related to mechanical stuff

1. 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my professor
Mr. Prem Singh who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful presentation on the topic Work study, which also helped
me in doing a lot of research and i came to know about so many th new
things that i am unaware of. I am very thankful to him.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this presentation within the limited time frame.

2. 2
WORK MEASUREMENT
. INTRODUCTION:-
Work measurement is concerned with elimination of ineffective time
and establishment of time standards for a job.
The ineffective time may be due to the management and due to the
workers.
.Factors that contribute to the ineffective time due
management are:-
1). Excessive product variety.
2). Frequent changes of product design.
3). ’Bad’ planning of work.
4). Lack of materials.
5). Tools and Equipments.

3. 3
6). Poor plant maintenance.
7). Bad working condition.
8). Poor safety plants,etc.
 Factors that contribute to the ineffective time due to workers are:-
1). Absence
2). Lateness
3). Idling at work
4). Working slowly
5). Careless work
6). Non-observance of safety rules
DEFINITION:-
Work measurement is a technique to establish the time for a qualified
work to carry out a specified job at a definite level of performance.
Depending upon the purpose for which this information is being
obtained, this time may be either the time that should be required.
The time that should be required is standard time and that will be
required is the actual time.
OBJECTIVES OF WORK MEASUREMENT:-
1). To reduce or eliminate ineffective time

4. 4
2). To set a standard time for a job
3). To set standard data for future use
4). To complete standardisation of given job
5). To improve methods of doing job
6). To compare time required for alternative method
7). To prepare realistic work schedule
8). To serve as basis of fair incentive scheme
9). For securing efficient layout
10). For labour cost control
11). For better production control
12). For better customer service

5. 5

6. 6
DEFINITION OF WORK STUDY
Work Study is one of the most important management technique which
is employed to improve the activities in production.
Work study investigates the work done in an organisation and it aims
to find the best and most efficient way of using the available resources
i.e. men, material, money, machinery, equipments etc.
The main objective of work study are :-
a) More efficient use of plant and equipments
b) More efficient use of human efforts
c) Evaluation of human work
Work Study is simply the study of work . Work Study is general term
associated with two techniques:-
a) Method/Motion Study
b) Work Measurement/ Time Study

7. 7
METHOD STUDY:-
Method Study is the systematic recording and critical examination of
the present and proposed ways of doing work as a means of
developing and applying easier and more effective method to reduce
costs.
Method Study is mainly concerned with developing a better method of
doing a job. It increases method efficiency by eliminating unnecessary
operations, avoidable delay and other inefficiencies.
OBJECTIVE OF METHOD STUDY
1) The improvement of process and procedure.
2) To examine the facts critically.
3) The improvement of factory, shop and work place layout and of
the design of plant and equipment.
4) Economy in human effort and reduction of unnecessary fatigue.
5) Improvement in the use of materials, machine and manpower.
6) The development of better physical working environment.
7) To find the best way to do a job.
8) To standardize the best method.
9) To train the individual worker in it’s practice as per standardized
method.
10) Reduction of waste and scrap , improvement in quality.

8. 8
11) Effective material handling.
12) Greater job satisfaction, higher standards of safety and health.
13) Improvement in the flow of production and process.
14) To examine the facts critically .
15) To develop best possible solution under given circumstances.
SCOPE OF METHOD STUDY:-
1) Manufacturing industries
2) Service Sector
3) Offices
4) Hospital
5) Banks
6) Other Organisations
7) School etc
BASIC PROCEDURE OF METHOD STUDY:-
1) Select
2) Record
3) Examine
4) Develop
5) Install
6) Maintain

9. 9
WORK MEASUREMENT/TIME STUDY
Once the method study has been developed for doing a job in a better
way, the work measurement/time study will find the time required to
complete the job by that procedure.
Time Study may be defined as the application of the different
techniques to measure and establish the time require to complete
the job by a qualified worker.
The time necessary to complete a job is determined from the
number of observation.
SCOPE OF WORK STUDY/APPLICATION OF WORK STUDY
1) Industries
2) Marketing, sales & distribution
3) Offices, Stores
4) Material Handling
5) Designing
6) Building & Other Construction
7) Transport
8) Hospital

10. 10
9) Army & Agriculture
10)Plant set up
BENEFITS/ADVANTAGES OF WORK STUDY
1) Improve production flow
2) Higher productivity efficiency
3) Reduce manufacturing cost
4) Fast & Quicker delivery date
5) Better employee- employer relation
6) Better service to customer
7) Job satisfaction & security
8) Better working condition
9) High wages to worker
10) Improve worker safety
OBJECTIVES OF WORK STUDY
1) Improved working process & standardised procedure
2) Better plant layout and clean environment for work
3) Less fatigue to worker
4) Better produced quality
5) Effective utilization of men material, machines etc.
6) Health hazard is reduced
7) To evaluate human work

11. 11
8) To reduce ineffective time
9) Efficient planning of the section
10) Well planned departments.
HUMAN FACTORS IN WORK STUDY
The following human factors affects the work study :--
1) Age
2) Attitude toward management
3) Attitude toward work
4) Experience
5) Skill
6) Health
7) Education
8) Knowledge
9) Fear of Unknown
10) Fear of Unemployment
11) Feeling of status reduction

12. 12

13. 13
S.no. Basic step Method study Work
measurement
1) Select yes yes
2) Record yes yes
3) Examine yes yes
4) Develop yes ___
5) Measure ___ yes
6) Define ___ yes
7) Install yes ___
1) SELECT Select the work , which we have to study and define the
objective to be achieved. An objective may be to reduce the
manufacturing cost and reduce bottlenecks.
2) RECORD Record all the relevant information of existing work,
method, in detail in the form of charts & diagrams.
a) Process Charti) Outline Process Chart
ii) Flow Process Chart
b) Diagramsi) Flow Diagrams
ii) String Diagrams
iii) Cycle Graph
iv) Chronocycle Graph
c) Motion & Film Analysis  i) SIMO Chart
d) Models
8) Maintain yes ___

14. 14
3) EXAMINE Examine the recorded events critically and in
sequence . Critical Examination involves answer to a number of
questions like:-
Purpose What is done?
PersonWho does it?
PlaceWhere it is done?
MeansHow is it done?
Sequence When it is done?
4) DEVELOP Develop the best method as resulted from critical
examination and record it. The developed method should be:-
i)Practical & feasible
ii) Safe & effective
iii) Economical
iv) Acceptable
5) MEASURE Measure the amount of work involved in a specific
work and by the examination set a standard time for doing the job.
6) DEFINE Define the new method and standard time for doing
the specific work so that it can always be identified.
7) INSTALL Install the best developedmethod or the previously
improved method. Installation involves three phases:-
a) Planning
b) Arranging

15. 15
c) Implementing
8) MAINTAIN Maintain the new method i.e. ensure the proper
functioning of the installed method by periodic checks &
verification.
MANAGEMENT & WORKER RELATION IN WORK STUDY
Management is required to change its attitude toward workers.
They should not only stress on increasing labour productivity
without giving due consideration to working environment,
technology , human factors, motivation to workers.
Management should realise that the workers are the main
contributors to the productivity and success of the organisation.
ADVANTAGES OF MOTION STUDY
1) Improved working processes and standardized procedure.
2) Better workplace layout, neat and clean environment and
working conditions.
3) Less fatigue to operators
4) Better product quality
5) Effective utilization of Men, Material and Machine etc.
6) Efficient & faster material handling

16. 16
7) Reduce health hazard
8) Efficient Planning of Section
9) Proper working procedure
ADVANTAGES OF WORK MEASUREMENT(TIME STUDY)
1) Determination of time required to do a job, thus it compares
alternative methods & establishes the fastest method.
2) Decide man power required for a job, it helps in man power
economy.
3) Decide equipment requirements.
4) Provide information for effective production planning and
maintain procedures.
5) Acts in calculating exact delivery dates.
Note:- ->Successful managers fairly compensate the workers for
their contribution and involves them in decision making process
concerning their work and work related problems.
->The management , thus , creates a climate of mutual trust and
confidence in which the workers should feel free to positively
contribute toward improvements.

17. 17
MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART
A Multiple activity chart is a chart in which the activity of more
than one item(worker, machine, equipment) are recorded on the
a common time scale to show their interrelationship.
 A multiple activity chart records simultaneously the activity of
workers and machine on a common time scale.
 By using separate vertical columns to represent the activities of
different operators or machines on a common time scale, the
chart shows very clearly the period of idleness on the part of any
activity/item during the process.
OBJECTIVE OF MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART
1) To detect the period of idleness on the part of men and
machine.
2) To determine the number of machines which an operator
should be able to look after.
3) To determine number of workers necessary to perform a job.
4) To balance the work item.
5) To examine the interdependency of activity.
6) To develop an improved method of accomplish a task.
SYMBOLS USED IN MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART
Working Idle

18. 18
CONSTRUCTION
1) A separate vertical bar/column is there to represent each subject
(which may be machine or an operator )
2) A common time scale is provided for all the subjects .
3) Activities of each subject in relation to these of the others are
marked in the respective columns.
4) Previously conducted time studies provide the time values for
each activity.
5) A brief description of each activity is marked on the chart.
6) Working and idle times are marked differently on the chart.
ANALYSIS After constructing the chart, it is tried to
i)Simplify the operation.
ii)Rearrange the work cycle to minimize the men & machine idle time.
iii)Eliminate some of the unnecessary elements.
APPLICATION OF MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART
1)Plant repair and maintenance
2)Construction job
3)Planning teamwork

19. 19
ANALYSIS OF MOTION
The motions or movements of the links of a worker play a major role in
the fabrication or manufacture of the products . By carefully observing
a worker while he is doing an operation, a number of movements made
by him which appear to be unnecessary and unproductive can be
identified and eliminated.
Analysis of an operation, when carried out in term of individual
motion of a worker is known as motion analysis or motion study.
This technique highlights the use of body part of an operator.
Photographic techniques are also used in motion study. They are as
follows:-
a) Micro motion study
b) Memo motion study
a) Micro motion study
Micro motion study is carried out for very short cycle, highly
repetitive cycle.
In this study a motion picture camera is used for recording
motions performed by an operator . The operator is filmed at
960 to 1000 frames/minute and the film is analysed frame by
frame for method improvement. This study is very costly.
A S.I.M.O chart (Simultaneous motion cycle chart) is used for
this analysis.

20. 20
b)Memo-motion study
It is another technique using “motion picture camera”
for operation analysis.
It differs from micro motion study in respect of the time
of filming. The camera is fitted with a timing device &
shoots the operation.
This timing device , permits the exposure at 60
frames/minute only.
This study cost 6% of the cost of micro motion study.
Purpose of motion analysis The purpose of motion
analysis is to design an improved method which
eliminates unnecessary motion and employs human
efforts more productively.
Steps involved in Motion Analysis
a) Select the operation to be studied.
b) List and chart various motions performed by the operator.
c) Identify the productive and idle motions.
d) Eliminate the unnecessary and non- productive motions.
e) Redesign the existing operating procedure by employing
minimum number of motions.

21. 21
Principle of Motion economy
A set of rules were designed by ‘Gilbreth’ in order to develop
better method.
A better method of doing a job is one which consumes
minimum time and energy by worker.
The various rules are as follows which governs the principles
of Motion Economy.
1)Rules Concerning Human Body
a) Both hands used for productive work.
b) Both hands should start & and finished their motion same
time.
c) Both hands should not be idol at same time.
d) Motion of hands should be simultaneous, symmetrical &
opposite.
e) Motion should be simple & involve minimum number of
links.
f) Motion should be smooth & continuous.
g) A worker may use ‘mechanical aids’ to overcome muscular
effort.
h) Rhythm is essential for smooth work.

22. 22
2)Rules Concerning work place layout & material
handling
a) There should be a definite,fixed & and easily accessible
location for material & tools.
b) As far as possible , material , tools & other mechanical
devices should be kept close too work place.
c) Gravity force should be utilized for delivery material.
d) An assemble or final product should be dropped on
conveyor near the work place.
e) Tools & material should be located in order & sequence.
f) Proper lighting is necessary for proper seeing & fast
operation & reducing accidents.
g)In order to impart rest the sum of his limbs, an operator may
sometime sit or stand while working.
h) In order to reduce fatigue, the sitting arrangement should be
comfortable & adjustable.
i) All heavy parts should be lifted by mechanical devices.
3)Rules Concering Tools & Equipment Design
a) Jigs,fixture & foot operated devices should be employed to
reduce the workload.
b) As much as possible those tools should be used which can
perform more than one operation example sledge hammer.

23. 23
c)Tools & equipment should be placed near the workplace.
d)Their should maximum surface contact between tool(handle)
& hand(of worker). It helps in proper gripping where works is
carried out by fingers( as in typing the low distribution on-to-
each .
3)Rule Concerning Time Conservation
a) Even temporary ceasing of work by man or machine , should
not be encouraged.
b) Machine should not run idol.
c)Two or more jobs should be work upon at the same time.
d) Number of motion involved , should be minimised.
THERBLIGS
Therbligs were suggested by ‘Gilbreth’. Therbligs are used to
describe the basic element of movements or fundamental of hand
motion .
Every therbligs is represented by a symbol of definite colour.
SIMO chart employs therbligs which are of microscopic
nature,whereas a process chart uses symbols like operation,
inspection,transportation etc. Which are microscopic in nature .

24. 24
SIMO chart ( simultaneous motion cycle chart)
A SIMO chart is based on film analysis. It is the graphical
representation of the coordinative activities of an operater
body parts.The activities are described in terms of basic or
fundamental motion(therbligs). The time required for
completion of these therbligs is also recorded on chart.
It is an extremely detailed left & right hand operation chart.
It shows on common time scale & simultaneous movement
performed by two hands of an operator.
The time scale is represented in winks(1/2000 of minute)
SIMO chart is generally used for micro motion analysis .A
SIMO chart shows relationships between the different limps .
USES OF SIMO CHART
1) Reducing the works cycle.
2) Reducing the possibilities of fatigue due to accesive work.
3) Relaying the work place .
4) Comparing different work-layout on the basis of percentage
utilization of the body parts or cycle time.
APPLICATIONS
1)Short cycle repetitive jobs. 4)Component assembly.
2)High skill jobs. 5) Packing
3)Repetitive use of jigs and fixture 6)Inspection

25. 25
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Wikipedia source
2) Internet
3) Library books