check
up- Mostly
done in site
Kept in
Quarantine
Rooms for 1-2
weeks
Isolated if the
cattle is sick ;
otherwise
kept in barn
Calves kept
separately; Males
and Female cattle
also separated
Proceed for
adoption(rare
cases)

Zoning and layout
Cattle barn:
• Indoor shelter--14m x 10 m—can hold 10-12 cows.
• Outdoor barn—27m x 10m—followed by loose housing
of cattle.
• No separate shelter for calves and nourishing cattle
and quarantine shed.
Indoor shelter Exercise area Outdoor Barn

HVAC:
 Cental heater placed in each zone for
heating in winter.
 Use of wire mesh and grilled doors.
ODOR:
 provided with drain pipes for easy
cleaning of kennels and sheds.
 Wastes collected and thrown away
through waste collector and movable
trays used.Various chemicals used to
reduce bad odor.
NOISE CONTROL:
 Vegetation provided for natural sound
insulation.
Wire mesh kennels Drain lines in cow shed.

NATIONAL CASE STUDY II-ANIMAL NEPAL
Introduction
Location: Chobhar, Kathmandu
Total Area- 5,6 ropanies
Total no. of animals sheltered: 60 capacity;
currently 32 dogs are kept.
Establishment: 2001 AD
Building Type: Framed building (adopted
building)
Floor Height: 9’-0”, 1 storey
Total no. of staffs: 8 staffs with 2 vets and
volunteers
Conceptual Plan of Animal Nepal

NATIONAL CASE STUDY II-ANIMAL NEPAL
General Process of Sheltering
Check up
(Identifying
conditions of
dogs)
shifted to Isolation
kennels if the dogs
are sick or
vulnerable to other
dogs
Treatment and
grooming
Shifted to other
kennels
Proceed for
adoption and
rehoming

NATIONAL CASE STUDY II- ANIMAL NEPAL
Zoning and layout Kennels:
 Total number of kennels- 24
 Only outdoor kennels are provided for dogs.
 Kennels are planned in L-shaped facing towards south
east.
 Built with 9” brick walls with CGI roofing.
 Kennels flooring: tiles for easy cleaning.
 Metal doors with visual connection outdoor environment
Kennel sizes:
 5’ x 2.5’x 3’ for individual kennels.
 3’ x 4’ x 5’ for framed kennels with puppies and large
dogs.
 6 kennels on each row.

Indoor kennels
Surgery Area
Dog enclosure
Open area with kennels

HVAC
 Grilled doors in kennels act as
ventilating element.
 No mechanical devices for HVAC.
ODOR
 4” drain pipes provided inside the
kennels.
 10” drain pipes provided at the front of
kennels to drain off water.
 Proper drain lines control odor in
certain limit.
NOISE CONTROL
 Vegetation provided for sound
insulation.
Drain lines inside kennels Vegetation in the periphery

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY I- PALM SPRINGS ANIMAL SHELTER
Introduction:
Established: October, 2011
Location: Demuth Perk, Palm
Aprings, USA
Architects: Swatt | Miers Architects
Site Buildung Area Size: 21,000 sq.m
General sheltering process

A
B
D C
G
F
E
INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY I- PALM SPRINGS ANIMAL SHELTER
A
B
D
Workshop area
Pedesterian access from
nearest bus top
Adoption lobby
E
F
C
Photography lounge
Holding area
Reception station
A: Pedesterian access
B: workshops area
C: two entrances (adoption
and intake), sharing a
common reception station
D: adoption lobby
E: holding of cool cats.
F:Photographs lounge
G: dogs are available for
adoption

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY II- PEOPLE FOR ANIMALS
Introduction:
Location: Pune, India
Established: 2005
Zoning:
Sheltering
process:
Masterplan:

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY II- PEOPLE FOR ANIMALS
B
C
D
A
E
F
H
G
A:ABC room
B: Clinic
C: Shop and Shed
D:Cattle Shelter
E: long term holding
F:Birds, kittens &
puppies Holding
G:Septic tank
H: Dog isolation

INTRODUCTION COMPARATIVE ANALYSISLITERATURE REVIEW CASE STUDY CONCLUSION
Basis Literature
Review
Sneha’s Care Animal Nepal Palm Springs
Animal Shelter
People For
Animal
Findings
1.Compone
nt/Spaces
i..All
components
should be
available in one
place.
i.Requirements are
scattered, all
functions not
available in one
space.
i.Requirements
are scattered,
all functions
not available in
one space.
i.Requirements
available in
one space.
i.Requirements
available in one
space.
i.Components
in one place for
proper
functioning of
shelter.
2.Planning i. Provision of
proper
sunlight.
ii. Animal’s
psychology
should be
considered.
i. Proper sunlight
in dog’s space;
no sunlight in
indoor cattle
shelter.
ii. psychology not
considered;
haphazard
placement of
animals.
i. Proper
Sunlight in
dog’s
space.
ii. Psychology
and needs
not
considered
.
i. Designed
considering
proper
sunlight in
animal’s
space.
ii. Ii. All needs
considered.
i. Provision of
proper
sunlight.
ii. Needs
considered.
i. Building
should be
designed in
proper
orientation.
ii. Needs and
psychology
should be
considered.

Basis Literature
Review
Animal Shelter
People For
Animal
Findings
3. Open/
outdoor
space
i. 10% of total
built up area.
i. No open space
inside; semi-
covered space
20%.
i. Open space
provided,
but not
sufficient.
i. Plenty of open
space with
greeneries.
i. Plenty of
open
space with
greeneries.
i. open spaces
for the
treatment
and
rehabilitation
of animals.
4. Kennels/
runs
i. Area:
• 24, 20 and 12
sq ft for large,
medium and
small dogs
respectively.
ii. Height—at
least 6” higher
than dog’s head.
i. Area:
• 16 and 10 sq. ft
for large and
small dogs, 20 sq
ft for isolated
kennels.
ii. Height-7’ for all
kennels
i. Area:
• Same sized
kennels- 12
sq. ft
ii. Height:
Different- 5’,3’
i. Area:
• 24 and 20 sq
ft for large
and small
dogs.
i. Area:
• 24 and 20
sq ft for
large and
small dogs.
i. 24, 20 and
12 sq ft for
large,
medium and
small dogs
respectively.
ii. 6” min
higher than
dog’s head.

Basis Literature Review Sneha’s Care Animal Nepal Palm Springs
Animal Shelter
People For
Animal
Findings
5.
Shed/barn
i. Area:
• large cattle: 30
sq.ft
• Medium cattle:
24 sq. ft
• Calving pens:
130 sq. ft
ii. Height- at least
8’
i. Area:
• 24 sq ft. fot all
type
ii. Height of the
shed-10’
----- ---- ---
i. Standard
size should
be
maintained.
6. HVAC i. Forced air
system works
best.
i. No any means
for air change.
ii. Central heater
used for
heating
i. No any
means for
HVAC.
i. AC systems
and fans used.
--- i. Room temp.
of 70-78
degrees
ii. six to twelve
air changes
per hour.

Basis Literature
Review
Animal Shelter
People For
Animal
Findings
7. Noise
Control
i. Techniques of
isolation,
absorption,
dissipation and
masking should
be used.
i. Tress used as
noise barrier.
i. Trees used as
noise barrier;
but not
sufficient.
--- --- i. Techniques of
isolation,
absorption,
dissipation and
masking should
be used.
8. Odor
Control
i. Proper
drainage system
for odor control.
i. No measures
applied to reduce
odor.
i. No measured
applied for
odor control.
--- i. Each zone
should have its
own supply and
return so that
air from one
zone doesn't
cross into
another.

INTRODUCTION CONCLUSIONLITERATURE REVIEW CASE STUDY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
 When one thinks of an animal shelter, visions of dark, cold, scary and loud facilities come to
mind
 animal shelters turn to be an ugly, smelly place due to the lack of proper services like HVAC,
Noise control, lighting provisions.
 no proper separation of place for different animals.
 animal housing should be done only after understanding the nature of the animals and
their health condition.
 Animal shelters should be a place of calmness and serenity both for the animal inhabitants
as well as their human caretakers and visitors.

INTRODUCTION CONCLUSIONLITERATURE REVIEW CASE STUDY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
 Proper separation of kennels and sheds according to health condition
 Housing of animals according to their social behavior.
 Natural ways for HVAC preferred; for mechanical--return and exhaust supply– not cross
each other.
 Orientation of building– helps in HVAC.
 Controlling odor– sanitation and proper HVAC system.
 Noisy animal shelter—insulating materials and vegetation.

Bibliography
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https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/behavior-of-dogs/normal-social-behavior-in-dogs
• (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2019, from BRP-plus-Better-cattle-housing-design-080316.pdf:
http://beefandlamb.ahdb.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BRP-plus-Better-cattle-housing-design-080316.pdf
• Clough, O. 1982. Environmental effects on animals used in biomedical research. Biol. Rev. 57:487-523.
• Crockett, C. M. (1994). Sex differences in compatibility of pair-housed adult longtailed macaques. Am. J. Primatol.
• Gust, D. (1994). Effect of a preferred companion in modulating stress in adult female rhesus monkeys.
MSD Manuals Veterinary Manual. (n.d.). Retrieved january 6, 2019, from https://www.msdvetmanual.com/behavior/normal-
social-behavior-and-behavioral-problems-of-domestic-animals/social-behavior-of-cattle
Shelter Design. (2012, september). Retrieved January 22, 2019, from Shelter Design:
file:///E:/Alphabet/A%20for%20architecture/9th%20sem/thesis/HSUS-shelter-design-packet.pdf
Shelter standards. (2011, October). Retrieved january 22, 2019, from https://www.sheltervet.org/assets/docs/shelter-
standards-oct2011-wforward.pdf
Stocker Backgrounder Nutrition and Management. (2019, January 23). Facilities and Cattle Handling. Retrieved from
https://agnr.osu.edu/sites/agnr/files/imce/pdfs/Beef/stocker_lesson2.pdf

“BRUTALITY TO AN ANIMAL IS CRUELTY TO MANKIND- IT IS ONLY THE DIFFERENCE IN THE VICTIM”
THANK YOU!

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