The hydrogen fine structure, results from the influence of the intrinsic electromagnetic force of the atom with the photons. It involves the interaction of quantum mechanical spin with the electron's orbital motion. For more information on this topic, kindly visit our blog at; https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/04/fine-structure-of-hydrogen-atom.html

1. THE
HYDROGEN
FINE
STRUCTURE
Presented by: Jayam chemistry learners
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2. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE
Introduction
Definition
Overview
Lyman alpha
Hydrogen alpha
Differences
Conclusion
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3. INTRODUCTION
The standard model of physics explains the basic
building blocks of the universe. According to this
model, there are four forces that govern the
universe. They are electromagnetism, strong
force, weak force, and gravitational force. Among
them, electromagnetism involves the interaction
of the electric and magnetic fields and the light
radiations carry it.
Our topic of discussion, the hydrogen fine
structure, results from the influence of the
intrinsic electromagnetic force of the atom with
the photons. It involves the interaction of
quantum mechanical spin with the electron's
orbital motion.

4. DEFINITION
Hydrogen is the lightest element with a single
electron in the periodic table. The hydrogen atom
absorbing external energy shows the excitation of
its electron. In a hydrogen atom, the transition of
electrons between the two discrete stationary
energy levels results in the emission of photons of
definite wavelengths. It shows spectral lines in the
hydrogen spectrum.
Unlike ordinary spectrometers, a high-resolution
spectrometer epitomizes the main spectral line
splitting into its constituents with a slight variation
in their wavelengths. The splitting of spectral
emission lines of the hydrogen are known as the
hydrogen fine structures.

5. DEFINITION
The cleavage of the main spectral line of the
hydrogen atom is due to the influence of
spin-orbit coupling. The interaction of spin
electron magnetic moment with the
magnetic field of electron’s relative motion
gives the hydrogen fine structures.
It means that, in the magnetic field, the
electron energy splits to give its sub-states.
The electron transitions from these
substituent energy levels give additional
spectral lines. These are known as fine
structures of the main spectral line. The
hydrogen spectrum exhibiting the fine
structured lines is known as the hydrogen
fine spectrum.

6. OVERVIEW
Lyman series
Balmer series
Paschen series
Brackett series
Pfund series
Humphreys series
The hydrogen spectrum consists of six spectral
series. The names of those six spectral series of
hydrogen are;
The hydrogen atom has a single electron in
the 1S-orbit.

7. OVERVIEW
The hydrogen atom has a single electron in
the 1S-orbit. When the hydrogen atom absorbs
energy from the electric current in the
discharge tube, it causes the excitation of
hydrogen electron from the ground state to
the higher energy orbit. After being unstable,
the excited electron returns to its initial lower
energy state with the emission of photons of
suitable wavelengths. When the emitted
photons fall on the detector film, it produces
the hydrogen spectrum. In the magnetic field,
the spectral lines of hydrogen undergo
splitting and create fine structures.
Among them, the fine structures of Lyman
alpha and hydrogen alpha are most
commonly studied based on their significance
in astronomy.

8. LYMAN ALPHA
Lyman alpha spectral line results in the hydrogen
spectrum during the electron transition from the
second energy level to the first orbit of the
hydrogen atom. It is the most intense spectral
emission in the ultraviolet region of the Lyman
series that occurs at a wavelength of 121.5 nm
The transition of an electron from 1S-orbit to 2P-
orbit gives a spectral line doublet in the presence
of the magnetic field. The Lyman alpha doublet
consists of closely spaced two spectral emission
lines at wavelengths of about 121.5668 nm and
121.5674 nm. And they are symbolized as Ly-α3/2
and Ly-α1/2 having j values 3/2 and 1/2, where j is
the total angular momentum of the electron.

9. HYDROGEN ALPHA
Hydrogen-alpha is the shortest spectral emission
in terms of energy in the Balmer series of the
hydrogen spectrum. It is a bright red colored
spectral emission at a wavelength of about
656.28 nm in the hydrogen spectrum.
The magnetic field generated due to the coupling
interaction of the spin and the orbital angular
momentum of the hydrogen electron during its
shift from the 3S-orbit to the 2P-orbit causes the
hydrogen-alpha spectral line splitting. The 2P-
orbit splits by the magnetic field into the sub-
energy states doublet with slightly varying
energies. Hence, the electron transition to these
modified sub-energy states gives two closely
spaced spectral emission lines with a slight
difference in their wavelengths.;

10. Lyman alpha Hydrogen alpha
The Lyman alpha splitting takes place
during the electron transition between the
second and first stationary orbits of the
hydrogen atom.
The hydrogen alpha spectral splitting
occurs by the electron transition between
the third and second stationary orbits.
The Lyman alpha spectral emission
splitting happens by 1S-orbit and 2P-orbit
interaction in the magnetic field.
The hydrogen alpha splitting involves the
3S and 2P orbits spin and angular
momentum quantum numbers interaction.
The Lyman alpha spectral line occurs in
the ultraviolet region of the hydrogen
spectrum with a wavelength of 121.5 nm.
The hydrogen alpha spectral line comes in
the visible zone of the hydrogen spectrum
with a wavelength of about 656.2 nm.
The differences between the Lyman alpha and the hydrogen alpha fine structures

11. CONCLUSION
Apart from the differences, the
Lyman alpha and the hydrogen
alpha have the most common
applications in astronomy. They
used to identify quasars, unknown
astronomical bodies in the universe.
They are also helpful in calculating
redshifts.
Hence, the study of hydrogen fine
structures is a helpful topic in
spectral studies.

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