This document discusses UV spectroscopy and summarizes key concepts. It defines spectroscopy as the study of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and molecules. UV spectroscopy specifically examines electronic transitions that occur when molecules absorb ultraviolet or visible light. These transitions typically involve excitation of π or non-bonding electrons. The document outlines allowed and forbidden electronic transitions based on selection rules, and describes how auxiliary groups can shift the wavelength and intensity of light absorbed.

1. Fundamentals of Electronic
Spectroscopy/UV Spectroscopy
By
Dr.Y.Aparna
Assistant Professor in Chemistry
Department of Sciences and Humanities
Saidabad,Hyderabad

2. Spectroscopy
It is one of the most powerful tool available for the study of atomic and
molecular structure of chemical compounds. Spectroscopy is physical
method of determining and confirming the structure of compounds.
The study of spectra include the excitation of the spectrum, it’s visual
observation and the precise determination of wavelengths.
It is defined as the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiations
with molecules.

3. Spectroscopy is broadly classified into two types
1.Atomic Spectroscopy
2.Molecular Spectroscopy
Atomic Spectroscopy:
It deals with interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atoms in their ground
state.The applications of this type of spectroscopy are rare.
Molecular spectroscopy:
It deals with interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecules.This type of
spectra can be categorized as follows:
1.UV-Visible spectroscopy
2.IR-spectroscopy
3.Raman spectroscopy
4.Microwave spectroscopy
5.HNMR spectroscopy
6.Mass spectroscopy
7.ESR spectroscopy

4. Electromagnetic radiation:
The radiation in which both electrical and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other is called electromagnetic radiation .

6. The energy changes within a molecule during emission or absorption of
electromagnetic radiations are quantized.
The energy changes in a molecule are specified in terms of frequency,
wavelength and wavenumber.

7. Types of Spectra
1.Emission Spectra
2.Absorption spectra
Emission Spectra:
Molecules give emission spectra when subjected to intense heat or electric discharge.It is the result of a
transition of a molecule from an excited state to one of lower energy state,usually ground state.This excess
energy is emitted as a photon and the corresponding frequency is recorded as the emission spectrum.
Ex:Hydrogen emission,carbon emission,oxygen emission

8. Absorption Spectra:
When a substance is irradiated with EMR,the energy of the incident photons may be
transferred to the molecules raising them from ground state to excited state.This
results in absorption spectrum.
Absorption spectra are studied extensively in order to elucidate the structure of
molecules.It is divided into three different types on the basis of radiation absorbed.
i)Microwave
ii)Infrared
iii)UV and Visible

9. Microwave
i.Frequency of absorption is around 3 x1010 - 3 x1012Hz
ii.Effect on the molecule-change in rotational energy levels of molecules
iii.Inference-calculation of force constant,bond length,bond angle etc.,
Infrared
i.Frequency of absorption is around 3 x1012 - 3 x1014Hz
ii.Effect on the molecule-change in rotational and vibrational energy levels of
molecules
iii.Inference-calculation of force constant,bond length,bond angle etc.,
Ultraviolet and Visible
i.Frequency of absorption is around 3 x1014- 3 x1016Hz
ii.Change in electronic levels within the molecule
iii.Inference-In qualitative and quantitative analysis

10. Electronic Transitions
There are three types of electronic transition
which can be considered:-
• Transitions involving σ, π and non
bonding electrons
• Transitions involving charge-
transfer electrons
• Transitions involving d and f electrons

11. σ-electrons:
These electrons are involved in saturated bonds, such as those
between C & H in paraffins.
Amount of energy required to excite electrons in σ-bonds is much
more than that produced by UV light.
Compounds containing σ- bonds do not absorb UV radiation so,
paraffin compounds are used as a solvents.

12. π -electrons :
These electrons are involved in unsaturated hydrocarbons. Typical
compounds with π-bonds are trienes and aromatic compounds.
n-electrons :
These are the electrons which are not involved in the bonding between
atoms in molecules. Ex: organic compounds containing nitrogen,
oxygen or halogens.

13. Types of electronic transitions
According to MOT when a molecule is excited by the absorption of
energy (UV or visible) it`s electrons are promoted from a bonding to
an anti bonding orbital.
As n and π electrons can be excited by UV radiation any compound
that contains atoms like nitrogen, oxygen, Sulphur, halogen
compounds or unsaturated hydrocarbons may absorb UV-radiation.
Six types of electronic transitions are possible

14. UV/VIS
Vacuum UV or Far UV (λ<190 nm )

15. n   and    Transitions
 Most absorption spectroscopy of organic compounds is
based on transitions of n or  electrons to the  excited
state.
 These transitions fall in an experimentally convenient region
of the spectrum (200 - 700 nm). These transitions need an
unsaturated group in the molecule to provide the 
electrons.

16. SELECTION RULES OF ELECTRONIC TRANSITION
Electronic transitions may be classed as intense or weak according to
the magnitude of εmax that corresponds to
allowed or forbidden transition as governed by the following selection
rules of electronic transition
1.Spin selection rule-no change in spin orientation
2.Laporte selection rule-there must be change in symmetry of
the molecule

18. 2 Laporte selection rule
There must be a change in the parity or symmetry of the complex and
transitions can occur between states of opposite parity
Laporte allowed transitions g → u or u →g
Laporte forbidden transitions u →u or g →g
Selection rules can be relaxed due to
a)Vibronic coupling
b)Spin-orbit coupling
c)Geometry relaxation during transition

19. Terms involved in UV Spectroscopy

23. Auxochrome
The functional group with nonbonding electrons that do not absorb radiation in near
UV region but when attached to a chromophore alters the wavelength and intensity
of absorption

24. TYPES OF SHIFTS
1.Bathochromic Shift
2.Hypsochromic Shift
3.Hyperchromic Shift
4.Hypochromic Shift

25. Bathochromic shift or red shift

26. In alkaline medium p-nitophenol shows red shift because negatively
charged oxygen delocalizes more effectively than unshared pair of electron
λ max=255nm λ max=265nm

27. Hypsochromic shift or blue shift

30. Appearance of broad bands and not sharp peaks in the spectrum.
1) Due to the mixing of vibrational and rotational changes with electronic changes in the
molecules,there will be a large no. of possible transitions requiring only slightly
different energies.
2) As a result the absorption spectrum contains a large no. of lines which are too close
together to be distinguished separately and are recorded in the form of broad bands in
the spectrum obtained.
Ex: absorption spectrum of phenol