This is a Presentation ppt file on Condensers. What are Condensers and what are their working and applications? This file include all the information about the applications of condenser, where are they used and what are the different type & how they are classified? Made by- Er. SANDEEP KUMAR

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• SANDEEP KUMAR
• B.TECH – MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
• 4th SEM
• CLASS ROLL NO. - 20ME012
• SUBJECT – APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
• PRESENTATION ON TOPIC- WORKING & APPLICATION OF
CONDENSERS
• SUBMITTED TO – Mr. DIVANSHU GUPTA

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• Intro
• Condensers
• Construction & Principle of working
• Types of Condensers
• Application
CONTENTS

4. CONDENSERS
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What are Condensers
Condensers are a type of heat exchanger. It is a device which
remove the heat from steam coming from turbine or
compressor and converter steam into water.

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Working principle of
Condenser
Basic working principle of a surface condenser is transfer of heat
from a higher temperature body to a lower temperature body.
In a surface condenser steam (high temperature body) liberates
its heat to the cooling water tubes ( low temperature body). The
process of heat transfer the hot steam gets converted to water.

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Types of Condensers
• Jet Condensers(Mixing type)
• Surface condensers(Non-
mixing type)

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Jet Condensers
• It is a mixing type condenser
• Exhaust steam is condensed mix up with cooling water
• High power is required for condensation.
• Design of jet condenser is simple
• After condensation, cooling water cannot be used to boiler as it
is not free from salt and other impurities
• So good quality water is used in jet condenser for condensation.

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Jet Condensers

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Types of Jet Condensers
1. Parallel flow
Condenser

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Parallel flow Condenser
Named as parallel flow because steam coming from top of shell moving
downward and also cold water sprayed inside moves in same direction parallel to
steam
Consist of
• Condenser shell- Outer casing in which steam and cold water gets mixed.
• Water sprayer- Sprays the cold water inside the shell.
• Perforated tray-It convert the water in number of jets.
• Air suction pump- Used to extract exess air from shell & maintains the
vaccume.
• Condensate extraction pump-Transfer condensate from shell to hot well.
• Reservoir of hot water- Work as sump, placed between condenser & boiler.
• Boiler feed pump- Present b/w hot well & boiler, transfer feed water to boiler.

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As you see in the diagram, exhaust steam, and cooling water enter the top of the parallel
jet condenser and mix up together in the condenser shell. This mixture is removed from the
bottom of the condenser. Actually, in the condenser, exhausted steam is condensed after
mix up with water. The condensate cooling water and air flow's direction is downwards of
the condenser and it is separated by two individual pumps which are air pump and
condensate pump. A single way air pump is sometimes used for this separation. At the
time of separation, a vacuum is created in the condenser chamber. Condensate extraction
pump delivers the condensate to the hot well where an overflow pipe is connected to the
cooling water tank where surplus water of hot well is stored.
Parallel flow Condenser
Working

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2. Counterr flow
condenser

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Counter flow Condenser
Named as counter flow because steam comes from bottom or middle of shell
moving upward & cold water sprayed inside from top, both moves opposite to
each-other( they counter each- other).
The components of Counter flow condensers are same as Parallel flow but there is
a little change in their construction & position.
In counter flow condensers the hot steam comes inside the condenser shell from
bottom or middle of shell & cold water is sprayed from top of shell. Air pump is
situated on the top of shell as shoen in fig.

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In counterflow or low-level jet condenser, exhaust steam enters lower side and
cooling water comes upper-side of the condenser chamber, see in the diagram.The
direction of exhaust steam is upper-side and cooling water is downwards.Air pump
has created a vacuum and it is placed at the top of the condenser shell.The vacuum
draws the supply of the cooling water which falls a large number of jets.A perforated
conical plate stores this falling water, from which it escapes in second series of jets
and meets the exhaust steam entering at the bottom.Condensate and cooling water
released for this rapid condensation to discharge the hot well through a vertical pipe
by condensate pump.
Counter flow Condenser
Working

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• Advantages Of Jet Condenser:-
1. Designn of the jet condenser is simple.
2. Less floor area is required as compared to the other condenser.
3. Price is cheap of this condenser.
• Disadvantages Of Jet Condenser:-
1. Vacuum efficiency is low.
2. Pure condensation is not possible.So it can't be reused.
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Jet condensers

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Surface Condenser
• Working principle of surface condenser is different from jet
condenser.
• In it exhaust steam and cooling water does not mix up.
• So condensate remains pure and can be reused in the boiler.
• Used where limited water is availables i.e ship etc.
• To use such a condenser, limited water feed to boiler again
and again.

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Surface Condenser

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Surface Condenser
Construction & working
In the diagram we can see the cylindrical shape
surface condenser which is made off cast iron. In the
condenser, some vessel packed with water tubes.
Two vertical perforated tubes are placed two sides
of the condenser and water tubes are fixed with
these plates. In the tube, water flows from one
direction to another direction. Cooling water flows
in one direction to through the lower half of the
tubes and returns in opposite direction through the
upper half of the tubes.

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Construction & working
It consists of a huge shell in which there is a water
Box in which there are a number of tubes through
which cold water is circulated. Cold water enters from
bottom & via tubes it exits through outlet at top of
shell. There is an inlet at top of shell through which
steam enters the shell, while cold water is flowing in
tubes, steam passes through tubes where
condensation takes place & it gets converted into
condensate and it exits
through a opening in bottom.
Air suction pump is present at bottom to extract air.

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According to the direction of flow and
arrangement of tubing system surface condenser
can be classified in following categories.
1. Downflow surface condenser
2. Centralflow surface condenser
3. Regenerative surface condenser
4. Evaporative surface condenser

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In downflow surface condenser, exhaust steam enters the top of the
condenser. Steam's direction is downside of the condenser due to
gravitational force and an extraction suction pump fitted at the bottom
of the condenser. The condensate is collected at the bottom and then
pumped by the extraction pump. A dry air pump suction pipe is also
fitted at the bottom. It is covered by a baffte to prevent the entry of
condensed steam into it.
Downflow surface condenser

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Central flow surface condenser is an improvement of downflow surface
condenser. In this condenser, exhaust steam enters at the top of the condenser
and flow downwards due to gravitational force. But suction pipe of the
extraction pump is placed at the center of this condenser. So the steam flows
radially inwards over the tubes towards the suction pipe. The condensate is
collected at the bottom and pumped by the extraction pump.
Centralflow surface condenser

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In regenerative surface condenser, regenerative method is used for
condensation. The condensate after leaving the tubes is passed through the
exhaust steam from the engine. It improves its temperature for use as feed
water for the bottom.
Regenerative surface condenser

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Evaporative surface condenserIn evaporative surface condenser, a circulated
gilled pipes are placed inside of the condenser. Now the steam enters at the top
of the pipe for condensation. When steam passes through the circulating pipe,
cold water is continuously spray over the pipe. As a result of this, steam is
condensed into the pipe and some steam is evaporated into the condenser.
Remaining water which is now higher temperature stored in the downside
collecting tank.Some requisite quantity of cold water is mixed with this water for
reuse.
Evaporative surface condenser

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Advantages Of Surface Condenser:-
Pure condensation is possible by the surface condenser.
2. Low quality cooling water can be used for condensation.
3. High vacuum eficiency.
Disadvantages Of Surface Condenser:-
Large floor area is required.
2. Large amount of water is required.
3. Construction is not simple.
4. It's need to be operate by the skilled labour.
5. Maintenance cost is high.
Advantages & Disadvantages of
surface condensers

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Applications of condenser
Condenser are widely used in many industries, almost in all the industries. Some major
application of them are given below-
• Condensers are used in Refrigerator & refrigerant industries.
• Used in A.C industries & in various AC’s like split AC, Window AC etc.
• Used in vehicles to cool down engines.
• Used in ships.
• Used in chemical industries to keep the chemicals at particular temperature.
• Used in Oil industries & hydraulic industries.
• Used in Air dryers.
• In electronics industries & in heavy electronic machines.
• Used in boilers & power plants.

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)
https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/steam-condenser-16797895812.html
https://www.watco-group.co/surface-condenser-in-thermal-power-
plant/https://learnmechanical.com/surface-condenser/
https://www.fossilconsulting.com/2020/10/14/the-abcs-of-accs-and-zld-air-cooled-condensers-have-an-
important-role-in-zero-liquid-discharge-installations/
https://spgdrycooling.com/news/how-does-an-air-cooled-condenser-work/
https://www.linquip.com/blog/water-cooled-condensers-facts/?amp=1
http://www.bdicooling.com/water-cooled-condensers
https://spgdrycooling.com/news/how-does-an-air-cooled-condenser-work/
https://www.nortekair.com/innovation/evaporative-condensing/
https://www.mechanicaltutorial.com/jet-condenser-different-types-of-jet-condenser
References

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