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Slides describes the journey of great naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin and his research at Galapagos islands.Darwin visited Galapagos islands during 18th century on his famous voyage. The main aim of the voyage was to study zoology and different animal species in each continent. While his stay at Galapagos Darwin observed species of Giant tortoises and the Finches( also called as Darwin Finches in honor of his work). He found that there was difference in the appearance in animals of the same species relative to their habitat. This research helped Darwin to deliver the famous Theory Of Evolution. Ecuador Government established Charles Darwin Research Center at Galapagos Islands in honor of his work.
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Running head: A VISIT TO NATURE HISTORY MUSEUM OF LA 10 Abdulaziz Alrassi California State University, San Bernardino Date A Visit to Nature History Museum of LA Introduction After visiting the Los Angeles Natural History Museum, I learned so many things concerning the animals that were there in the early days and how they looked like, as well as, how they lived . The Museum has a large paleontological collection that helped me develop a better understanding of the Earth’s biota. The Museum’s collection ranges from fossils to the modern organisms which are collected from the entire world, and it is therefore a good place to begin with when exploring on the paleontological exhibits and other historical items. During the visit at the Museum I learned of a few things that I never knew existed and other facts too that are new. In this article there are a lot of areas and information that are presented showing all the paleontological exhibits and other historical items. Exhibit 1. The Gray Fox The gray fox (Botanical name Urocyon cinereoargenteus) is one of the interesting exhibits I found at the museum. The exhibit on Fray Fox features 4 photographs indicating how the small American mammal survives in the wild. The photograph below (Image 1) shows a Gray Fox family in their burrow. It reflects the legacy of life by clear illustrations of how the Gray Fox adapts to the environment. From what I gathered, the animals are largely monogamous. The photograph shows an ideal family in their broken terrain habitat. Gray foxes opt to live in broken terrain and rocky areas in order to ease the process of making new homes. An adult male is seen overlooking his family that is resting outside their den, probably to show gender roles in the social life of the gray fox. The female (much smaller than the male) lies next to their kit. The fresh soil dug in their burrow shows that their home may be new, indicating that the species may have moved in more than once. Gray foxes diet is comprised of vegetation, small mammals such as mice, and insects. The photograph captures an environment (San Gabriel Mountains, California) capable of meeting the species food needs. Green vegetation provides gray foxes with vegetation foods. Insects feeding on the vegetation are most likely part of the gray fox’s diets. Gray foxes are spread across central USA, Southern Eastern Canada, and Western Venezuela (Reid, 2016). Information obtained from (Reid, 2016) indicates that one of the most peculiar traits of the gray fox is their ability to climb trees in order to evade predators. The strong claws used to dig and remove earth are used to climb trees. This makes them the only species of the dog family with the ability to climb trees. Image 1: Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus 2. Exhibit 2: Costume won by David. E. Llewelyn Image 2 shows the costume worn by David. E. Llewellyn, an important figure in the 20th century America.Llewellyn (1874-1963) was ...
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It should be no surprise that AI is treading a similar path to computing which began with single-purpose machines tasked for payroll calculations, banking transactions, or weapons targeting et al, but nothing more! It took decades for General Purpose Computing to emerge in the form of the now ubiquitous PC. Today, AI is still in a single-purpose/task-specific phase, and we have no general-purpose platforms, but their emergence is only a matter of time! Recent AI progress has seen a repeat of the media debate and alarmist warnings for our computing past, compounded by consequential advances in robotics. In turn, this has promoted numerous attempts to draw biological equivalences defining the time when machines will overtake humans. But without any workable definitions or framework that tend to little more than un/educated guesses. Recourse to IQ measures and the Touring test have proved to be irrelevant, and without a reference framework or formal characterisation, continued discussion and debate remain futile We therefore approach this AI problem from the bottom up by defining the simplest of machines and lifeforms to derive clues, pointers and basic boundary conditions . This sees a fundamental Entropic description emerge that is applicable to both machine and lifeforms. This presentation is suitable for professionals and the public alike, and is fully illustrated by high-quality graphics, animations and, movies. Inevitably, it contains some mathematics that non-practitioners will have to take on trust, but the focus is on defining the key characteristics, parameters, and important features of AI, our total dependence, and the future! Note: A 40 min session for a predominantly ley audience and not all the slides presented here were used on the day. Their inclusion here is in response to those audience members requesting more detail at the end of/during the event.
Quantifying Artificial Intelligence and What Comes Next!
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University of Hertfordshire
Mammals have dominated Earth for approximately 55 Myr thanks to their adaptations and resilience to warming and cooling during the Cenozoic. All life will eventually perish in a runaway greenhouse once absorbed solar radiation exceeds the emission of thermal radiation in several billions of years. However, conditions rendering the Earth naturally inhospitable to mammals may develop sooner because of long-term processes linked to plate tectonics (short-term perturbations are not considered here). In ~250 Myr, all continents will converge to form Earth’s next supercontinent, Pangea Ultima. A natural consequence of the creation and decay of Pangea Ultima will be extremes in pCO2 due to changes in volcanic rifting and outgassing. Here we show that increased pCO2, solar energy (F⨀; approximately +2.5% W m−2 greater than today) and continentality (larger range in temperatures away from the ocean) lead to increasing warming hostile to mammalian life. We assess their impact on mammalian physiological limits (dry bulb, wet bulb and Humidex heat stress indicators) as well as a planetary habitability index. Given mammals’ continued survival, predicted background pCO2 levels of 410–816 ppm combined with increased F⨀ will probably lead to a climate tipping point and their mass extinction. The results also highlight how global landmass configuration, pCO2 and F⨀ play a critical role in planetary habitability.
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This edition of our Newsletter is a testament to our collective dedication and the exciting progress we’ve achieved. The completion of our first Periodic Report marks a significant milestone, and the advancements in tetrahedrite mineral-based thermoelectric materials are not just promising -they are a lap towards a sustainable future. We’re excited to share updates on our ongoing activities, our synergistic collaborations with the EHRASE cluster and THERMOS project, and insightful technical information on thermoelectric generators. But that’s not all, join us on the Consortium Tour, where this time SGUDS and IGME-CSIC take centre stage. Plus, don’t miss the insightful interview with Doug Crane from our Scientific Advisory Board, whose expertise enriches our understanding of thermoelectrics. This edition also features the fascinating adventures of Starty, exploring the practical uses of thermoelectric devices in a narrative that’s both educational and engaging. Looking ahead, we eagerly anticipate your visit to the START booth at the upcoming 40th International and 20th European Thermoelectric Conference, ICT/ECT 2024, in Krakow. We hope this Newsletter serves not only as a source of information but also as an inspiration for continued excellence. Stay connected with us for more exciting updates from START on our website and social media channels.
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Mars is a particularly attractive candidate among known astronomical objects to potentially host life. Results from space exploration missions have provided insights into Martian geochemistry that indicate oxychlorine species, particularly perchlorate, are ubiquitous features of the Martian geochemical landscape. Perchlorate presents potential obstacles for known forms of life due to its toxicity. However, it can also provide potential benefits, such as producing brines by deliquescence, like those thought to exist on present-day Mars. Here we show perchlorate brines support folding and catalysis of functional RNAs, while inactivating representative protein enzymes. Additionally, we show perchlorate and other oxychlorine species enable ribozyme functions, including homeostasis-like regulatory behavior and ribozyme-catalyzed chlorination of organic molecules. We suggest nucleic acids are uniquely wellsuited to hypersaline Martian environments. Furthermore, Martian near- or subsurface oxychlorine brines, and brines found in potential lifeforms, could provide a unique niche for biomolecular evolution.
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Sérgio Sacani
The thermal continuum emission observed from accreting black holes across X-ray bands has the potential to be leveraged as a powerful probe of the mass and spin of the central black hole. The vast majority of existing ‘continuum fitting’ models neglect emission sourced at and within the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) of the black hole. Numerical simulations, however, find non-zero emission sourced from these regions. In this work, we extend existing techniques by including the emission sourced from within the plunging region, utilizing new analytical models that reproduce the properties of numerical accretion simulations. We show that in general the neglected intra-ISCO emission produces a hot-and-small quasi-blackbody component, but can also produce a weak power-law tail for more extreme parameter regions. A similar hot-and-small blackbody component has been added in by hand in an ad hoc manner to previous analyses of X-ray binary spectra. We show that the X-ray spectrum of MAXI J1820+070 in a soft-state outburst is extremely well described by a full Kerr black hole disc, while conventional models that neglect intra-ISCO emission are unable to reproduce the data. We believe this represents the first robust detection of intra-ISCO emission in the literature, and allows additional constraints to be placed on the MAXI J1820 + 070 black hole spin which must be low a• < 0.5 to allow a detectable intra-ISCO region. Emission from within the ISCO is the dominant emission component in the MAXI J1820 + 070 spectrum between 6 and 10 keV, highlighting the necessity of including this region. Our continuum fitting model is made publicly available.
Continuum emission from within the plunging region of black hole discs
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Sérgio Sacani
The recently reported observation of VFTS 243 is the first example of a massive black-hole binary system with negligible binary interaction following black-hole formation. The black-hole mass (≈10M⊙) and near-circular orbit (e ≈ 0.02) of VFTS 243 suggest that the progenitor star experienced complete collapse, with energy-momentum being lost predominantly through neutrinos. VFTS 243 enables us to constrain the natal kick and neutrino-emission asymmetry during black-hole formation. At 68% confidence level, the natal kick velocity (mass decrement) is ≲10 km=s (≲1.0M⊙), with a full probability distribution that peaks when ≈0.3M⊙ were ejected, presumably in neutrinos, and the black hole experienced a natal kick of 4 km=s. The neutrino-emission asymmetry is ≲4%, with best fit values of ∼0–0.2%. Such a small neutrino natal kick accompanying black-hole formation is in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243
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Sérgio Sacani
Presentation for the Most Influential Paper (MIP) award at the IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER) 2024 Abstract: Existing defect prediction models use product or process metrics and machine learning methods to identify defect- prone source code entities. Different classifiers (e.g., linear regression, logistic regression, or classification trees) have been investigated in the last decade. The results achieved so far are sometimes contrasting and do not show a clear winner. In this paper we present an empirical study aiming at statistically analyzing the equivalence of different defect predictors. We also propose a combined approach, coined as CODEP (COmbined DEfect Predictor), that employs the classification provided by different machine learning techniques to improve the detection of defect-prone entities. The study was conducted on 10 open source software systems and in the context of cross-project defect prediction, that represents one of the main challenges in the defect prediction field. The statistical analysis of the results indicates that the investigated classifiers are not equivalent and they can complement each other. This is also confirmed by the superior prediction accuracy achieved by CODEP when compared to stand-alone defect predictors.
MIP Award presentation at the IEEE International Conference on Software Analy...
MIP Award presentation at the IEEE International Conference on Software Analy...
Annibale Panichella
A film coated tablet is a type of oral medication where the tablet's surface is covered with a thin layer of a polymer or similar material. This coating serves several purposes, including masking the taste of the medication, protecting the tablet from moisture, and making it easier to swallow.
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In the Nice model of solar system formation, Uranus and Neptune undergo an orbital upheaval, sweeping through a planetesimal disk. The region of the disk from which material is accreted by the ice giants during this phase of their evolution has not previously been identified. We perform direct N-body orbital simulations of the four giant planets to determine the amount and origin of solid accretion during this orbital upheaval. We find that the ice giants undergo an extreme bombardment event, with collision rates as much as ∼3 per hour assuming km-sized planetesimals, increasing the total planet mass by up to ∼0.35%. In all cases, the initially outermost ice giant experiences the largest total enhancement. We determine that for some plausible planetesimal properties, the resulting atmospheric enrichment could potentially produce sufficient latent heat to alter the planetary cooling timescale according to existing models. Our findings suggest that substantial accretion during this phase of planetary evolution may have been sufficient to impact the atmospheric composition and thermal evolution of the ice giants, motivating future work on the fate of deposited solid material.
Extensive Pollution of Uranus and Neptune’s Atmospheres by Upsweep of Icy Mat...
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Sérgio Sacani
1. Introduction 2. Mineral Occurrences in Myanmar 3. Current Mining Activity in Myanmar 4. Investment Information I-Procedure for Foreign Investment in Mining Sector II-Tex Regime and Royalty in Mining Sector III-Category of Mining Permits 5.Why You Investment in Mining Sector in Myanmar 6.Conclusion
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Detectability of Solar Panels as a Technosignature
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Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
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An overview of some work on the DNA, genomes, chromosomes and genes in saffron crocus, Crocus sativus, from our lab, with mention of other work with whole genome assemblies from several countries, and analysis of repetitive DNA components by in situ hybridization.
SaffronCrocusGenomicsThessalonikiOnlineMay2024TalkOnline.pptx
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Pursuing an M.Tech degree at IISc Bangalore provides access to world-class educational opportunities, innovative research avenues, and passionate professionals. Completing a master’s from IISc opens many opportunities in research and industries. Whether pursuing higher studies, venturing into entrepreneurship, or exploring diverse career paths, IISc Bangalore graduates are equipped with the skills and knowledge to make a lasting impact in their chosen fields. By choosing IISc Bangalore, students embark on a journey of growth, discovery, and endless possibilities, creating a solid foundation for a successful and fulfilling career. Check out this blog to learn more about the scopes after MTech and ME from IISc.
IISc Bangalore M.E./M.Tech. courses and fees 2024
IISc Bangalore M.E./M.Tech. courses and fees 2024
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IISc Bangalore M.E./M.Tech. courses and fees 2024
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natural selection theory of darwin
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Sadaf neseer (zoologist)
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DARWINISM IntroductionDarwinismisatheoryofbiologicalevolutiondeveloped bytheEnglishnaturalistcharlisDarwin.(1809-1882).andotherstatingthat allspeciesoforganismariseanddevelopedthroughthenaturelselection ofsmallinheritingvariationsthatincreasetheindividual’sabilityto competesurviveandreproduce. Definition “Thetheoryofevolutionbynaturelselection1st formulatedinDarwin’s bookoriginofspeciesin1859istheprocessbywhichanorganismchange
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overtimeasaresultofchangeinheritablephysicalandbehavioralchange” Thebasicideapopulationsandspeciesoforganismchangeover time.inthe1850centuryDarwinwroteandinfluentialand controvefialbookcalledontheoriginofspecies. JoinedcrewHMSBeagle-1831-1836 Collectedfloraandfauna Astonishedbydiversityoflife Galapagosislands–smallgroupofislands1000kmWestofSouth- America Verydifferentclimate Uniqueanimals–tortoises,iguanas,finches •Observedadaptationsofplantsinthenaturalenvironments •Birth&survivalofdifferentspecies •Fossilsofdifferentspeciesthatgotextinct
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•Fossilsofspeciesthathavesimilaritytotheexistingspecies •AtGalapagostortoisevariableinlook(long/shortneck)andweight •Iguanasondifferentislandshadvariableappearance •Thebeakofthefincheswerevariableadaptedforeatingseeds,nuts, berries,insectsetc. Darwinfinches
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Voyageofthebeagle
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Naturelselectionmeansomestartingmaterialandthatstarting materialisheritablevariationsfornaturalselectionactona feather,theremustalreadybevariations(differencesamong individual)forthatfeather.Alsothedifferenceshavetobe heritabledeterminedbytheorganismgenes.
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Naturelselectiondependentsonthe environment Naturelselectiondoesnotfavortraitthatarecomehow inherentlysuperiorinstead,itfavortraitsthatarebeneficial(that ishelpanorganismsurviveandreproducemoreeffectivelythan
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itspeers)isarespecificenvironment.traitsthatarehelpfulinone environmentmight actuallybeharmfuloneanother.
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ConceptofDarwinofnaturelselection moreoffspringareproducethancan survive Organismsarecapableofproducingmoreoffspringthentheir environmentcansupportthusthereiscompetitionforlimited
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processineachgeneration. Offspringvaryinthereheritabletraits Theoffspringinanygenerationwillbeslightlydifferentfromonanotherin theirtraits(colorsizeshapeetc.)andmanyofthesefeatherswillbe heritable) Variations Variationsisthekeyingredientforthesurvivalof species. Thosespecieswhohavesuitablevariationsthatbenefitsthem havehigherchancesofsurvivalthanthosespecieswhohaveno variationsorwholackbeneficialvariations.Henceastheresultof variationspeciespossessmorphologicalandcharacter differences. •Continuousvariations–slowasaresultofgenetic recombination •Discontinuousvariations–suddenduetomutations
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StruggleforExistence–Aspopulationincrease geometricallyandresourcesincreasearithmetically,organism struggleorcompetefortheavailableresourceslikefood,space andmate. •Competitionmaybeinterspecific–betweenthespecies; intraspecific–withinthespeciesandenvironmentali.e.withthe environmentalfactors. Survivalofthespecies Afteraparticulartimeperiod,thechangeorvariationacquiredby speciesresultinnaturalselection.thismeansthatnatureselect thebeneficialvariations.Andincreasethesurvivalrateof offspringhavingthosecharacter.
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ExamplesinfavorofnaturalSelection •Skeletaladaptationsinanimals-Giraffes,lizards,andmany otherknownspeciesadaptedtotheirenvironmentsthrough geneticchangestotheirskeletonse.g. •Giraffesdevelopedlongneckstoreachfoodsourceshigherup intrees,somembersofthegiraffepopulationwhodidn'tdevelop alongneckdiedout
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Darwinism–Objection/demerits •Darwincouldnotexplaintheoriginandcauseofvariationswhich aregeneratedduringevolution.Hewasnotclearaboutheritable andnon-heritablevariations. •Neutralvariationse.g.fingerprintscouldnotbeexplainedby Darwinism. •Darwinismdonotexplainroleofmutations •Heemphasizedsurvivalofthefittestorganisms.Hecouldnot explainarrivalofthefittest. •TheprincipleofinheritancewasnotpresentduringDarwin, HenceDarwinbelievedinthetheoryof'pangenesis’.Pangenesis theorypostulatedthateverypartofthebodyemitstinyparticles
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calledgemmuleswhichmigratetothegonadsandaretransferred tooffspring. •Therearenoevidencesfrompaleontology,molecularbiology, biochemistryinthefavoroftheDarwinism
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Sadaf naseer
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