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C 1.b
- 3. Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences Operant cOnDitiOning
- 4. B. F. Skinner emphasized observable stimuli & responses.
- 6. 1 2 3 4 Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Negative punishment reinforcement & Punishment Positive Punishment
- 7. Positive Reinforcement Adding a stimulus, which strengthens a response & makes it more likely to recur (e.g., praise)
- 8. Negative Reinforcement Taking away a stimulus, which strengthens a response & makes it more likely to recur (e.g., headache removed after Taking an aspirin) •Punishment
- 9. Positive Punishment Adding (or presenting) a stimulus that weakens a response & makes it less likely to recur (e.g., shouting)
- 10. Negative Punishment Taking away (or removing) a stimulus that weakens a response & makes it less likely to recur (e.g. restriction, jail)
- 11. Extinctio n the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced
- 12. sEs of classical conditionin in clinical sEttings •Acquisition of fearand anxiety about hospital •Chemotherapy for treating Cancer •Treatment of Phobias
- 13. Shaping • Reinforcement is delivered after successive approximations of the desired response Modeling • Modeling, which is also called observational learning or imitation.
- 14. ThankYou