Rescue training by salim solanki

• RESCUE TECHNIQUES TRAINING
MODULE
Created by Salim Solanki

Fall Hazards
Ladders
Scaffolds
Buckets
Towers
Work Platforms
OR
From any other off ground situation
Keep Your SAFETY in Mind
Inspect equipment before use.
Get faulty equipment repaired before using it
Follow safe work practices in all off-the-ground situations
(4 feet or more off-the-ground and 6 feet or more off-the-ground in
construction industry)

LADDERS
Are the rungs in good condition?
Use a three point climb (2 feet and 1 hand or 2 hands and 1 foot)
Always face the front of the ladder
Keep hands on side rails at all times
Keep weight centered

Basic Rescue Knots
•Bowline
Used as a Rescue Knot or to hoist tools
•Double Fisherman
Used to create a prussic hitch
•Clove Hitch
Used secure a rope to an object
•Around an object
•Over an object
• Figure Eight Knot
• On a bight – around an object
• Follow through – around an object
• Double loop – for a dual anchor point
• Inline – as a anchor pointCreated by Salim Solanki

WORKING AT HEIGHT EFFECTIVE USE OF
SAFETY HARNESS
USE FULL BODY HARNESS WITH DOUBLE LIFELINE AND SHOCK ABSORBER

√ALWAYS USE FULL BODY HARNESS
WITH SHOCK ABSORBER AND TWO LIFELINES
DO’S & DONT’S

Wearing protection
There are three levels of protective clothing that should be used in rescue work.
1st
: Normal protective clothing
Such clothing can be worn within an area that is not contaminated with gases,
chemicals, flammable liquids or any radioactive materials; includes goggles or face
shields, coveralls, gloves, knee guards, boots and an appropriate mask.
2nd
: Full protective clothing
Clothing designed to prevent gases/vapours, liquids and solids from coming into direct
contact with the skin; may include a helmet, face mask, coat and pants (customarily
worn by firefighters), gloves, rubber boots, bands (light-reflecting material) around
waist, arms and legs as well as coverings for other parts of the head not protected by
the face mask or helmet.
3rd
: Special protective clothing
Clothing specially designed to protect against a specific product hazard (for example:
strong acids, radioactive materials, cryogenic gases or poisonous substances).

Confined spaces
Entry into confined spaces is one of the most hazardous tasks faced by
rescue personnel.
A confined space:
• has limited access because of construction, location or contents
• has the capability of developing a buildup of hazardous gas/vapour/
dust/fumes or an oxygen deficient atmosphere.
Entry into a confined space may require specialized equipment such as a self-
contained breathing apparatus.
•No matter how urgent the situation appears, never enter a damaged building
without first getting advice from a rescue expert.
•Take measures to control hazards and protect the rescuers first.
• Find out as much as you can about the structure you are about to enter.
•Use your power of observation and your ability to obtain information to
enhance your safety and chances of success.
•Clearing debris from the opposite side of the building where people are less
likely to be is a waste of precious time.

Reconnaissance is the first step in any rescue. This first step well
will build a solid base for your rescue efforts. As you are
conducting your reconnaissance, try to locate casualties by
calling out: "Rescue party here! Can you hear me? If you can't
call out, tap in a series of three." Remember you won't help
anybody by becoming a casualty yourself.
When you are given permission to enter a building, always work
with a partner. Move slowly and test each step. Walk close to
walls. Walk backward and close to walls when descending stairs.
Look out for unsafe walls. Blocked or jammed doors may be
supporting debris on the other side. Look for weakened
stairways, projecting glass fragments, splintered woodwork,
projecting nails and spikes, escaping gas, flooding of basements
and exposed wiring

Skills
•Rescue is seldom a one-person effort.
•The ability to work as a team greatly enhances rescue efforts.
•Each individual in a team has experience or skills that may be useful.
• Disaster situations will bring people together who have never met before
and unite them in the pursuit of the common goal of saving lives.
•Taking a few minutes to find out about the skills and experience of each
member of the team is an important first step.
•The strength of a team lies in the versatility of its members and its ability to
draw on this diversity of knowledge and experience.
•Rescue workers should have a knowledge of ropes and knots and lashing.
•They should know how to use jacks and levers, chain hoists and ladders.
•They should learn about shoring up buildings with materials found on the
spot.
•They should know how to handle casualties; a first aid course is
mandatory.
•.

• And, there is another thing they
should learn… to stay alive while
rescuing others.
• To do this they should understand
something about the way buildings
are constructed and how they
collapse.
• They should learn to work as safely
as possible in collapsed buildings,
rubble and debris

This knot, from the figure eight family, is used mainly as a stop knot to prevent a
free end of rope from running through a pulley or a block.
Rescue skills
Knot tying
Although there are other knots and hitches that can be used in rescue work, the ones
mentioned
here are the most common and should be learned if you are to be a good rescue worker.
Lives may depend on your being able to tie the right knot securely at the moment it's
needed in light or dark, rain or shine. The use of natural fibre rope must be discouraged for
the rescue of human life. For most other operations, natural fibre rope will suffice. Beware
of ropes or straps that have been in the sun for some time; this may have weakened them.
•Running end: the end you are working with in tying the knot
•Standing end: the inactive end of the rope
Simple figure eight knot

Reef knot
A useful knot for general purposes, it is used mainly for tying bandages.
Clove hitch
A quickly-tied hitch which forms the basis of many securing knots, it is useful for anchoring a
rope to an object.
Figure eight-on-a-bight
This is a widely used knot for tying/attaching safety lines, persons on the rope, anchor lines,
rescue devices and other equipment.

Sheet bend
A sheet bend is used for joining two ropes of different sizes.
The double sheet bend is more secure than the single sheet bend and is used when there is a
great difference in the size of the rope (as shown here). In rescue work, a double sheet bend is
used for tying all ropes together and can be used for joining ropes with chains.
Both knots have the advantage that they do not slip when the rope is wet.
Bowline
A general purpose knot, the bowline makes a loop that won't tighten.

Round turn and two half hitches
This knot is used for securing a rope to a spar, picket or anchorage. It is particularly useful
where guy lines are secured to pickets and an adjusting knot is required.
Timber hitch
This is a quickly-made temporary knot used to secure a rope to a spar, plank or pole. When
lifting spars, planks or poles this knot should be used in conjuction with a half hitch placed at the
upper end of the object being raised.

Floor jack
A hydraulic service jack (floor jack) has the advantage of no loose chain to get in the way. It
takes little space and can be set up quickly. Remember not to use metal against metal and make
sure that as you lift, you use a crib.
Ladders
Metal ladders are valuable pieces of rescue equipment. They can be used for bridges. When
using a ladder as a bridge, make sure you have left plenty of overlap at each end (a minimum of
three rungs). Place boards over the rungs to improve the footing. (Keep in mind that metal
ladders conduct electricity so be careful where you place them.)
To erect a ladder, have one person "foot" it to prevent slipping. Another option is to lash the
bottom of the ladder to some secure object.

To climb a ladder
Hold on to the rung, not the beam, unless you're carrying something. Stand on the centre of the
rungs. Look up, not down.
If you must stand still on a ladder, lock yourself in place by passing one leg through the rungs,
gripping the rung with the knee.

Setting it safely
To determine how far the base of the ladder should be placed from the wall, divide the working
height by four. For added safety, when working from a height such as a rooftop, ensure that at
least three rungs extend beyond the working height.

Emergency handling of casualties
The prime purpose of all rescue work is to get the injured
people out of danger and to medical help as quickly as
possible. When the number of casualties outnumbers the
immediate help available, the aim becomes one of trying to
ensure the best use of time to effectively help the most
people. This decision-making process is called "triage." In
triage, those responding to the incident are called upon to
examine all casualties quickly and rank them according to
the level of need for both first aid and transportation to
medical help.
In any rescue or multiple casualty situation, confusion may
be evident. It is essential that individuals charged with
helping injured people be able to remain calm and act
quickly but carefully, always attentive to potential hazards to
either themselves or other people in the area.

In any situation where you suspect a possible head or spinal
injury, if the life of the casualty is not under immediate threat,
seek the help of specialists. If it is essential to move the
casualty, and your life is not in danger, maintain normal
anatomical alignment (nose, belly button, inside of ankles). If
the person is not in this position, get the help of qualified
personnel.
Try to establish quickly how many casualties are involved in the
incident. Go to the nearest casualty, provided it is safe, and check for
responsiveness. If the person does not answer you or respond to your
attempts to wake them, check to see if the person is breathing. Your
aim is to keep the casualty alive until medical help arrives. Do not
waste time dealing with minor injuries until all casualties have been
found and stabilized.
If the person is not breathing, try to find someone nearby who is able
to do artificial respiration until help gets there. If the casualty is
bleeding severely, apply a pressure bandage before moving to the next
casualty. Remember, time is valuable. Give first aid for life-threatening
conditions quickly and go to the next casualty.

One-rescuer methods
Never move the casualty any further than needed. Scan the escape routes to determine the best
method and route to carry the casualty. If you're alone and must move the casualty quickly, try
one of the following rescue carries.
Human crutch
This method is only for casualties who can help themselves. It is an easy way to move the less
seriously injured.

Drag carry
This carry is used to drag a casualty who is either lying on their back or in a sitting position. Ease
your hands under the casualty's shoulders and grasp the clothing on each side, supporting the
head between your forearms. Drag the casualty backward only as far as necessary for his/her
safety. But be careful, make sure not to choke the casualties when pulling on their clothing.
Blanket drag
An alternate method to the drag carry where the rescuer can use a blanket to support and pull
the casualty.

Pick-a-back
Simply lift the casualty from a standing or sitting position onto your back. Don't try it if the
casualty is unconscious or has arm injuries.
Removal Downstairs
Don't try this if you suspect head or spinal injuries or broken limbs. Use a mattress or rug under
the person if one is available.

Firefighter's crawl
Use a triangular bandage, a torn shirt, etc to tie the casualty's hands together and place them
around your neck. This way you can move a person much heavier than yourself.
Two-rescuer methods
If there are two of you to do the carrying, try one of these emergency methods:

Chair lift
The chair carry can be used for a conscious or unconscious casualty but not for suspected
head/spinal injuries. For protection, secure the casualty's hands across his or her chest and, if
the casualty is unconscious, secure the person to the chair.
Two-hand seat carry
This is another way to carry a conscious casualty who can neither walk nor support the upper
body. Make a hook with your fingers by folding them towards your palm and grab onto your
partner's "hook". If you don't have any gloves, use a piece of cloth to protect your hand from the
other person's nails. This is yet another good reason to wear gloves!
Four-hand seat carry
This is also a good carry for a conscious casualty who can use hands and arms for support.

Multi-rescuer methods
If there are more than two of you to do the job, there are a number of different methods that
can be used to carry casualties.
Blanket lift
Don't use this lift if head/spinal injuries are suspected.
1. Roll the blanket or rug lengthwise for half its width. Position bearers
at the head and feet to keep the head, neck and body in line.
2. Kneel at the casualty's shoulder and position a bearer at the waist to
help logroll the casualty onto the uninjured side. Turn the casualty
as a unit so that his/her body is not twisted during the logroll.
3. Roll the casualty back over the blanket roll to lay face up on the
blanket. Unroll the blanket and then roll the edges of the blanket to
each side of the casualty. Get ready to lift the casualty – have
bearers grip the rolls at the head and shoulders, and at the hips and
legs.
4. Keep the blanket tight as the casualty is lifted and placed on the
stretcher.

Three-person lift and carry
This is an excellent way of lifting a badly hurt person without complicating most injuries. The
casualty can be carried forward, sideways or lowered onto a stretcher.
Improvised stretchers
If a commercially prepared stretcher is not available, you can improvise one by using a tabletop,
door, two rigid poles and a blanket or clothing. Don't use non-rigid stretchers for casualties with
suspected head or spinal injuries.

Extrication from a sitting position
Sometimes in earthquakes or blasts, casualties are found sitting in their vehicles. When there is
an immediate danger and you are alone and must move a seated casualty from a vehicle,
proceed as follows:
1. Disentangle the person's feet from the wreckage and bring the feet
foward to exit. Ease your forearm under the person's armpit on the
exit side, extending your hand to support the chin.
2. Ease the person's head gently backward to rest on your shoulder
while keeping the neck as rigid as possible.
3. Ease your other forearm under the armpit on the opposite side and
hold the wrist of the casualty's arm which is nearest the exit.
4. Establish a firm footing and swing around with the casualty, keeping
as much rigidity in the neck as possible. Drag the casualty from the
vehicle to a safe distance with as little twisting as possible.
Any casualty who has been injured may experience increased distress and pain as a result of
rescue efforts. Remember, never move the casualty any further than necessary to wait safely for
additional help. Do only what is necessary to ensure the casualty's safety and to preserve life.
Continue to reassure the conscious casualty and, where available, have someone stay with
him/her until help arrives.

Five stages of rescue
No hard and fast rules can be laid down for rescue work but,
generally speaking, five stages of rescue are followed by trained
rescue parties.
Stage 1
Reconnaissance and dealing with surface casualties
Examine the site. Deal with surface casualties. Gather all possible
information about other occupants of the building.
Stage 2
Location and removal of lightly-trapped casualties
Search immediately-accessible areas for casualties who can be
rescued with minimal effort. Maintain contact with casualties inside
who can be seen or heard but who cannot be moved immediately.
Note: The use of trained air-scenting dogs can greatly increase the
likelihood of finding trapped and unconscious casualties.
Dogs used in this fashion should not wear collars or harnesses that
might trap them when moving through debris.
The paws should be checked regularly for injuries.

Stage 3
Exploration of likely survival points
Search the ruins and rescue all persons who can be seen or heard.
This may include a calling and listening period.
Stage 4
Further exploration and selected debris removal
Search farther into the ruins where the chances of trapped people
remaining alive seem remote. This may include removing debris from
the more likely places where casualties may be located.
Stage 5
Systematic debris removal
Strip selected areas of debris until all supposed casualties are
accounted for. This includes removal of the dead and body parts.
Identify buildings that have already been searched by using spray
paint or signs. This method can also be used to mark buildings that
may contain bodies.

Some Do's and Don'ts
Practise in the dark
To be a good rescue worker you should master all the skills outlined in this
booklet. You should be able to do them in the dark. Practise tying knots
blindfolded and in cramped quarters.
In many areas you may find a casualty simulation group. Take advantage of
their services.
What should be done before an emergency
Volunteer to get involved with your municipality's implementation of an
Emergency Plan. Call City Hall and let them know you're interested.
Make a family emergency plan.
Prepare a family emergency kit in case you need to evacuate the premises.
Get first aid training.
Know your emergency telephone numbers.
Get all the safety equipment necessary for your protection (gloves, safety
glasses, helmet, work boots, anti-dust mask).

What to do
Think before you act and be careful.
Warn or have somebody warn the authorities about the damages and the number of
casualties in your sector.
Do a reconnaissance before you start work. This will not be time wasted.
Walk as closely to the wall as possible when on damaged stairs and upper floors.
Use gloves when removing debris by hand.
Be careful how you move debris from the vicinity of a casualty.
Protect a casualty from falling debris and dust by using blankets, tarpaulins,
corrugated iron sheets, etc.
Keep off wreckage as much as possible; leave it undisturbed or the neutral voids may
be destroyed by further collapse.
Be careful how you remove debris and obstacles, especially from voids, to prevent
further collapse.

Exercise great care when using sharp tools in debris.
It is often necessary to use props or struts to strengthen a floor loaded with
debris before passing over or working underneath it.
In situations where the number of casualties is greater than the help available,
do not waste time. Use your resources wisely.
Examine a casualty before removal and give first aid for all life-threatening
conditions only.
Free the nose and mouth of a casualty from dust and grit to ease breathing.
Keep a casualty warm to slow the progress of shock.
Make sure that the stretcher is properly blanketed so that the casualty has the
maximum amount of warmth and comfort.
Use appropriate procedures to carry a stretcher over debris and obstacles.
Keep a list of all casualties handled.

Don't
Move an injured person without rendering first aid unless
the casualty is in immediate danger.
Smoke or strike matches in case there is a gas leak.
Crawl over debris or disturb parts of the damaged
structure unless you are compelled to do so by
circumstances.
Pull timber out of the wreckage indiscriminately or you
may cause further collapse.
Enter any site without informing the other members of
your party or, if possible, without a companion to help in
case of accident.
Touch loose electrical wiring.
Throw debris aimlessly – you may have to move it again.

Quality of rescuer:
Modesty - Gives credit where credit is due. Decent and simple. I am probably
too modest which can actually be a weakness. It is painful when someone else
takes credit for something I do or when I realize someone is taking credit for
something someone else did. Don’t worry, those things are not forgotten and
eventually it will catch up to them. They are not good leaders, they are deceitful
abusers.
Dedication – Dedicated to the team, to the cause, to the goal, to their
subordinates. Dedicated to learning, to teaching, and to understanding.
Understands the goals and works towards completion and accomplishment.
Assertiveness and Communicating Effectively – Must understand when to
stand up and say something and when to sit down and listen. Able to show
displeasure or pleasure by the words and tone of voice in the actions of
subordinates. You have to be able to speak your point without much ado. When
seconds count, long winded discussions and instructions are killers. You have to
make sure you are quick, to the point, and that your followers understand your
objectives.
Integrity – What you see is what you get. No hidden agendas or deceitfulness.
Your moral fiber is more important than popularity. Things that come to mind
when building integrity are honesty, orderly, clean, ethical, trustworthy,
dependable, competent, consistent, caring, reliable, and authentic.

Being Humble – Don’t be arrogant. I know this is hard for many firefighters, but
arrogance is unbecoming. In firefighting terms…don’t be a prick and throw
around your position. We all know an officer who is always quick to make sure
everyone know they are in charge. Their is no I in team. Understands that the
team is as strong as the weakest link. Does not use their leadership position as
a weapon.
Good Listener – You must have the ability to listen to others and realize that
they might have good information to help the team. You should be willing to
listen to opinions that may be contrary to your own. Realize that “My way or the
highway” does not build a team.
Sense of Humor – This is my favorite because I am a cut-up. I enjoy having
fun…all the time. However, I understand that when we are working on a call I
have to act accordingly. Humor can make or break a team. Most firefighters
enjoy having a good time. Around the fire station we must be able to shrug off
our emotions from certain calls and we usually do it through humor.However,
you must understand the guys/gals you work around and realize what they might
and might not find humorous.
Vision - Understanding the goal and what objectives are necessary to obtain
that goal. Realizing the goal and ensuring buy-in by your subordinates. It is also
important to have clear and concise rules and guidelines for your followers. They
must understand their role, your expectations of them, and their benchmarks for
success.

Being Decisive – Leaders cannot be afraid to make a decision. In our jobs, we
are not always afforded the opportunity to sit down and layout the risks vs.
benefits of certain decisions. We must act on instinct, education, experience,
and lessons learned. Likewise, we must be able to live with the decisions we
make and admit mistakes when we make. If you aren’t making any mistakes
you are not doing your job correctly. I know some very indecisive fire officers.
Plain and simple, they suck. If you can’t make a decision get out of the way and
follow someone who can.
Help others succeed - Helping others reach their full potential. When you are
leading it isn’t about you, it is about your followers. Success might be a
promotion for a subordinate or might mean your crew going home in the
morning.

 Reaction Time
 Contact Time
 Response Time
 Assessment Time
 Preparation Time
 Rescue Time
Defining Response
Time

Reaction Time
 Time between the entrant having a
problem requiring rescue and the safety
attendant’s recognition that the entrant
has problem

Contact Time
• The time taken by the attendant to contact the
rescue team.

Assessment Time
• The time taken by a rescue team to size up the
problem and determine the strategy to perform
a safe, efficient rescue

Preparation Time
• The time take by a rescue team to set up for the
rescue.

Rescue Time
• The time taken for the team to reach, treat,
package, and evacuate the victim from the
confined space.

Equipment Description and Capabilities –
Ropes
• Used for
– Primary tool in technical rescue
• Vary in construction, material and
size
– ½ inch, strength 9,000 lbs.
• Static Kern mantle
– Fiber bundles run parallel
– Stretches no more than 20%
– Known as “low-stretch rope”
• Dynamic Kern mantle
– Made of twisted strands
– Stretches as much as 60%
– Known as “high-stretch rope)

Strengths for Lifeline Rope
• Tensile or Breaking Strength
• 7/16” – 6,000 lbs [2700kg] 11mm
• 1/2” – 9,000 lbs [4080kg] 12.7mm
• 5/8” – 13,000 lbs [6000kg] 15.8 mm
• Working Strength = Tensile / 15

NFPA Rope Classifications
• Class 1 (Light use) – One person life safety rope
w/ > 300 lbs working strength
• Class 2 (General use) – Two person life safety
rope w/ > 600 lbs working strength

Webbing
• Used for
– Tying anchors
– Lashing victims into a
litter
– Tying personal harness
• Vary in construction,
material and size
– 1 inch, spiral weave,
tubular, nylon
– Strength 4,500 lbs.

Prusik Loop
• Used for
– Tie friction knots around
rescue rope
– Ratchets
– Point of attachments
– 8 mm, nylon

Anchor Straps
• Used for
– Quick, strong anchors for
attaching ropes and
systems
– 1 ¾ inch, flat nylon
webbing
– Strength 8,000 lbs.

Harness
• Used for
– Fall protection
– Confined space rescue
– Flat nylon webbing
– Full body
– Point of attachment in the
center of the back at
shoulder level

Carabiners
• Used for
– Attach equipment
together in rescue
systems
• Vary in construction,
shape, material and size
– Large
– Locking

Tripod
• Used for
– Access to vertical entry
– 9-foot height or greater

• Accident scene be protected
Prevent further injury or damage
Set up barriers
Preserve wreckage
Aid investigation later
Are there other consideration
Working alone
• Language barrier
• Unusual features of building/structure
• Wind
• Other hazards
• No emergency services nearby
• Distance from rescue teams

Skills Necessary for Self Rescue
• Knowledge of Building Construction
• Fire Spread and Fire Behavior
• How to Call for Help
– •Voice
– •Whistle
– •Mobile Phone
• How to find the FASTEST way out
– Low air means time to get out

Personal Equipment
Suggested Equipment for Self-Survival

Equipment Description –
Full Body Splint / Sked Stretcher
• Used for
– Confined Space Rescue
– Protection for victim
– Together supply most
support
– Access to vertical entry
– 9-foot height or greater

General Purpose Rescue Training Dummies

Knots
• Knot efficiency
– Knots rated for strength by the percentage of
rope strength that remain when a knot is tied
in the rope.
– Knots should always be tied off.

Knot – Figure Eight
• Used to tie other knots
• Used as a stopper knot
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)Created by Salim Solanki

Knot - Figure Eight on a Bight
• Used to make a loop in
a rope
• Knot efficiency = 80%
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)Created by Salim Solanki

Knots – Water Knot
• Used to tie webbing
together
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)(Step 4)(Step 5)Created by Salim Solanki

Knots – Double Fisherman
• Double overhand bend
• Used to tie prusik loops
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)(Step 4)(Step 5)
Front
BackCreated by Salim Solanki

Knot – Prusik Loop
• Friction Knot
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)(Step 4)
(Step 5)

Anchors
• Foundations that all rope
systems are built on
• Experience and
Judgment

Stokes Basket
Secure the victim with webbing harnesses
Lash the basket from the bottom to the top
with webbing or rope

Basket LowersBasket Lowers
• Used when a victim is injured or unwilling to
perform a pick-off
• Requires teamwork and practice
• Victim needs to be packaged
• Lowering device should be a “general use”
brake bar rack for any two person load

Single line lower with a belay
• One main line, one belay line for litter
• One litter tender
• Advantage: simpler rope work and brake
management

Double line lower
• May simplify rigging
• Makes using a second tender easier
• Beneficial when it’s necessary to negotiate litter
through obstacles or confined spaces
• Allows easy changeover from horizontal to vertical

Attaching basket to litter
Two-point bridles

Coal handling facilities typically have two
sources of ignition that need to be considered.
•The first is coal itself; the second is the belt
material used in the transport of coal.
•Belt material is basically inert but when heated
by an external means will produce CO.
•This can be caused by hot burning coal loaded
onto the belt or contact with hot metal rollers
heated by belt slip or damaged bearings.
•Coal is capable of ignition by coming into
contact with hot surfaces, but can also be
capable of self-ignition through the process of
spontaneous combustion.

CO MONITORING
Real life experience has demonstrated that the
use of CO detection is the most effective way of
providing early warning of fire.
In many cases the use of CO monitors could
have prevented fires and explosions.
A major one worth noting is the accident at Oak
Creek Wisconsin, where six contractors were
injured.
The plant had relied on heat-source detection,
which in this case came too late to prevent a
fire.

THERMAL MONITORING AND IR SCANNING
All power plants must have some type of risk-
management system to mitigate the possibility of fire.
A proactive approach to fire prevention focuses not so
much on detecting smoke, which indicates fire, but
rather on monitoring CO, which indicates the potential
for fire.
Any delay in dealing with the potential for fire only
increases the rate of burning.
A CO detection system can provide warning of a
potential fire up to two days before a flame is present.

temperature indicators of potential fire vs. CO detection indicators
HOW THE CO MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM WORKS
When CO levels rise to critical levels, the control system will automatically
respond by warning personnel, who can then take appropriate action by shutting
down a piece of equipment via the control system and/or increasing ventilation
fan speed. In addition, audible and visual alarms will alert personnel
immediately, so that they can take appropriate action.Created by Salim Solanki

Thermal scanning utilizes thermocouples to
indicate a fire inside a bunker or silo. It will not,
however, provide early warning of the potential
for fire. A fire of considerable size can be
present before any alert is given.
Infrared (IR) scanning can be effective in
detecting hot spots. Periodic monitoring of a
bunker or silo using an IR thermographic camera
to scan the inside or outside such enclosures is
a common practice. Such a scan can pinpoint
hot spots precisely. This can be helpful, but
should not preclude CO monitoring.

DETERMINING THE BEST SENSOR LOCATIONS
In general, it is wise practice to locate an adequate number of sensors at
strategic locations based on knowledge of the potentials for ignition.
When considering belt fires, sensors should be located in close proximity to
drives, tail pieces, and main rollers.
When coal is the issue, any location where accumulation of coal dust or bulk
quantities is likely or expected should be considered. These involve belt
transfers, crushers, dust collection systems, and storage bins (silos, bunkers,
etc.).

Note:
a. fire Hydrant
b. Automatic Spray
c. Portable Fire Extinguisher
d. Fire Alarm Detector
e. low pressure carbon dioxide system
f. low expansion foam system

According to NFPA, the fire fighting measures for building and equipment in the power plant is as the
following list.
a b c d e f
(1)Building
1. Turbine Floors * * *
2. Boiler Floors * * *
3. Bunker Room * *
4.Plat Control Operating Floor * *
5. Electric Equipment Control Room * *
6.Cable Room * *
7.Battery Room * *
8. Coal Handing Control Building * * *
9.Ash Handing Control Building * * *
10. Fire Fighting Pump House * * *
11. Gate House *
11. Air Compressor House * * *
12. Ash Air Compressor House * * *
13. Water Treatment Plant * * *
14. C.W. Dosing Room * *
15. Auxiliary Boiler House * * *
16 ． C.W pump house *

(2)Turbine-Generator Area
1. Gen.Bearing *
2. Turbine-Bearing *
3. Turbine Lubrication Oil * *
4. Turbine Oil Storage Tank * *
5. Turbine Oil Cleaner/Purifier * *
6. Main Transformers * * *
(3) Boiler Area
1. Coal Feeder *
2. Conveyor Gallery * * *
3. coal bunker. * *

(4) coal Conveyor Transfer
system
1. Conveyor Transfer Towers
and Crusher House
* * * *
2. coal yard *
3. Bulldozer Garage * *
4. coal dock and Conveyor
belt
*
(5) oil tank
1.oil tank * * *
2. oil burning pump house * * *
(6) Others
1.coal waste water treatment
station
2. Ash Silos Area *
3. Limestone Crusher House * *

Name
Flow
(m3
/h
Head
(m)
Quantity
(set)
Motor
Power （ kw
Voltage
（ V
Quantity
(set)
Motor driven fire pumps 342 80 1 100 380 1
Diesel fire pump 342 80 1 1
Jockey pump
18 90 2 15 380 2
Fire Fighting Water Supply
The source of water for the Fire Water Systems will be the service/fire water storage pond with dedicated fire water
storage.
In order to ensure fire fighting water supply system credibility and test convenience, independent fire fighting water supply
system will be designed to provide enough quantity and pressure for Indoor and outdoor fire fighting of main block,
transformer, administration building and other auxiliary workshop. The fire fighting makeup water is well water.
The fire fighting water supply system is consist with one set of 100% motor driven fire pump, two sets of jockey pump and
one 1m3
buffer tank, one 100% diesel fire pump and network. All the fire fighting pumps install in the service/fire fighting
water pump house. two 1000m3
fire water storage basin will be provided. The capacity of fire fighting is 600 m3
.
Fire fighting pump’s performance parameters:

Coal-burning plants are some of the worst industrial polluters producing
approximately one-third of our carbon dioxide (CO2, a major contributor to
global warming),
40% of our mercury (highly toxic if ingested or inhaled),
one-quarter of our nitrogen oxide (an ingredient found in smog) and two-
thirds of our sulfur dioxide (a component of acid rain).
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) contends that sulfur dioxide
promotes heart disease and asthma, while nitrogen oxides destroy lung
tissue.
Additional hazardous byproducts produced by coal-burning plants include,
arsenic, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, zinc, radionuclides and
particulate matter.
Each type of coal produces different levels of these pollutants, all of which
negatively impact both the environment and our health.

Mercury, a known carcinogen, is of particular concern as it poisons fish in
bodies of water miles away. Greenpeace reports that even at minimum levels,
this neurotoxin has been shown to cause reduced intelligence in hundreds of
thousands of children born annually. Mercury emissions occur at rates of
approximately 25 pounds per 100 megawatts at the average coal plant, making
coal-fired plants the largest single contributor of mercury pollution in the United
States.
Radionuclides are unstable atoms that, if leaked into the environment, cause
radioactive contamination. When people or animals are exposed to the
contamination, they can suffer the effects of radiation poisoning including
genetic issues such as cancer and abnormal or failed births. A coal-fueled plant
has been known to produce more radioactive material than a nuclear power
plant within industry regulations.
The American Lung Association (ALA) released a report in March 2011 offering
this startling statistic: “Particle pollution from power plants is estimated to kill
approximately 13,000 people a year.” The ALA report singled out coal-fired
power plants as among the worst offenders.

Catastrophic Accidents
Beyond the day-to-day dangers of burning coal to produce energy, there is the
devastating impact of plant malfunctions. In December 2008, the Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA) reported the failure of a holding pond used by a coal-fired
electric plant. When heavy rains washed away the holding-pond dike, more than
2.2 million pounds of hazardous waste flooded 300 acres in east Tennessee.
Even after the best cleanup effort, the area will remain polluted with dangerous
byproducts for decades.
It remains impossible to quantify the amount of poisons released by the above
incident, but in one year, this plant reportedly produced 45,000 pounds of
arsenic, 49,000 pounds of lead, 1.4 million pounds of barium, 91,000 pounds of
chromium, and 140,000 pounds of manganese, much of this held in the holding
pond and all of which can cause cancer, liver damage, neurological trauma and
more. The TVA, in conjunction with the EPA, warned that pets and children
should avoid contact with the toxic materials.
The EPA reported that high levels of arsenic, lead and thallium were found in
samples taken from downstream water sources, where hundreds of dead fish
were found. While the authority is using heavy construction equipment to
address the cleanup efforts, officials cannot predict how long it will take nor the
final costs involved.

Clean Coal Claims
In order to reduce the devastating ecological and health effects of coal-fired
power plants, coal-industry advocates are touting new “clean coal”
technologies. As a start, many coal-powered plants are recycling some
their dangerous byproducts into useful materials. For example, the
byproducts of fly and bottom ash—previously dumped into landfills—are being
transformed into concrete, asphalt and masonry blacks. Another byproduct,
synthetic gypsum, is being used in the production of drywall and chalk.

What Causes Coal-Fired Power Plant Explosions?
Throughout a twenty-five year (1980-2005) study of PRB coal-fired
power plants, there were an average of 11 fires or explosions, 29
injuries, and 5 deaths per year. Another study conducted by the
United States Department of Labor during the 1996-2009 time period
noted 437 workplace coal power-related deaths, averaging 33 deaths
per year in the United States. To understand what fire protection is
necessary to guard against mishaps, it is crucial to first understand
why explosions occur.

Coal Dust Hazards
For a fire to occur, the fire triangle needs to be present - oxygen, fuel, and
heat. An explosion happens when two other elements are added to the
equation - dispersion of dust and confinement of dust, as shown in diagram
A. Oxygen and fuel cannot be avoided in a PRB coal-fired power plant, but
the heat source can originate from several different sources. A common
cause is the conveyor belt. As the coal is being transported from storage to
use, the coal-dust begins to fall off the belt and accumulate. Once the dust
accumulates to 1/32 of an inch, or about the breadth to leave a footprint, it
becomes a fire hazard. NFPA 654 defines combustible dust as, "any finely
divided solid material that is 420 microns or smaller in diameter and
presents a fire or explosion hazard when dispersed and ignited in the air."
If a conveyor belt is not in impeccable condition, and one moving part
stops, the friction can create a heat source for combustion. Other causes
of heat are friction through mixing operation, electrical shortage, tool
usage, or storage bin transfer. The fire triangle is difficult to avoid.

Oil Fire Hazards
Coal dust is not the only cause of fires in a PRB Coal-
Fired Power Plant. Both the turbine and transformer
are insulated by oil, making them flammable. There
are three different types of oil fires that can take place
in or near the turbine or transformer: spray, pool, and
three-dimensional. Spray fires happen when highly
pressurized oil is released; 50% of the time, this fire
happens because of malfunctioning bearings. If there
is an unpressurized leak, plants could see a pool fire
when the oil catches fire after it has accumulated on
the floor or a three-dimensional fire if it catches fire
while flowing downhill.

Hydrogen Fire Hazards
Hydrogen cools generators in coal-fired power
plants. Hydrogen is an invisible threat with the
capability to catch fire and/or explode. The gas is
odorless, colorless, tasteless, and the flames are
invisible. It will not be detected without the use of
hydrogen sensors. Fire fighting should not
commence until after the hydrogen source has
been shut off. If hydrogen is still present, it is
likely to re-ignite or explode.

The key to reducing the probability of a coal-fired
power plant fire or explosion is preparation.
Fires generate from several different sources: coal
dust, oil, or hydrogen.
It is necessary to be knowledgeable about fire ignition
in order to avoid it. The main causes of plant fires and
explosions are coal dust, equipment error, and human
error.
Training plant personnel on proper housekeeping and
machinery maintenance along with proper fire
protection will greatly reduce the chances of a fire or
explosion.

Housekeeping
Without a stringent housekeeping regimen, even the
most advanced fire suppression system will not be able
to stop an explosion from happening. A documented
housekeeping routine is necessary to reduce the odds
of a fire or explosion. According to the Mine Safety and
Health Administration, with a robust housekeeping
schedule, the fuel source would be eradicated,
eliminating secondary explosions. Secondary
explosions have the largest death toll of all coal-fired
power plant combustions.

Dust collectors alone will not adequately dispose of
dust; in fact, 40% of fires and explosions were caused
by the dust collectors. An effective option is to wet the
dust to weigh it down so it does not float into hidden
crevices. Because the dust is microscopic,
microscopic water spray must be used. Plants should
use a wash down system to keep coal dust at a
minimum. Industry surveys have shown that plant
personnel who have utilized wash down systems
have been happy with the results.
During an outage, it is essential to clear dust
completely from bunkers, silos, and conveyor belts.
Idle dust can explode. When preparing for the outage,
wash down all walls of the bunkers or silos to
eliminate the source for explosions.

Carbon Dioxide
If dust cannot be completely cleared, another option is to pump carbon dioxide
into a sealed bunker or silo. The carbon dioxide would eliminate the possibility
of dust combustion by taking away its oxygen.
Design
A bunker or silo should be designed as if a fire is imminent. Access points
should be installed on several levels to allow for entrance of fire extinguishment
tools. It is important for the water to directly contact the source of the fire in a
bunker or silo. Another design choice that will reduce the chances of a fire or
explosion is a cone shaped floor or a free flow bottom cone. Many bunkers or
silos have a funnel-flow pattern that occurs when the walls inhibit the coal from
flowing freely. Most coal will flow down the center, while the remaining coal that
has accumulated on the sides will linger stagnantly. Stagnant coal can create a
heat source. The key to reduce the likelihood of a bunker or silo fire is in the
design.

fire protection
Detection Devices
Several different detectors are needed throughout the facility, depending
on the location. Silos, bunkers, and dust collectors are at a high risk for
explosions due to the congregation of PRB dust. It is necessary to
choose the correct detection device. Carbon monitors, infrared scanning,
temperature scanning, or linear heat detectors are adequate options.
Linear heat detectors, such as Protectowire, can detect heat along a
length of space, instead of a singular spot. This works extremely well
along conveyor belts, which are a major fire hazard because they easily
create heat through movement or from idler or roller bearing failure.

Fire Suppression Systems
Sprinkler systems must be installed throughout a plant.
The main fire culprits are silos, bunkers, conveyor belts,
crusher buildings, dust collectors, coal pulverizers,
turbines, generators, and transformers as seen in
Diagram B. Hazard location will determine the best
system type. Temperature controlled locations are best
protected by a wet-pipe system. Non-temperature
controlled areas need a dry-pipe system to avoid frozen
pipes. Transformers and other areas where quick
suppression is important and water damage is not a
concern are effectively protected by deluge sprinkler
systems.

Three main suppressants dominate coal-fired power plants: water,
CO2, foam and/or f500 solutions. It is essential in coal dust-related
bunker/silo fires to use a piercing rod or inerting system to smother
the fire at its source. In all other areas of a plant, various types of
sprinkler systems will effectively suppress fires.
Fire Risks
The main areas classified at risk of fire and/or deflagration include coal
stockpiles, conveyors, pulverisers, feeders, crushers, dust collectors and
silos/bunkers. Deflagration occurs as a result of the coal dust that is
present in the air, and which typically settles over the interior of the power
plant. As the particle size and moisture content decreases and the
ambient temperature increases, there is less thermal energy required for
a slow burning fire or explosion.
Typical sources of ignition in a coal-fired power plant are:
Rotating machinery parts (including conveyor belt rollers) that create
friction. Failed bearings that overheat and come in contact with coal dust.
Sparking and static electrical charge.
Electrical equipment and switchgear overheating.
Cables and wire overheating.
Lubrication and hydraulic oils reaching their flash pointCreated by Salim Solanki

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
APPROACH CAUTIOUSLY FROM UPWIND. Resist the urge to rush in;
others cannot be
helped until the situation has been fully assessed.
SECURE THE SCENE. Without entering the immediate hazard area, isolate
the area and
assure the safety of people and the environment, keep people away from the
scene and outside
the safety perimeter. Allow enough room to move and remove your own
equipment.
IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS. Placards, container labels, shipping documents,
material safety
data sheets, Rail Car and Road Trailer Identification Charts, and/or
knowledgeable persons on
the scene are valuable information sources. Evaluate all available
information and consult the
recommended guide to reduce immediate risks. Additional information,
provided by the
shipper or obtained from another authoritative source, may change
some of the
emphasis or details found in the guide. Remember, the guide provides
only the most
important and worst case scenario information for the initial response in
relation to a family or
class of dangerous goods. As more material-specific information becomes
available, the response
should be tailored to the situation.

ASSESS THE SITUATION. Consider the following:
- Is there a fire, a spill or a leak?
- What are the weather conditions?
- What is the terrain like?
- Who/what is at risk: people, property or the environment?
What actions should be taken: Is an evacuation necessary? Is diking
necessary? What resources (human and equipment) are required and
are readily available?
- What can be done immediately?

OBTAIN HELP. Advise your headquarters to notify
responsible agencies and call for assistance
from qualified personnel.
DECIDE ON SITE ENTRY. Any efforts made to rescue
persons, protect property or the
environment must be weighed against the possibility that you
could become part of the problem.
Enter the area only when wearing appropriate protective gear
(see PROTECTIVE CLOTHING,
RESPOND. Respond in an appropriate manner. Establish a
command post and lines of
communication. Rescue casualties where possible and
evacuate if necessary. Maintain control
of the site. Continually reassess the situation and modify the
response accordingly. The first
duty is to consider the safety of people in the immediate area,
including your own.

ABOVE ALL
— Do not walk into or touch spilled material. Avoid inhalation
of fumes, smoke and
vapors, even if no dangerous goods are known to be
involved. Do not assume that gases or
vapors are harmless because of lack of a smell—odorless
gases or vapors may be harmful.
Use CAUTION when handling empty containers because
they may still present hazards until
they are cleaned and purged of all residues.

Poisoning by carbon monoxide
Under all situations[sleeping or awakened] the heart & brain of a person function
continuously after getting energy[o2] through blood circulation. Carbon monoxide is
colorless and smell less gas due to which it becomes difficult to identify and feel it. In
other words , we can say that CO is an invisible and tasteless killing gas. It is a natural
oxide, slightly soluble in water and highly poisons.
When a persons breaths in polluted atmosphere containing co,the co gas goes inside
along with other gas i.e. oxygen,nitrogen etc. in lungs.Carbonmonoxide has 210 times
more affinity to react with the Hb of blood than oxygen and forms stable compound
after reacting with the Hb of blood.
CO + Hb = COHb [Carboxyhaemoglobin].
COHb forms very strong layer around Hb and leave no chance for Hb and oxygen to
form HbO and react to the cells , tissues and other parts of the body.Hb is totally
incapable to carry oxygen to different parts of the body like brain,lungs,hearts] etc.
When a persons stays in an atmosphere of 0.1% in a air[v/v] for 30 minutes,25% of total
haemoglobin of his blood is rendered incapable of functioning.
When a persons stays in an atmosphere of 0.32% in a air[v/v] for 30 minutes,he will
face death.
When a person takes 3-4 breathbreaths in an atmosphere of 1.3% co [v/v],he will;
become senceless.
When a person breaths in pure CO,instantionsly,he will become senless and may face
death in few minutes.

CONCEN
TRATION
EFFECT ON THE HUMAN
ORGANISM
CO2 (%) CO2 (%) INCREASE
0.03 Natural concentration in the air
3 Breathing will be more intense and also
deeper, headache, heart palpitations,
slower pulse, tension, dizziness, faintness
4 After ½ to 1 hour: mortal
4.5 ½ a 1 hour:(almost) immediately mortal,
the higher breathing rate is subjectively
noticeable
8 Serious lack of breath, unconsciousness
comes fast, followed by death caused by a
too high concentration of CO2 in the blood
20 Within a few seconds, the central nervous
system is paralyzed

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