Effect of Abiotic stress on Maize production.

1. COMBINED EFFECTS OF WATER AND
HIGH TEMPERATURE ON MAIZE
(Zea mays) YIELD AND GROWTH.
BY
ABIOLA, Samson Olaniyi.
AGN/2014/0001. 1

2. INTRODUCTION
•Types of maize
•Importance of maize
• Agricultural practices that enhance maize
yield
•Improved Seed
•Land preparation
•Weeding
•Fertilizer application 2

3. INTRODUCTION Cont’d
•Factors that affect maize yield and growth
•Biotic Factors (diseases, pests and weeds)
•Abiotic stress:
• Drought
•High and low temperature Dreesen et al.,(2012).
•According to growth and development of maize is
directly proportional to temperature increase until
the optimum temperature is reached; therefore it
becomes harmful to the plant. 3

4. 4
AFFECTED MAIZE HEALTHY MAIZE

5. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Information were collected from sources like:
•Wikipedia
•Bing
•Journals
•Books from the library
5

6. LITERATURE REVIEW
•Heat stress is defined as the rise in temperature beyond a
threshold level for a period sufficient to cause permanent
damage to plant growth and development (Asgraf, et al.,
2011).
•Drought or Water stress is defined as a condition
whereby there is inadequate moisture in the soil at a
particular time to meet the needs of the plant (Gholamin,
et al., 2010).
•Heat stress effect (Ahmed et al., 2012; Ashraf, 2014;
Ahmed, et al., 2016; Adebayo et al., 2017). 6

7. 7

8. LITERATURE REVIEW
•Increase in the demand for maize versus rise in global mean
temperature (Msangi and Rosergrant 2011).
•Effect of Drought stress on maize yield and its related
characters (Boyer, 2002; Muchow, et al, 2009).
•Effect of drought on morphological character
• Silking (Harder, et al., 2008; Grant et al. 2009).
• Grain-filling (NeSmith and Ritchie , 2003) .
The most critical period for water stress for a maize plant is between the
two weeks prior to and after silking (Kiniry and Richie., 2002).
8

9. 9
RESULT OF HEAT AND WATER STRESS ON MAIZE

10. LITERATURE REVIEW
Symptoms of water and Heat stress
•Under water stress, some plants develop short
suberized roots, as the top becomes dry.
•Changes in plant colour (From Green to light
yellow) (Roger and Lori, 2009).
•Plants under heat stress have folded leaves
(wilting). Heat stress in plants, makes the leaf of
maize plant to fold up during high temperature.
•Stem/root lodge.
10

11. LITERATURE REVIEW
Methods of mitigating effect of Heat and Water Stress
• Artificial application of water (Irrigation).
• Minimum tillage and no-tillage reduce soil temperature in the surface soil layers,
by 8-100F lower than in tilled fields (Irmak, 2016).
• Mulching e.g Straw mulching, plastic mulch
The benefits are:
• Mulches suppress weed growth
• Mulches retain moisture-particularly helpful in hot summers.
• Mulches reduce soil erosion.
• Disadvantages of Mulching
• Mulches can be homes to pests, although combining with other good organic practices
should minimize this.
• Organic mulches usually need to be quite thick-generally a good 1 to 3 inches thick placed
around plants; more if the mulch will rot down to something smaller. 11

12. CONCLUSION
With the general
warming of the world,
developing cultivars
of maize that can
perform well under
heat stress, water
stress and combined
heat and water stress
should be taken into
consideration.12

13. REFERENCES
• Smith,J.A.C. and H. Griffiths, 1993. Water Deficits: Plant Responses from Cell to
Community. UK: Bios Scientific Publishers, pp: 331-332.
• Lobell, D.B., and M.B. Burke. 2010. On the use of statistical models to predict
crop yield responses to climate change. Agric Forest Metero 150:1443-1452.
• Saseendran S.A., Ahuja L.R., Ma L., Nielsen D.C., Trout T.J., Andales A.A., Chávez
J.L., Ham J. (2014): Enhancing the water stress factors for simulation of corn in
RZWQM2. Agronomy Journal, 106: 81–94.
• Ge T.D., Sui F.G., Bai L.P., Tong C.L., Sun N.B. (2012): Effects of water stress on
growth, biomass partitioning, and water-use efficiency in summer maize (Zea
mays L.) throughout the growth cycle. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 34: 1043–
1053.
• Soler C.M.T., Hoogenboom G., Sentelhas P.C., Duarte A.P. (2007): Impact of water
stress on maize grown off-season in a subtropical Environment. Journal of
Agronomy and Crop Science, 193: 247–261. 13

14. THANKS FOR LISTENING
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