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1. Marks : 80
HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION
Any Four Questions(4X 10=40)
1.Hospital waste causing environmental pollution and leading
to negative recycling with serious medical and health
consequences- Discuss at length.
2.Keeping the Hospital staff equipped with latest knowledge
in the new millennium in clinical, technical and managerial
competence is the need of the hour. Identify some new
methods to achieve the objective.
3.List out the various areas of Hospital Administration. Review
them in your own style.
4.What do you understand by the term MBO? Apply the
concept to the Hospitals with appropriate examples.
5.Based on your study, establish certain Management
techniques for the administrative Improvement and
Administrative Reforms of Hospitals.
AN ISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFIED INTERNATIONAL B-SCHOOL

2. Case Studies(20X2=40)
Case No.1
In an effort to build a solid health care workforce for the future,
a group of about 30 employees from various departments of a
Hospital in Georgia spoke to high school students about the
different disciplines in health care. The hospital also has
assembled a resource book for high school guidance counselors
on the various health care careers, the type of education
required, salaries/wages, and availability of jobs. The hospital
provides partial funding for a permanent staff position to help
maintain the RN program. The hospital offers clinical rotations to
students in the nursing and radiology programs and prides itself
on treating the students as though they are valuable employees.
As a result, students feel as though they are making a positive
difference in the organization and are more likely to apply for a
job upon graduation.
The hospital's employment specialist assists applicants in
applying for appropriate jobs based on their qualifications and
communicates with them throughout the application process. In
several departments, applicants undergo a peer interview to
ensure that the appropriate candidate is selected for the
position.
Once hired, new employees attend an orientation where they
learn the importance of organizational values, expectations of
employees, customer service, etc. The hospital's values play a
crucial role in the culture of the organization, and employees are
expected to continually exhibit these values and behaviors.
The organization's culture has created a pleasing environment
for both employees and patients. Employees are on a first name
basis with one another, they acknowledge each other when
passing in the hall, and they always take time to help their
colleagues.

3. This program strives to open the lines of communication
between administration and employees by holding monthly
luncheons with administrators and employees. Each month,
several employees are selected at random to attend the
luncheon. The luncheons give employees the opportunity to
share ideas and concerns with administrators; administration's
motto is "If you don't say it, I can't hear it." This ethic allows
employees to have ownership in the organization.
Administration also supports a "No Secrets" policy in which it is
open and willing to share financial and other information with
employees at informational meetings. Administration makes
rounds throughout the hospital to ensure employees have the
tools necessary to do their jobs, thanks them for their hard
work, and simply communicates with them.
Workforce Problem the Program/Initiative Was Designed
to Address
 Shortage of nurses
 Turnover rate
 Employee job satisfaction
Major Objectives
 Decrease turnover rate
 Decrease job vacancies
 Create a pleasant work environment
Significant Results
 Decreased nurse job vacancy rate to less than 2 percent
 Leader in quality care in Georgia- based on SatisQuest
patient satisfaction survey
 Received the highest scores in history on the Meeting
Professionals International (MPI) Employee Surveys
(Athens Regional Medical Center is now used as a MPI
benchmark for organizations.)
 Decreased turnover rate to 14 percent

4.  Awarded Hospital of the Year by the Georgia Alliance of
Community Hospitals, and first place in overall quality and
patient care by the Georgia Hospital Association
Issues to be Discussed
1.Facts of the case.
2.By making additional study, Analyse the means to achieve
the major objectives as stated in the case.
3.How would you address the workforce problems as given in
the case effectively?
Case No 2 Hospital Waste Management:A Case Study of
Chandigarh Administration
Hospital waste is the term used to denote unwanted
material produced by various medical processes carried out in
medical treatment and other laboratory procedures. Hospital
wastes comprise both infectious and non-infectious wastes
generated in the different sections of a hospital, which if not
properly collected, transported or disposed-off, may cause
cross-infections in the hospital and pose a major public
health hazard and environmental pollution.
The waste can be classified into the following categories
1. General Waste
This includes domestic type of waste, packing material,
garbage from hospital kitchen and other waste materials
which do not pose a special handling problem or hazards to
human health or environment.
2. Chemical Waste
This waste comprises material discarded from diagnostic and

5. experimental work and cleaning, housekeeping and
disinfecting work. This may contain hazardous animal wastes
which are toxic, corrosive, flammable, and reactive or
genotoxic. Such wastes require special precautions in
handling.
3. Pathological Waste
This waste consists of tissues, body parts removed in
surgery, and human fetuses. This may be infections waste
material.
4. Highly Infectious Waste
This contains pathogens in sufficient quantity and exposure
to it could result in disease. This category includes cultures
and stock of infectious agents from laboratory work, waste
from surgery and autopsies on patients with infectious
diseases, wastes from infected patients in isolation wards,
wastes that have been in contact with animals etc.
5. Sharp Objects
These include needles, syringe, scalpels, blades, broken
glass, nails and other type of materials which can cause
puncture.
6. Pharmaceutical Wastes
This includes pharmaceutical products, drugs and chemical
that have been returned from wards, or having spilled or are
outdated or contaminated, or discarded for any other
reasons.

6. 7. Pressurised Containers
This includes those containers used for demonstration of
instrumental purposes containing innocuous of inert gas and
aerosol cans which may explode if incinerated or accidentally
punctured.
8. Laboratory Waste
This includes wastes which arise during storage, use and
spillage of solid drugs and chemicals, blood and blood
products, which may be toxic or contaminated.
Proper management of various types of waste is essential for
the upkeep of hospital sanitation. Segregation at source, safe
transfer, requisite treatment and disposal through cost
effective technologies can bring about significant changes.
Infectious waste from hospital and health care
Establishments contain pathological wastes, used disposable,
semi-wet products (the used blood bags etc.) This waste is
often thrown into the community bins instead of being
properly treated and disposed-off.
Presently in most Government hospitals and Pvt. Nursing
Homes there is no specialized system of handling, collection,
transportation and disposal of Solid Waste including
hazardous bio-medical wastes. Hospital waste is responsible
for various health hazards, including serious diseases like
AIDS & Hepatitis.
The Government notification in this regard has made it
mandatory to join hands in order to ensure efficient
hospital/medical waste management. The said Notification
aims “to provide for a system for management of all
potentially infectious and hazardous waste in accordance with

7. the bio-medical waste management and handling rules
1998”.
Bio-medical waste is defined as the waste generated during
the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human
beings/animals or in research activities and training thereto
or in the production or testing of biological, including
categories mentioned in schedule of the biomedical waste
rule 1998.
Ten numbers of categories have been framed:
(i) Human anatomical waste,
(ii) Animal waste,
(iii) Microbiology and Bio-technology waste,
(iv) Waste sharps,
(v) Discarded medicines and cytological drugs,
(vi) Solid waste-I,
(vii) Liquid wastes,
(viii) Incineration as, and
(ix) Chemical waste.
The collection of bio-medical waste is further to be done
category-wise as the waste is to be disposed of in particular
type of container having specific colour coding.
The “City beautiful”, Chandigarh has made the
implementation of the bio-medical waste rule, 1998 possible

8. by installation of incinerators in PGI, Medical College &
Hospital, Sector-32 and in the process of starting incinerator
in General Hospital, Sector-16, Chandigarh.
Private Nursing Homes also produce almost equal amount of
Solid Waste and bio-medical waste, but they don’t have any
independent facility available with them for its disposal. They
need either to get together for a private incinerator of their
own or Municipal Committee may set upon incinerator and let
them use on rented charges.
If followed thoroughly, this will make the city free from
biomedical waste, which at present is being dumped in open,
thereby reducing the spread of infection. We suggest here
the following to deal with the problem of waste management.
(i) Creating Awareness
Awareness is to be created amongst patients, attendants,
medical personnel and people in general regarding
importance of bio-medical waste management through
various media devices. An integrated approach with sharing
treatment and disposal technologies amongst group of
hospitals and medical units should be introduced. It will be
cost effective and can cover more number of medical units.
(ii) Developing a Manual
A manual need to be developed to define procedure and
responsibilities in connection with waste disposal.
(iii) Need of strict supervision and control.
(iv) Need of developing linkages with local government.
(v) Need to avoid misuse of disposable items.
(vi) Offices responsible for waste disposal need be framed.

9. Hospital waste management would be beneficial to both the
patients as well as the hospital staff especially those who are
always in touch with these wastes. This would also improve
general environment.
Issues to be discussed
1. Facts of the Case.
2. Analyze the different categories of waste as discussed in
the case in your style by making additional study.
3. Comment on the framed categories which are 10 in
number.
4. How would you deal with the problem of Hospital waste
management (Add on to the suggestions given in the case)