This seminar is for medical graduates..it describes inflammation of posterior part of uvea i.e choroid along with retina.it describes symptoms, signs and how to diagnose such patient and treatment.
5. POSTERIOR UVEITIS is Inflammation of retina or
choroid posterior to vitreousbase.
Choroiditis
Chorioretinitis
Retinochoroiditis
Retinal vasculitis
Neuroretinitis
12. SIGNS
ACTIVE
PATCH PATCH OF
CHOROIDITIS
HEALED
PATCH
• PALE YELLOW/ DIRTY WHITE RAISED AREA
• ILL DEFINED EDGES
• DUE TO EXUDATION &
CELLULAR INFILTRATION OF
CHOROID
• RETINA- OFTEN CLOUDS & ODEMATOUS
• MORE SHARPLY DEFINE & DELINEATED
DUE TO ATROPHY OF CHOROIDAL
TISSUE
• WHITE SCLERA BELOW ATROPIC
CHOROID
• BLACK PIGMENTED CLUMPS AT
PERIPHERY
18. SLE
ď‚— Diagnosticcriteria-
Malar rash
Serositis
Arthritisetc.
Choroidopathy multipleserous retinal detachments, RPE
detachments and a central serouschorioretinopathy
Retinopathy: It typically occurs bilaterally but may be
unilateral orasymmetric. The mostcommon findings include
cotton-wool spots and hemorrhages. Less common findings
include hard exudates, retinal edema, and vasculartortuosity.
Specific tests- Anti nuclear AbAssay.
24. CMV Retinitis
ď‚— Usually a/w Pt. suffuering
from AIDS, on cytotoxic
chemotherapy or longterm
immunosuppression.
 Ant. Segment sign- KP’smay
be seen.
ď‚— Post. Segment sign-
Haemorragicretinitis
Granularretinitis
Tx-
-HAART.
-Ganciclovir, valaganciclovir,
foscarnet andcidofovir
27. OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS
ď‚— Mostcommon causeof Posterioruveitis,
The lesionsdevelop in deep retina, few to novitreous
cells may be present (Headlight infog appearance)
ď‚— It frequently presents as a focal necrotizing
retinitis, often located in macula in congenitalcases.
28.
29. The hallmark of the
disease isa necrotizing
Retinochoroiditis, which
may be primary or
recurrent
30.
31. Complication of ocular Toxoplsmosis
ď‚— Optic neuritisa/w edema ( Jensen disease).
ď‚— PVD & Tractional RD.
ď‚— Retinal vasculitis.
ď‚— Granulomatous or Nongranulomatousanterior uveitis.
ď‚— Retinal ischemia
ď‚— Neovascularization of the retina & Opticdisc.
ď‚— Secondaryglaucoma.
• Opticatrophy.
ď‚— BRVO & BRAO
ď‚— CME or CNVM (rare & late sequel).
33. Treatment-
ď‚— PYRIMETHAMINE +
SULFADIAZINE+CORTICOSTEROID
ď‚— TRIMETHOPRIM AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE with Para-
aminobenzoic acid (PABA).
ď‚— Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) with oral folinicacid.
ď‚— Clindamycin, spiramycin, tetracyclines,
azithromycin and clarithromycin.
ď‚— Topical steroids
ď‚— Photocoagulation or cryotherapy & Pars plana
vitrectomy are surgicaloption
34. OCULAR TOXOCARIASIS
ď‚— Intestinal roundworm.
ď‚— Youngchildren
ď‚— Almost U/L
ď‚— Clinically p/w-
- Chronic toxocara endophthalmitis
(leucocoria)
- Post pole / peripheralgranuloma
ď‚— Dx-ELISA, USG, CT scan.
ď‚— Tx- Sub-Tenon steroid, pars planavitrectomy
35.
36. Syphilitic uveitis
ď‚— It mayoccur disseminated,diffuse choroiditis.
ď‚— Dx- Confirmed by
FTA-ABS blood test
TPI test
VDRL tes
ď‚— Tx- usual uveiticTx + Systemicpenicillinorother
antisyhiliticdrugs
37.
38.
39. Tubercular uveitis
ď‚— Common cause in developingcountries.
ď‚— Clinical presentations-
A) Ant. Uveitis
B)Post. Uveitis -Multiple miliary
tubercle in choroid
- Multifocalchoroiditis.
-Choroidal garanuloma.
C) Vasculitis (Eales’ disease).
ď‚— Dx- Clinical based + skin test +
Isoniazid response test
ď‚— Tx- Chemotherapy with (R+Z)+ Usual
Tx of uveitis
40.
41.
42. Ocularcandidiasis
Opportunistic infection inpt.
suffering from AIDS
Cause multifocal
chorioretinits.
ď‚— Multiple small, round,whitish
area a/w area of haemorrages
with pale center(Roth’sspot).
ď‚— Tx-
Topical cycloplegics &
antifungal
Systemic antifungal.
Pars planavitrectomy
45. Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome
ď‚— VKH syndrome is an idiopathic multi system
autoimmune disease featuring inflammation of
melanocyte-containing tissues such as the uvea, ear and
meninges. HLA- DR4/DW15 presents with “alopecia,
poliosis, perilimbal vitiligo”
ď‚— Post. Uveitis lesion includes
- Multifocal choroidits
- Exudative RD
- Choroidal depigmentation(sun glowfundus)
- Dalen-fuch’s nodules
- Peripheral choroidal granuloma
Tx-Corticosteroid and immunosuppressivedrugs
52. TOPICAL STEROIDS
• Higher-potency drops, specifically prednisolone
acetate 1%, should be used initially.
• The most potent drop but the more ocular side
effects is dexamethasone .
ď‚ž Loteprednol is less potent than predinsolone but less
IOP rise.
• Elevated pressure should be treated with pressure-
lowering drops, reserving prostaglandin analogs
for last because of their association with
inflammation.
53. PERIOCULAR STEROIDS
• ANT UVEITIS: Sub conjunctival
• POST UVEITIS :Sub tenon injection of
triamcinolone acetonide (40mg/ml) / methyl
prednisolone
- Repeat inj after every 2 -4 weeks
- If no improvement, even after 4 injections -
FAILURE
55. INTRAVITREAL STEROID IMPLANT
• Ozurdex (Allegan, Irvine), a 0.7 mg intravitreal
dexamethasone implant, with effects lasting 3 to 6
months.
• Retisert is a corticosteroid implant (0.59 mg
flucinolone acetonide) which is associated with
high rates of glaucoma and cataract.
• Iluvien (0.19 mg flucinolone acetonide) implant, is
still undergoing clinical trials.
• I-vation 0.4 mm × 0.21 mm titanium helical non
biodegradable implant that contains 0.925 mcg
triamcinolone acetonide. It is intended for a
sustained delivery of 2 years.
56.
57. SYSTEMIC STEROIDS
• The most widely used systemic steroids for
uveitis are oral prednisolone and intravenous
methylprednisolone.
• Prednisolone is usually initiated at a dose of 1-
1.5 mg/kg/day, while intravenous
methylprednisolone is dosed at 500-1000
mg/day for 1-3 days followed by oral
prednisolone,
58. IMMUNO SUPPRESANTS
• Immunomodulatory therapy is indicated for
acute non-infectious uveitis that is refractory for
corticosteroids of >2 weeks, or inability to taper
down prednisolone.
• Methotrexate (400 μg/0.1 ml) once monthly fr 3 months
• Azathioprine
• Cyclosporine (440 μg)
• Sirolimus (440 μg) every 2 months
• Cyclophosphamide
59. New NEWS
• Voclosporin: calcineurin inhibitor is more similar
to CsA
• Found to be four times more potent than CsA
. Adverse effects found to be much less than Cs
• Additional phase 3 studies of voclosporin in
active, non infectious, intermediate, posterior, or
panuveitis are being conducted for approval by
the FDA.