IT PRESENTS ACTINOBACTERIA IN A LIGHTER VAIN DESCRIBING HOW AND WHY THESE WERE CONSIDERED FOR LONG AS FUNGI AND HOW THE BACTERIA WOULD HAVE LOOKED AT THE WHOLE EPISODE IF THEY COULD DO SO .
Revisions for the May brevet will be offered on Wednesday, May 6th and Thursday, May 7th from 8am to 12pm. Math and French support will be available both days, while History/Geography support will be offered on Wednesday from 8am to 12pm and 1pm to 5pm.
1. Microbiology is the study of microbes including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Key figures who advanced microbiology include Antony van Leeuwenhoek who discovered microbes using microscopes, Louis Pasteur who disproved spontaneous generation through experiments with swan neck flasks, and Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin.
2. Cells are the fundamental unit of life. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells include fungi, plants, animals and have a membrane-bound nucleus. The surface area to volume ratio of cells constrains their size, as larger cells require more membrane surface area for
This document discusses the connections and interactions between living things through various unifying themes of life. It provides an overview of key concepts like ecology, biological systems, levels of organization, forms and functions, reproduction and inheritance, energy and life, thermal regulation, adaptation and evolution. The document aims to help students understand how living organisms interact with each other and their environment through these interrelated themes. It includes examples, diagrams and questions to illustrate the connections between different organisms and how they depend on one another.
In the presentation I have shown the various ways the microbes help us in our day to day life. There are different types of microbes in and around us who help us in ways we even don't know about. Please comment if any improvement needed.
This document provides information about protists and fungi. It begins with an introduction to the module, which will cover protists in Lesson 1 and fungi in Lesson 2. Lesson 1 then discusses the different types of protists, including plant-like protists like algae and animal-like protists like amoebas. It explains how protists obtain food, move, and reproduce. Protists play important ecological roles but some can also harm humans and other organisms.
Life sustaining processes phenomena Jeev jagat ki Adharshila chapter 3.1 ce...SantoshBhatnagar1
THESE POEMS AND PICTURES CONTINUE TO ILLUSTRATE THE STORY OF CELL SECRETS PRESENTED IN CHAPTER 3 ; 4 CELL ORGANELLE HAVE ALREADY BEEN
DESCRIBED EARLIER NOW 3 MORE - CELL MEMBRANE ,ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND CYTOSKELETON HAVE BEEN COVERED HERE DESCRIBING THERE STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS IN POETIC FORMAT.
Lecture 1 Molecular And Cellular Biology Overviewmeminie
This document summarizes the key concepts covered in a lecture on molecular and cellular biology:
1. The basic unit of life on Earth is the cell. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotes and eukaryotes - which differ in their structure and complexity.
2. All organisms on Earth evolved from a common ancestor that lived 3.5-4 billion years ago. Molecular evidence from comparative genetics supports the theory of evolution.
3. Cellular properties and behaviors can be understood through the lens of chemistry. Key biomolecules like DNA, RNA and proteins have digital sequences that can be analyzed using bioinformatics.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online (SPO), a free science education website that offers various educational resources like virtual classrooms, PowerPoints, articles and images. It details the types of materials available on SPO like practice questions, lecture slides, video tutorials and more. The document also provides guidance on how to access and use the PowerPoint slides available on SPO, such as downloading editable or non-editable versions. It concludes by crediting the chief creators of SPO and their contact information.
Revisions for the May brevet will be offered on Wednesday, May 6th and Thursday, May 7th from 8am to 12pm. Math and French support will be available both days, while History/Geography support will be offered on Wednesday from 8am to 12pm and 1pm to 5pm.
1. Microbiology is the study of microbes including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Key figures who advanced microbiology include Antony van Leeuwenhoek who discovered microbes using microscopes, Louis Pasteur who disproved spontaneous generation through experiments with swan neck flasks, and Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin.
2. Cells are the fundamental unit of life. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells include fungi, plants, animals and have a membrane-bound nucleus. The surface area to volume ratio of cells constrains their size, as larger cells require more membrane surface area for
This document discusses the connections and interactions between living things through various unifying themes of life. It provides an overview of key concepts like ecology, biological systems, levels of organization, forms and functions, reproduction and inheritance, energy and life, thermal regulation, adaptation and evolution. The document aims to help students understand how living organisms interact with each other and their environment through these interrelated themes. It includes examples, diagrams and questions to illustrate the connections between different organisms and how they depend on one another.
In the presentation I have shown the various ways the microbes help us in our day to day life. There are different types of microbes in and around us who help us in ways we even don't know about. Please comment if any improvement needed.
This document provides information about protists and fungi. It begins with an introduction to the module, which will cover protists in Lesson 1 and fungi in Lesson 2. Lesson 1 then discusses the different types of protists, including plant-like protists like algae and animal-like protists like amoebas. It explains how protists obtain food, move, and reproduce. Protists play important ecological roles but some can also harm humans and other organisms.
Life sustaining processes phenomena Jeev jagat ki Adharshila chapter 3.1 ce...SantoshBhatnagar1
THESE POEMS AND PICTURES CONTINUE TO ILLUSTRATE THE STORY OF CELL SECRETS PRESENTED IN CHAPTER 3 ; 4 CELL ORGANELLE HAVE ALREADY BEEN
DESCRIBED EARLIER NOW 3 MORE - CELL MEMBRANE ,ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND CYTOSKELETON HAVE BEEN COVERED HERE DESCRIBING THERE STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS IN POETIC FORMAT.
Lecture 1 Molecular And Cellular Biology Overviewmeminie
This document summarizes the key concepts covered in a lecture on molecular and cellular biology:
1. The basic unit of life on Earth is the cell. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotes and eukaryotes - which differ in their structure and complexity.
2. All organisms on Earth evolved from a common ancestor that lived 3.5-4 billion years ago. Molecular evidence from comparative genetics supports the theory of evolution.
3. Cellular properties and behaviors can be understood through the lens of chemistry. Key biomolecules like DNA, RNA and proteins have digital sequences that can be analyzed using bioinformatics.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online (SPO), a free science education website that offers various educational resources like virtual classrooms, PowerPoints, articles and images. It details the types of materials available on SPO like practice questions, lecture slides, video tutorials and more. The document also provides guidance on how to access and use the PowerPoint slides available on SPO, such as downloading editable or non-editable versions. It concludes by crediting the chief creators of SPO and their contact information.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
This document discusses an experiment on the growth of E. coli bacteria. It provides background information on E. coli and the bacterial growth process. The experiment has two objectives: to study E. coli growth through binary fission, and to determine optimal temperature, water, and pH levels for growth. The results showed variable growth in three plates over 24 hours due to errors in streaking technique and failure to cool the wire loop. Improved sterilization and streaking techniques are recommended to make the results more accurate.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key biology concepts related to plant and animal classification and life cycles, cells, genetics, and heredity. It defines vascular and non-vascular plants, photosynthesis, fungi, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, the plant life cycle stages of germination, seeding, flowering and fruiting, asexual plant reproduction, human traits, genes, heredity, examples of inherited traits, the differences between plant and animal cells including chloroplasts, cell walls, and the roles of the chloroplast, cell wall, and nucleus.
please helpViruses are classified into which one of the three Doma.pdfmontybachawat
please help
Viruses are classified into which one of the three Domains?
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Viruses are not considered to be members of any of the domains.
Which statement is true of the comparison of diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion involves liquids or gasses, where osmosis only relates to gasses.
Diffusion must always be facilitated, it will not occur passively.
Osmosis relates to molecules that are too big to pass through the cell membrane by themselves.
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion that involves water movement across a membrane.
What is assumed to be the advantage of the long, folded inner membrane of the mitochondria?
What do the folds of the inner membrane do to make the mitochondrion more efficient?
cool off the cell\'s interior
allow for a place to store the mitochondrial DNA
increased surface area for reactions
None of these are correct regarding the folded inner membrane of mitochondria.
Which structures within a cell are responsible for making the ATP molecules used for cellular
energy?
rough ER
smooth ER
lysosomes
mitochondria
Given that a cell\'s structure reflects its function, what do you predict would be the function of an
animal cell with a very large amount of Golgi apparatus inside of it?
movement within the animal using cilia and flagella
cell growth and division management
secretion of lipids for use in insulating tissue
storage of pigmentation molecules
The cellular cytoskeleton of eukaryotes contains which of these types of protein fibers?
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments (actin filaments)
All of these types of fibers are involved in the cytoskeleton.
How is an individual cell identified by the organism in which it lives (assuming we are talking
about a multicellular organism)? How does a cell show itself as \"friendly\" to the immune
system in humans, for example?
the size and particular shape of the cell determine it\'s identity
the types of phospholipids in the bilayer determines the cell\'s identity
carbohydrate and protein pieces in and on the cell membrane identify the cell
All of these are correct in determining the cell\'s identity.
What is the term for the model used by biologists to describe the various proteins, carbohydrates,
and other molecules that make up the cell membrane, and their structure and function?
the gel electrophoresis model
the fluid mosaic model
the egg cell model
the triphosphate model
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
all living things are always composed of multiple cells, some of which are living and most of
which are non-living.
cells are part of a continuous membrane system, and are not individual living entities.
all living things are composed of at least one living cell.
DNA is a double helix in shape and is directly related to heredity and genetic traits.
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
all living things are always composed of multiple cells, some of.
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose.
The Germs of Life Our ancestors were bacterial communities .docxcherry686017
The Germs of Life
Our ancestors were bacterial communities
by Lynn Margulis and Emily Case
Published in the November/December 2006 issue of Orion magazine
http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/182/
WATCH TV FOR AN HOUR. Flip through a mainstream magazine. Peruse personal
hygiene or cleaning products in a store. You’ll feel the need to defend yourself with
antibacterial soaps and cleaning agents, even antimicrobial pillows and socks. Fear of
bacteria has reached a feverish pitch recently, thanks in large part to the work of ever-
industrious advertisers.
In our efforts to eliminate these “germs” we have had devastating effects—not on the
bacteria, but on ourselves.
The bacteria that now pose the greatest threats to humans are products of our own
making. The evolution of pests and pathogens resistant to human poisons has a long, well-
documented history. Hospitals, where antibacterial drugs, soaps, and cleaners are used in
volume, are hotbeds of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Farmers feed livestock
excessive amounts of antibiotics, thereby selecting for bacteria that are resistant to those
medicines—versions of which are also used for humans.
But our xenophobia also blinds us to a more fundamental insight: the health of our
environment, and our bodies, depends on bacterial communities. Indeed, they are
responsible, as ancestors, for our very existence.
If Life had a yearbook, bacteria would win all of the awards, especially “most likely to
succeed.” A bacterium is an organism made up of one or more small prokaryotic cells, those
that have DNA genes but lack nuclei and chromosomes. Bacteria inhabit the farthest reaches
of the biosphere. They live in the hottest, coldest, deepest, saltiest, and most acidic
environments. They are the most ancient lifeform, having lived on Earth for at least 3.8
billion years, over 80 percent of its history. By contrast, humans have occupied a narrow
range of environmental conditions—and for only about 0.003 percent of the Earth’s
existence. If we even made it into the yearbook, the caption would have read “photo not
available.”
Earth’s environment is in large part the product of bacterial metabolism. Bacterial
nitrogen fixation enriches the soil at no cost to us. And the photosynthesis that excretes
oxygen and makes food for all life is carried out by the blue-green bacteria called
cyanobacteria—both the free-living kind and those that became chloroplasts in the cells of
algae and plants. These are just two of bacteria’s life-sustaining processes, invented at least 2
billion years ago. We should view them as the wisdom of the ancients.
sperrault
Highlight
Even disease-causing bacteria—exceedingly rare despite the fear-mongering of
marketers—play a part in ecological health. Anthrax spores, for example, float in the dust of
over-eaten and sun-exposed fields, enter the lungs and blood of vulnerable or weak grazers,
and kill them. Fields ...
The document discusses the "atheist argument from evil," which argues that the existence of evil and suffering in the world provides evidence against the existence of God. It notes that some philosophers, like William Rowe, have used this argument to support their atheism. However, it also acknowledges that there are some possible logical reasons why God might permit evil, even if these reasons do not fully account for the immense amount of evil and suffering observed.
This document summarizes key aspects of the phylum Porifera (sponges). It describes their multicellular origins, body structures, cell types, skeleton formation, water circulation, feeding, reproduction, development, and classification. The four classes of sponges - Hexactinellida, Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae - are introduced along with examples.
This document summarizes key aspects of the phylum Porifera (sponges). It describes their multicellular origins, body structures, cell types, skeleton formation, water circulation, feeding, reproduction, development, and classification. The four classes of sponges - Hexactinellida, Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae - are introduced along with examples.
The document provides information about early discoveries related to cell theory and the development of cell theory over time. It describes key contributors like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann and their findings that plants and animals are composed of cells. It also discusses how Virchow's findings led to the accepted view that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
This document contains Erica's coursework for a health science academy, including 10 labs on topics like the scientific process, microscopy, and DNA structure. It also includes blogs Erica wrote for 16 chapters covering subjects like cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and genetics. The document provides a grading sheet for Erica's blog project and sections about her personal background and interesting scientific websites, images, and videos she found useful.
This document contains information from an AP Biology class covering topics like cell structure, organelles, cellular processes, and limits to cell size. It discusses the roles and functions of key organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus and ER in building proteins, making energy, digesting materials, and more. It also addresses challenges cells face regarding surface area to volume ratio as their size increases and how multicellular organisms solve for this issue.
The document discusses the complexity of life and questions how it originated. It uses the example of the single-celled organism Escherichia coli to illustrate this complexity. E. coli contains over 4,000 types of protein molecules and hundreds of millions of specialized molecules within a single cell. Its DNA contains over 4 million nucleotide base pairs and codes for the production of many cell components. The document questions how such intricate life could have gradually evolved from non-living matter and emphasizes that the simplest forms of independent life are far more complex than proposed precursors like viruses.
THIS EBOOK WAS PREPARED
AS A PART OF THE COMENIUS PROJECT
WHY MATHS?
by the students and the teachers from:
BERKENBOOM HUMANIORA BOVENBOUW, IN SINT-NIKLAAS
( BELGIUM)
EUREKA SECONDARY SCHOOL IN KELLS (IRELAND)
LICEO CLASSICO STATALE CRISTOFORO COLOMBO IN GENOA (ITALY)
GIMNAZJUM IM. ANNY WAZÓWNY IN GOLUB-DOBRZYŃ (POLAND)
ESCOLA SECUNDARIA COM 3.º CICLO D. MANUEL I IN BEJA (PORTUGAL)
IES ÁLVAREZ CUBERO IN PRIEGO DE CÓRDOBA (SPAIN)
This PowerPoint lesson teaches 5th grade students about forest ecosystems and the complex interdependencies between plants and animals. The learning objective is for students to identify which organisms plants and animals depend on, and which depend on them, with 90% accuracy. Students will develop an understanding of the connections between organisms and how they rely on each other to survive through exploring examples of symbiotic, commensal, and parasitic relationships. Key concepts covered include food chains, food webs, and ecosystems.
This document provides background information on the nematode C. elegans and introduces lessons on using it as a model organism to study how organisms respond to environmental changes. Some key points:
- C. elegans is a commonly used model organism that is small, transparent, reproduces quickly, and has complex organ systems similar to humans, making it useful for biological study.
- Lessons will examine how C. elegans maintains balance when salt concentrations in its environment change, through experiments observing worm behavior on plates with different salt levels and a dialysis experiment modeling the role of glycerol.
- Data shows wild type worms produce more glycerol than mutants when salt levels increase, and glycerol allows
The document provides information about the makeup and functions of cells, the basic unit of life. It discusses that cells come in various types, like epidermal, nerve and muscle cells, that work together synergistically to perform bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. The discovery of cells revealed that life is composed of these basic functional units, rather than simply water, earth, fire and air as was previously believed by Greek philosophers. Further details are available on HelpWriting.net.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in an infectious diseases unit, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, the immune system, HIV/AIDS, and more. It lists specific lessons on viruses (shapes, reproduction), bacteria (identification, gram staining), and infectious disease prevention. It also includes links to preview and purchase lesson bundles, games, and other curriculum materials related to the unit.
The document summarizes the life cycles of several animals:
- Mosquitoes go through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Larvae live in water and pupae undergo transformation.
- Butterflies also have four stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult. They undergo a process called metamorphosis.
- Dragonflies spend most of their life as nymphs in water. They go through egg, nymph, and adult stages.
- Frogs go through egg, tadpole, and adult stages. Males fertilize eggs in amplexus position and tadpoles transform over weeks.
Santosh Ratan is a man from India. He has worked as an accountant for over 20 years in Mumbai. In his free time, he enjoys spending time with his family, gardening, and reading.
MANY ARCHAEA ARE EXTREMOPHILES SOME ARE HALOPHILIC, BUT SOME ARE HYPERHALOPHILIC ,SOME ARE ALKALOPHILIC SOME HYPER ALKALOPHILIC BUT SOME ARE DOUBLE EXTREMOPHILES BEING HYPER HALO ALKALIPHILIC LIKE NATRIALBA -A FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE WHICH IS EXOELECTROGEN AS WELL AND CAN PRODUCE ELECTRICITY IN SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS MFC .
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Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
This document discusses an experiment on the growth of E. coli bacteria. It provides background information on E. coli and the bacterial growth process. The experiment has two objectives: to study E. coli growth through binary fission, and to determine optimal temperature, water, and pH levels for growth. The results showed variable growth in three plates over 24 hours due to errors in streaking technique and failure to cool the wire loop. Improved sterilization and streaking techniques are recommended to make the results more accurate.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key biology concepts related to plant and animal classification and life cycles, cells, genetics, and heredity. It defines vascular and non-vascular plants, photosynthesis, fungi, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, the plant life cycle stages of germination, seeding, flowering and fruiting, asexual plant reproduction, human traits, genes, heredity, examples of inherited traits, the differences between plant and animal cells including chloroplasts, cell walls, and the roles of the chloroplast, cell wall, and nucleus.
please helpViruses are classified into which one of the three Doma.pdfmontybachawat
please help
Viruses are classified into which one of the three Domains?
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Viruses are not considered to be members of any of the domains.
Which statement is true of the comparison of diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion involves liquids or gasses, where osmosis only relates to gasses.
Diffusion must always be facilitated, it will not occur passively.
Osmosis relates to molecules that are too big to pass through the cell membrane by themselves.
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion that involves water movement across a membrane.
What is assumed to be the advantage of the long, folded inner membrane of the mitochondria?
What do the folds of the inner membrane do to make the mitochondrion more efficient?
cool off the cell\'s interior
allow for a place to store the mitochondrial DNA
increased surface area for reactions
None of these are correct regarding the folded inner membrane of mitochondria.
Which structures within a cell are responsible for making the ATP molecules used for cellular
energy?
rough ER
smooth ER
lysosomes
mitochondria
Given that a cell\'s structure reflects its function, what do you predict would be the function of an
animal cell with a very large amount of Golgi apparatus inside of it?
movement within the animal using cilia and flagella
cell growth and division management
secretion of lipids for use in insulating tissue
storage of pigmentation molecules
The cellular cytoskeleton of eukaryotes contains which of these types of protein fibers?
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments (actin filaments)
All of these types of fibers are involved in the cytoskeleton.
How is an individual cell identified by the organism in which it lives (assuming we are talking
about a multicellular organism)? How does a cell show itself as \"friendly\" to the immune
system in humans, for example?
the size and particular shape of the cell determine it\'s identity
the types of phospholipids in the bilayer determines the cell\'s identity
carbohydrate and protein pieces in and on the cell membrane identify the cell
All of these are correct in determining the cell\'s identity.
What is the term for the model used by biologists to describe the various proteins, carbohydrates,
and other molecules that make up the cell membrane, and their structure and function?
the gel electrophoresis model
the fluid mosaic model
the egg cell model
the triphosphate model
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
all living things are always composed of multiple cells, some of which are living and most of
which are non-living.
cells are part of a continuous membrane system, and are not individual living entities.
all living things are composed of at least one living cell.
DNA is a double helix in shape and is directly related to heredity and genetic traits.
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
all living things are always composed of multiple cells, some of.
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose.
The Germs of Life Our ancestors were bacterial communities .docxcherry686017
The Germs of Life
Our ancestors were bacterial communities
by Lynn Margulis and Emily Case
Published in the November/December 2006 issue of Orion magazine
http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/182/
WATCH TV FOR AN HOUR. Flip through a mainstream magazine. Peruse personal
hygiene or cleaning products in a store. You’ll feel the need to defend yourself with
antibacterial soaps and cleaning agents, even antimicrobial pillows and socks. Fear of
bacteria has reached a feverish pitch recently, thanks in large part to the work of ever-
industrious advertisers.
In our efforts to eliminate these “germs” we have had devastating effects—not on the
bacteria, but on ourselves.
The bacteria that now pose the greatest threats to humans are products of our own
making. The evolution of pests and pathogens resistant to human poisons has a long, well-
documented history. Hospitals, where antibacterial drugs, soaps, and cleaners are used in
volume, are hotbeds of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Farmers feed livestock
excessive amounts of antibiotics, thereby selecting for bacteria that are resistant to those
medicines—versions of which are also used for humans.
But our xenophobia also blinds us to a more fundamental insight: the health of our
environment, and our bodies, depends on bacterial communities. Indeed, they are
responsible, as ancestors, for our very existence.
If Life had a yearbook, bacteria would win all of the awards, especially “most likely to
succeed.” A bacterium is an organism made up of one or more small prokaryotic cells, those
that have DNA genes but lack nuclei and chromosomes. Bacteria inhabit the farthest reaches
of the biosphere. They live in the hottest, coldest, deepest, saltiest, and most acidic
environments. They are the most ancient lifeform, having lived on Earth for at least 3.8
billion years, over 80 percent of its history. By contrast, humans have occupied a narrow
range of environmental conditions—and for only about 0.003 percent of the Earth’s
existence. If we even made it into the yearbook, the caption would have read “photo not
available.”
Earth’s environment is in large part the product of bacterial metabolism. Bacterial
nitrogen fixation enriches the soil at no cost to us. And the photosynthesis that excretes
oxygen and makes food for all life is carried out by the blue-green bacteria called
cyanobacteria—both the free-living kind and those that became chloroplasts in the cells of
algae and plants. These are just two of bacteria’s life-sustaining processes, invented at least 2
billion years ago. We should view them as the wisdom of the ancients.
sperrault
Highlight
Even disease-causing bacteria—exceedingly rare despite the fear-mongering of
marketers—play a part in ecological health. Anthrax spores, for example, float in the dust of
over-eaten and sun-exposed fields, enter the lungs and blood of vulnerable or weak grazers,
and kill them. Fields ...
The document discusses the "atheist argument from evil," which argues that the existence of evil and suffering in the world provides evidence against the existence of God. It notes that some philosophers, like William Rowe, have used this argument to support their atheism. However, it also acknowledges that there are some possible logical reasons why God might permit evil, even if these reasons do not fully account for the immense amount of evil and suffering observed.
This document summarizes key aspects of the phylum Porifera (sponges). It describes their multicellular origins, body structures, cell types, skeleton formation, water circulation, feeding, reproduction, development, and classification. The four classes of sponges - Hexactinellida, Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae - are introduced along with examples.
This document summarizes key aspects of the phylum Porifera (sponges). It describes their multicellular origins, body structures, cell types, skeleton formation, water circulation, feeding, reproduction, development, and classification. The four classes of sponges - Hexactinellida, Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae - are introduced along with examples.
The document provides information about early discoveries related to cell theory and the development of cell theory over time. It describes key contributors like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann and their findings that plants and animals are composed of cells. It also discusses how Virchow's findings led to the accepted view that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
This document contains Erica's coursework for a health science academy, including 10 labs on topics like the scientific process, microscopy, and DNA structure. It also includes blogs Erica wrote for 16 chapters covering subjects like cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and genetics. The document provides a grading sheet for Erica's blog project and sections about her personal background and interesting scientific websites, images, and videos she found useful.
This document contains information from an AP Biology class covering topics like cell structure, organelles, cellular processes, and limits to cell size. It discusses the roles and functions of key organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus and ER in building proteins, making energy, digesting materials, and more. It also addresses challenges cells face regarding surface area to volume ratio as their size increases and how multicellular organisms solve for this issue.
The document discusses the complexity of life and questions how it originated. It uses the example of the single-celled organism Escherichia coli to illustrate this complexity. E. coli contains over 4,000 types of protein molecules and hundreds of millions of specialized molecules within a single cell. Its DNA contains over 4 million nucleotide base pairs and codes for the production of many cell components. The document questions how such intricate life could have gradually evolved from non-living matter and emphasizes that the simplest forms of independent life are far more complex than proposed precursors like viruses.
THIS EBOOK WAS PREPARED
AS A PART OF THE COMENIUS PROJECT
WHY MATHS?
by the students and the teachers from:
BERKENBOOM HUMANIORA BOVENBOUW, IN SINT-NIKLAAS
( BELGIUM)
EUREKA SECONDARY SCHOOL IN KELLS (IRELAND)
LICEO CLASSICO STATALE CRISTOFORO COLOMBO IN GENOA (ITALY)
GIMNAZJUM IM. ANNY WAZÓWNY IN GOLUB-DOBRZYŃ (POLAND)
ESCOLA SECUNDARIA COM 3.º CICLO D. MANUEL I IN BEJA (PORTUGAL)
IES ÁLVAREZ CUBERO IN PRIEGO DE CÓRDOBA (SPAIN)
This PowerPoint lesson teaches 5th grade students about forest ecosystems and the complex interdependencies between plants and animals. The learning objective is for students to identify which organisms plants and animals depend on, and which depend on them, with 90% accuracy. Students will develop an understanding of the connections between organisms and how they rely on each other to survive through exploring examples of symbiotic, commensal, and parasitic relationships. Key concepts covered include food chains, food webs, and ecosystems.
This document provides background information on the nematode C. elegans and introduces lessons on using it as a model organism to study how organisms respond to environmental changes. Some key points:
- C. elegans is a commonly used model organism that is small, transparent, reproduces quickly, and has complex organ systems similar to humans, making it useful for biological study.
- Lessons will examine how C. elegans maintains balance when salt concentrations in its environment change, through experiments observing worm behavior on plates with different salt levels and a dialysis experiment modeling the role of glycerol.
- Data shows wild type worms produce more glycerol than mutants when salt levels increase, and glycerol allows
The document provides information about the makeup and functions of cells, the basic unit of life. It discusses that cells come in various types, like epidermal, nerve and muscle cells, that work together synergistically to perform bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. The discovery of cells revealed that life is composed of these basic functional units, rather than simply water, earth, fire and air as was previously believed by Greek philosophers. Further details are available on HelpWriting.net.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in an infectious diseases unit, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, the immune system, HIV/AIDS, and more. It lists specific lessons on viruses (shapes, reproduction), bacteria (identification, gram staining), and infectious disease prevention. It also includes links to preview and purchase lesson bundles, games, and other curriculum materials related to the unit.
The document summarizes the life cycles of several animals:
- Mosquitoes go through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Larvae live in water and pupae undergo transformation.
- Butterflies also have four stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult. They undergo a process called metamorphosis.
- Dragonflies spend most of their life as nymphs in water. They go through egg, nymph, and adult stages.
- Frogs go through egg, tadpole, and adult stages. Males fertilize eggs in amplexus position and tadpoles transform over weeks.
Similar to Transitional forms chapter 10 actinomyces actinobacteria English (20)
Santosh Ratan is a man from India. He has worked as an accountant for over 20 years in Mumbai. In his free time, he enjoys spending time with his family, gardening, and reading.
MANY ARCHAEA ARE EXTREMOPHILES SOME ARE HALOPHILIC, BUT SOME ARE HYPERHALOPHILIC ,SOME ARE ALKALOPHILIC SOME HYPER ALKALOPHILIC BUT SOME ARE DOUBLE EXTREMOPHILES BEING HYPER HALO ALKALIPHILIC LIKE NATRIALBA -A FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE WHICH IS EXOELECTROGEN AS WELL AND CAN PRODUCE ELECTRICITY IN SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS MFC .
MANY ARCHAEA & BACTERIA ARE EXTREMOPHILES BUT SOME ARCHAEA ARE HYPER THERMOPHILES LIKE SULFOLOBALES DISCOVERED FIRST IN SOLFATANA VOLCANO ITALY AND LATER IN MANY HOT SPRINGS AND HOT MUD POOLS
THEY HAVE SPECIAL STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM TO BE ABLE TO SURVIVE AT 70-85 C MAIN THING IS THEY CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 80 C IN MFC
INTERESTINGLY THEY HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR SPACE TRIPS BY NASA .
CHLAMYDOMONAS IS A WONDERFUL ORGANISM KNOWN FOR ITS MANY FEATURES AND QUALITIES ;BUT THESE DAYS IT IS IN NEWS MAINLY FOR ITS ABILITY TO CONVERT LIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY DIRECTLY IN ITS
' EYE ' AND IN MFC ;HERE WE HAVE FOCUSED ON TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS OBTAINED FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS TO ANODES INMFC
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ELECTROACTIVE ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THEIR CELLS
PYROCOCCUS IS ONE SUCH MICROORGANISM -A HYPERTHERMOPHILE CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS TO ANODES AND PRODUCE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 90C IT IS A UNIQUE ORGANISM IN MANY RESPECTS
EXOELECTROGENS ARE CAPABLE OF EXPORTING ELECTRONS OUT OF THEIR CELLS AND HAVE GREAT AFFINITY WITH ELECTRODES;HENCE THEY TRANSFER EXCESS ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION .MANY BACTERIA AND ALGAE ARE ELECTRO ACTIVE AND MACRO ALGAE ARE ONE OF THEM AND HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BEMORE EFFICIENT THAN BACTERIA AS EVIDENT FROM THE EXPERIMENTS BY SHLODBERG ON ULVA.
EXO ELECTROGENIC SPECIES ARE FOUND IN MANY GENERA OF EUKARYOTIC AS WELL AS PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS ;BUT BACTERIA ,PARTICULARLY CYANOBACTERIA AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKAROTES LIKE ALGAE AREIN THE FOREFRONT - BOTH MICRO AMD MACRO ALGAE ARE BEING UTILISED WITH OR WITHOUT BACTERIA IN MFCs FOR TREARING POLLUTED WATER AND SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY -THE ADVANTAGE WITH ALGAE IS THEY SUCK IN CO2 AND GIVE OUT O2 AND ARE THUS
BETTER FOR ENVIRONMENT
NITZCHIA IS A LARGE GENUS OF DIATOMS WHICH INCLUDES BOTH FRESH WATER AND MARINE SPECIES -MANY TOXIC ALSO;BUT THEY ALSO SERVES AS GOOD BIOSENSORS MAINLY DUE TO THEIR BIOLUMINESCENT POROUS SILICON FRISTULE
DIATOMS LIKE NITZSCIA ARE ALSO PREFERRED DUE TO THEIR OIL PRODUCTION AND OTHER USES OF THEIR FRISTULE
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS
WHICH CAN RECEIVE ELECTRONS FROM DONARS AND CAN EXPORT
ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THE CELL OR CELLS
THE ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION AVAILABLE TO THEM CAN BE PASSED ON TO ELCTRON ACCEPTORS VIA ELECTRODES AND DURING THE PROCESS ELECTRICITY GETS GENERATED IN THE CIRCUIT .
THE CHALLENGE IS TO EXTRACT ELECTRONS AND USE THEM FOR POWER GENERATION AS WELL AS SIMULTANEOUSLY CLEAN POLLUTED WATER AND PRODUCE HYDROGEN ETC AND OTHER BY PRODUCTS .
CYANOBACTERIA ARE ONE MOST OF THE MOST FAMOUS BACTERIA -KNOWN FROM PRECAMBIAN DAYS AND DISTINGUISHED AS MULTITASK MASTERS -EARLIER CONSIDERED RESPONSIBLE FOR OXYGENATED ATMOSPHERE WHERE AEROBICS FLOURISHED AND FOR NITROGEN FIXING ABILITIES BUT KNOW VALUED EQUALLY FOR THEIR CONVERTINF LIGHT ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY ;AND ALSO FOR CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND ORGANICS LIKE ETHANOL ETC
SHEWANELLA - VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENIC FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE CAPABLE OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY REDUCING MANY METALS WHILE RESPIRING AND TRANSFERING ELECTRONS EXTRACELLULARLY
HENCE THEIR BIOFILMS AREUSED IN MFCs,MECs. ;KNOWN FOR THRIVING ON A VARIETY OF SUBSTRATES AND REDUCING MANY NOBLE METALS LIKE GOLD SILVER PLATINUM ETC ; ALSO CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND H2S; ALSO FAMOUS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARICLES ;PRAISED FOR EFFICIENCY OF ITS NANOWIRES AND BIOFILMS ; CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE ALSO;HENCE SELECTED FOR DEEPSPACE RESEARCH -COULD SOLVE ASTRAUNOTS URINE DISPOSAL PROBLEM AS IT CAN MAKE IT REUSABLE WHILE PROVIDING POWER TO SATELLITE;IT IS ALSO INFAMOUS FOR SPOILING FOOD-FISH MEAT ETC AND CAUSING DISEASES IN HUMANS .
GEOBACTER IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENIC BACTERIA WHICH WAS THE FIRST BACTERIUM DISCOVERED WITH CAPABLITY OF OXIDISING ORGANIC COMPONDS AND METALS( INCLUDING RADIOACTIVE METALS AND PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS )INTO CO2 USING IRONOXIDE ETC AS ELECTRON ACCEPTOR AND PRODUCING ELECTRIC CURRENT. ITHAS BEEN USED IN VARY MANY EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THE WONDERFUL QUALITIES, ABILITIES AND CAPABILITIES OF VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENS AND THEIR USE FOR BIOREMEDIATION AND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION., THEY ARE ALSO CAPABLE OF RESPIRING ON GRAPHITE ELECTRODES
EXOELECTROGENS ARE VERSATILE HEROES CAPABLE OF SIMULTANEOUSLY DELIVERING MULTIPLE BENEFITS TO US INVARIOUS FIELDS RANGING FROM BIOREMEDIATION TO ENERGY,ENVIRONMENT, SENSORS, CLEAN BIO FUELS DESALINATION,Etc AND ARE POISED TO SOLVE OUR WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEM EVEN IN SPACE.
ONE FEALS LIKE SALUTING THEM FOR THEIR MULTIPLE TALENTS.
THEY INCLUDE MAINLY BACTERIA BUT ALSO MICRO ALGAE, FUNGI,AND EVEN SOME ANGIOSPERMS .
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF SENDING EXCESS ELECTRONS OUT OF THE CELL TO AN ULTIMATE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR . THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENS INCLUDE GEOBACTER & SHEWANELLA BACTERIA. THEIR THESE QUALITIES ARE BEING USED IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS .
THEIR APPLICATION FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WASTEWATERS BIOREMEDIATION
CHAMPIONS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM - CONTENTS SNIP.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
HERE 'PLANT KINGDOM' HAS BEEN USED IN LARGER SENSE TO INCLUDE NOT ONLY PLANTAE BUT ALSO PROTISTA FUNGI BACTERIA AND LICHENS AND EXTENDED TO INCLUDE EVEN THE ENEMIES OF ALL LIVING BEINGS -THE VIRUSES .
CHAMPION FUNGI -PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS - LARGEST FRUITING BODY - SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS PREFERS INFECTING DRYING OR DRY LOGS OF WOOD AND IS KNOWN FOR ITS UNUSUALLY LARGE FRUITING BODY WHICH HAS PROVED TO BE THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD
'AND IS CAPABLE OF RELEASING OR RATHER SHOWERING A TRILLION SPORES FROM MILLIONS OF PORES PER DAY.
VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED LIVING BEINGS BUT EVEN IF THEY WERE THEY WOULD NOT FIT IN ANY KINGDOM ;THEY ARE ACTUALLY ENEMIES OF ALL KINGDOMS OF LIVING BEINGS;
HENCE I WAS INITIALLY RELUCTENT TO INCLUDE THEM IN ABOOK ABOUT LIVING BEINGS BUT THEN I THOUGHT WITHOUT THEM THE STORY OF LIVING BEINGS IS NOT COMPLETE ;FURTHER THEY ARE NOT TREATED AS LIVING BY OUR DEFINITION OF LIFE AND LIVING BEINGS OTHERWISE THEY HAVE MANY CHARCTERISTICS OF BEINGS AND ARE WORTHY OF DUE CONSIDERATION AND FIT INTO OUR DEFINITION OF CHAMPIONS
AMONGST VIRUSES PITHO VIRUSESARE LARGEST AND MOST ANCIENT AND WITH MANY INTERESTING FEATURES .
Vishvakarma is a champion who has won many competitions. He is praised and prayed to as the ultimate champion. Another champion named Santosh 'Ratan' also competes.
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT THERE ARE TWO CLAIMENTS FOR THE TITLE OF SMALLEST BACTERIA
AND BOTH ARE RIGHT IN THEIR OWN
WAY - MYCOPLASMA AS A PARASITE AND PELAGIBACTER AS A SELF SUFFICIENT ORGANISM .
BACTERIA ARE THEMSELVES MICROORGANISMS BUT THEY AREOF DIFFERENT SIZES AND MYCOPLASMA ARE SMALLEST PARASITIC BACTERIA;THEY ARE HOWEVER MORE KNOWN OR FEARED DUE TO THEIR PARASITIC NATURE.PARTICULARLY THEIR VARIETIES WHICH CAUSE SERIOUS DISEASES IN HUMANBEINGS.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Transitional forms chapter 10 actinomyces actinobacteria English
1. Transitionalforms Chapter 10 English 1
Actinomyces- Actinobacteria
Qinyuan Li Xiu Chan Yi Jiang ChangLi jiang - Intech open.com-cc
Y Mikami Hasegwa -T tamura Qinyuan etal
We also smile, believeus
though you can not see us
in thismodewith your eyes or even
with high resolution microscopes
Actuallywe look likefungi
so much so that scientists
continuedto treat us as fungi
as Actinomyces for decades
2. Transitionalforms 2
This went on and on
till it was realizedthat
we were prokaryotesand not
eukaryotesso couldn’tbe fungi
And we continuedto smile
in our sleeves all this time
seeinghow easy it was to pull
a fast one on these brainychaps
Actually our morphology, growth pattern ,
growth forms,growth kinetics ,spore&sporangia
molecularmechanismand lifecycle etcetra
all resemblethoseof the filamentousfungi
seriouslyour ‘ threads’looklike
the hyphaeof fungalmycelia
and chainsof our spores also display
fungal featureslookinglikeConidia
3. Transitional forms 3
We are basicallysoilbacteria
but manyof us are aquaticas well
playing a major rolein our ecological nicheas
symbionts,saprophytes,¶sites
Homosapiensmust be thankfulto us
for providing manyantibiotics
and several secondarymetabolites
of great utilityfor them & their pets.
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