In this PPT you will get important content of most essential minerals.

1. Minerals
Sachin Singh Rawat Dr. Renu Yadav

2. Learning objectives:-
• Introduction.
• Classification of Minerals.
• Calcium.
• Phosphorus.
• Magnesium.
• Iron.
• Iodine.
• Zinc.
• Copper.
• Reference.

3. Introduction
• A mineral is an element that originates in the Earth and always retains its chemical identity.
• Minerals occur as inorganic crystalline salts.
• Once minerals enter the body, they remain there until excreted.
• Compared to other nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates and fats, vitamins and minerals are present in
food in trace quantities. This is why vitamins and minerals are called micronutrients, because we consume
them only in small amounts.
• Minerals constitute three to four percent of the total body weight.
• Minerals helps build tissues, regulate body fluids or assist in various body functions.
• Minerals are categorized as major or trace minerals, based on the amount needed in the diet and amount of
the mineral in the body.

4. Minerals have two distinct characteristics
• Mineral elements do not provide energy.
• Mineral elements are not destroyed during food preparation.

5. Classification of Minerals
 Major minerals:- Required in large about atleast 100 mg/day.
eg.Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Calcium, Phosphorus,
 Trace minerals:- Required in less than 100 mg/day.
eg.Iodine, Fluorine, Zinc, Iron, Selenium, Copper, Manganese, Chromium, Molybdenum.

7. Introduction:-
• Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body.
• Ninety-nine percent of the body’s calcium is in the bones and teeth.
• Calcium is an integral part of bone structure, necessary to create a rigid frame to
hold the body upright and for movement.
• Calcium in the bones also serves as a bank from which the body can withdraw
calcium to compensate for low intakes.
• The remaining 1% of the body’s calcium is in the body fluids, where it helps
regulate blood pressure and muscle movement.
• Calcium is important at all life stages, and most especially during periods of
linear growth, childhood and puberty, as well as pregnancy and lactation.

8. Functions
• Bone Structure.
• Nerve function.
• Blood clotting.
• Activation of some enzyme reactions.
• Regulation of muscle contraction

9. Regulation of Calcium.
• Three hormnes, calcitriol,
parathyroid hormone and
calcitonin, regulate calcium status.
• They control intestinal absorption
of calcium, bone calcium release,
and calcium excretion by the
kidney.

10. Recommended Dietary Allowance:-
Group Category/age body weight(kg) Calcium (mg/d)
Men Sedentary work 60 600
Moderate work
Heavy work
Women Sedentary work 55 600
Moderate work
Heavy work
Pregnant 1200
Lactating 0-6 m 1200
6-12m
Infants 0 - 6 months 5.4 500
6 - 12 months 8.4
Children
(Boys +
Girls)
1 - 3 years 12.9 600
4 - 6 years 18.0
7 - 9 years 25.1
Boys 10 -12 years 34.3 800
Girls 10 - 12 years 35.0 800
Boys 13 - 15 years 47.6 800
Girls 13 - 15 years 46.6 800
Boys 16 -17 years 55.4 800
Girls 16- 17 years 52.1 800

11. Food Sources

12. Calcium Absorption
• The body normally absorbs 25 to 75 percent of dietary calcium, depening on a variety of factors
including age, presence of adequate vitamin D.
• In the absence of vitamin D, calcium absorption can drop to less than 10 % of dietary calcium.
• Phytates depress calcium absorption, as do high levels of phosphorus and magnesium from
supplements.
• Dietary fiber, except for wheat bran has little effect on calcium absorption.
• High intakes of wheat bran have been found to depress calcium absorption from milk.
• Low estrogen levels as seen in postmenopausal women, can lower calcium absorption to about 20%.

13. Disorders of Calcium:-
Hypocalcemia:- A lower than normal level of calcium in the blood leads to muscle cramps, confusion
or memory loss, depression, hallucinations, rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia.
Cause of Hypocalcemia:
• kidney failure.
• parathyroid disorder.
• Vitamin D deficiency.

14. Osteoporosis:-
• Osteoporsis- means''porous bones''- characterized by low bone density or mass (reduced amount of
bone tissue) and fragile bones.
• Osteoporosis causes ‘silent’ loss of bone, often with no obvious symptoms until a simple fall results in
a broken wrist, shoulder, spine or hip.

15. Rickets & Osteomalasia:-
• Rickets:- Softening of bones in childrens potentially leading to
fractures and deformity.
• Osteomalasia:- Bones lose calcium and become softer and may
deform.

16. Hypercalcemia:-
• A higher than normal level of calcium in the blood leads to fatigue, confusion, loss of appetite and
constipaton.
• Two major cause of hypercalcemia are and the overproduction of PTH .
• Calcium may be deposited in the soft tissues where it can impair organ function.
• A very high levels of bood calcium can lead to coma and cardic arrest.
Calcium level:-
Low Normal High
< 6.0 mg/dL 8.5 - 10.2 mg/dL > 13.0 mmol/L

18. Introduction
• About 85% of phosphorus in the body is combined with calcium in the bones and teeth.
• Most phosphorus in the body is in form of the phosphate ion (PO4
3-).
• Phosphate is the most abundant intracellular anion.
• Phosphorus is also part of DNA and RNA, which are essential components of all cells.
• Phosphorus assists in energy metabolism in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATP molecule uses three
phosphate groups to do its work.
• Many enzymes and the B-vitamins become active only when a phosphate group is attached.
• Lipids found in the cell walls also use phosphorus. These phospholipids give cells their fluid structure, which is
necessary for the transport of compounds into and out of cells
Function:-
• Structural component of
1. Bones & teeth.
2. DNA & RNA.
3.Cell membrane.
• Maintains normal pH of the blood.
• Constituent of all body cells lipid bilayer.

19. Reguation of Phosphorus.

20. Recommended Dietary Allowance:-
Phosphorus:- Children (1-9y): 600mg
Boys & Girls (10-17 years): 800mg
Man & Women:- 600mg
Pregnant & Lactating women :-1200mg

21. Food source

22. Disorder of Phosphorus:-
Hyperphosphatemia:- High level of phosphorus leads to muscle cramps, numbness and tingling
around the mouth, bone and joint pain, weak bones, rash, itchy skin.
Causes of Hyperphosphatemia:-
• Low parathyroid hormone levels (hypoparathyroidism).
• Damage to cells.
• High vitamin D levels.
• Diabetic ketoacidosis.
Hypophosphatemia:-Low level of phosphorus leads to muscle weakness, fatigue, bone pain,
bone fractures & confusion.
There are two types of hypophosphatemia:
• Acute hypophosphatemia
• Chronic hypophosphatemia

23. Cause of hypophosphatmia:-Certain medical conditions can cause hypophosphatemia by:
• Decreasing the amount of phosphate your intestines absorb.
• Increasing the amount of phosphate your kidneys remove into your urine
• Severe malnutrition.
• Alcoholism.
• Severe burns.
• Kidney disorder.
• An excess of parathyroid hormone.
Phosphorus Level:-
Low Normal High
Men < 1.0 mg/dL 2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL > 8.9 mg/ dL
Women <1.0 mg/dL 2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL > 8.9 mg/dL
Children <1.0 mg/dL 4.5 - 6.5 mg/dL > 8.9 mg/dL

25. Magnesium
• More than half the body’s magnesium is found in the bones, where it plays an important role in
development and maintenance of bone. Much of the rest of the mineral is found in the muscles and soft
tissues, with only 1% in the extracellular fluid.
• Bone magnesium serves as a reservoir for magnesium to ensure normal magnesium blood
concentrations.
• Magnesium is involved in more than 300 essential metabolic reactions such as synthesis of our genetic
material (DNA/RNA) and proteins, in cell growth and reproduction, and in energy production and
storage.
• Magnesium is important for the formation of the body’s main energy compound adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). Our cells need ATP for all their processes.
Functions:-
• Muscle activity.
• Nerve transmission.
• Activation of metabolic enzymes.
• Constituent of bone, muscles and RBC's.

27. Recommended Dietary Allowance:-
Group Category/age body weight(kg) Magnesium (mg/d)
Men Sedentary work 60 340
Moderate work
Heavy work
Women Sedentary work 55 310
Moderate work
Heavy work
Pregnant
Lactating 0-6 m
6-12m
Infants 0 - 6 months 5.4 30
6 - 12 months 8.4 45
Children (Boys + Girls) 1 - 3 years 12.9 50
4 - 6 years 18.0 70
7 - 9 years 25.1 100
Boys 10 -12 years 34.3 120
Girls 10 - 12 years 35.0 160
Boys 13 - 15 years 47.6 165
Girls 13 - 15 years 46.6 210
Boys 16 -17 years 55.4 195
Girls 16-17 years 52.1 235

28. Food Source:-

29. Disorders of Magnesium :-
Hypermagnesemia:- High level of magnesium present in our body leads to nausea,vomiting, neurological
impairment, abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension), flushing,headache.
Causes of Hypermagnesmia:-
• kidney failure.
• lithium therapy
• hypothyroidism
• Addison’s disease
Hypomagnesemia:- Low levels of magnesium present in our body leads to nausea, vomiting, weakness,
personality change.
Causes of Hypomagnesmia:-
• Alcohol use disorder.
• Uncontrolled diabetes,
• Hypercalcemia.
• Patients taking loop diuretics.

30. Low Normal High
Men < 1.0 mg/dL 1.7- 2.5 mg/dL > 4.6 mg/ dL
Women <1.0 mg/dL 1.7- 2.4 mg/dL > 4.6 mg/dL
Children <1.0 mg/dL 1.7- 2.5 mg/dL > 4.6 mg/dL

32. Iron
• Iron is the fourth most abundant mineral in the earth's crust.
• Iron has a special property. It easily changes between its two oxidation states- ferrous iron ( Fe2+) and ferric
iron ( Fe3+) by transferring electrons to other atoms.
• Most of the body’s iron is found in two oxygen-carrying proteins – hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood
cells, and myoglobin, which is found in the muscle cells.
• Iron also serves as a cofactor to enzymes in oxidation/reduction reactions.
• Iron needs increase during menstruation, pregnancy, and periods of rapid growth such as early childhood.
Function:-
• Oxygen transport.
• Synthesizing neurotransmitters.
• Myelinization.
• Enzymes.

33. Regulation of iron:-
• Iron can be classified as functional iron, storage or transport iron.
• More than 80 % of the body's functional iron is found in the red blood cells as hemoglobulin, and the
rest is found in myoglobin and enzymes.
• The body regulates its iron status by balancing absorption,transport, storage and losses.
Iron Absorption:-
• GI tract is the primary regulator of iron absorption.
• The amount of iron absorbed depends on several factors. The body's capacity to absorb dietary iron
depends on the body's iron status and need, normal GI function, the amount and type of iron in the
diet, and dietary factors that enhance or inhibit iron absorption.
• Intestinal cells act as gatekeepers, forming an initial barrier that turns away excess iron.
• after absorption by intestinal cell, iron has three potential fates:-
1. It can be used by the itself.
2. It can be released into the blood and carried to other tissue by transferrin.
3. It can be stored as ferritin.

34. Iron transport and storage:-
• Transferrin delivers iron from the intestine to the tissue and redistributes iron from storage sites to
various body compartment.
• Individual cells take up the iron transported on transferrtin via transferrtin receptors on the cell
membrances.
• Body stores surplus iron either as part of the soluble protein complex ferrtin or as a insoluble protein
complex hemosiderin.
• In healthy people , ferrtin contain most of the store iron.
Iron Turnover and loss:-
• While protecting against toxicity, the body tightly regulate its iron content to ensure adequate store.
• It recycle iron, and adjusts absorption and excretion as needed.
• RBC formation and distruction are responsible for most iron turnover.

35. Food sources:-

36. Recommended Dietary Allowance:-
Group Category/age body weight(kg) Iron (mg/d)
Men Sedentary work 60 17
Moderate work
Heavy work
Women Sedentary work 55 21
Moderate work
Heavy work
Pregnant 35
Lactating 0-6 m 21
6-12m
Infants 0 - 6 months 5.4 46μg/kg/d
05
6 - 12 months 8.4
Children
(Boys +
Girls)
1 - 3 years 12.9 09
4 - 6 years 18.0
13
7 - 9 years 25.1
16
Boys 10 -12 years 34.3 21
Girls 10 - 12 years 35.0 27
Boys 13 - 15 years 47.6 32
Girls 13 - 15 years 46.6 27
Boys 16 -17 years 55.4 28
Girls 16- 17 years 52.1 27

37. Deficiency of Iron:-
Anaemia:-This deficiency is commonly found in infants, preschool children, aldolesent girls and
pregnant women.Anemia (also spelled anaemia) is a decrease in the total amount of red
blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry
oxygen.
• Causes of Iron deficiency anaemia:-
A. Blood loss
B. Decreased iron absorption or utilization.
C. Inadequate iron ingestion
Iron overload disorder:- The body cannot excrete excess iron, so it stores it in certain organs, notably
the liver, heart, and pancreas, which can lead to organ damage.

38. Hemochromatosis:-
• Hemochromatosis:-Hemochromatosis is a disorder where too much iron builds up in your body.
Sometimes it's called “iron overload.” Normally, your intestines absorb just the right amount of iron
from the foods you eat. But in hemochromatosis, your body absorbs too much, and it has no way to get
rid of it.
• Haemochromatosis is caused by a faulty gene that can be passed on to a child by their parents. Most
cases are linked to a fault in a gene called HFE, which affects your ability to absorb iron from food.

40. Iodine:-
• Iodine is an integral part of the thyroid hormones that regulate body temperature, metabolic
rate, reproduction, growth, blood cell production, nerve and muscle function and more. Most
(70-80%) of the body’s iodine is found in the thyroid.
• Much of iodine is essenential component of two thyroid hormones- triiodothyronine( T3)
and thyoxine ( T4).
• Thyroid hormones released by thyroid gland are about 93% thyroxine and only 7%
triiodothyronine.
• The kidney excrete most excess iodine in urine, but some is lost in sweat.
• Those at the highest risk include
1. Pregnant women.
2. People who live in countries where there is very little iodine in the soil. This includes
South Asia, Southeast Asia, New Zealand and European countries.
3. People who don’t use iodized salt.

41. Synthesis of thyroid hormones:-

42. Food sources:-

43. Recommended Dietary Allowance:-
Iodine:- Children (1-5y): 90μg
Children ( 6-12y): 120μg
Adolescent and adults( >13y):150μg
Pregnant & Lactating women :-250μg
Disorder of Iodine:
Iodine deficiency: Iodine deficiency may leads to Hypothyroidism.
Sign and Symptoms:-
• Swelling in the Neck.
• Unexpected Weight Gain.
• Fatigue and Weakness.
• Hair loss.
• Trouble Learning and Remembering.
• Heavy or Irregular Periods

44. Goitre
• Deficiency of iodine inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones. As the body senses the lack of thyroid
hormones, it produces more and more TSH. TSH cause the thyroid gland to grow, eventually resulting in a
goiter. A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland since the size and number of epithelial cells in the
gland increase.Women are more affected than men.

45. Cretinism
• Congenital hypothyroidism (underactivity of the thyroid gland at birth), which results in growth
retardation, developmental delay, and other abnormal features. Cretinism can be due to deficiency of
iodine in the mother's diet during pregnancy.

46. Iodine toxicity
• Iodine toxicity most commonly results from over-consumption of dietary supplements. Generally,
many grams of iodine must be ingested to cause toxicity. Foods containing iodine include iodized salt,
drinking water, milk, certain seafood, and seaweeds.
• High amounts of iodine inhibit synthesis of thyroid hormones and stimulate growth of the thyroid
gland, iodine toxicity also can cause goiter.

48. Zinc:-
• Zinc is a mineral. It is called an "essential trace element" because very small amounts of zinc are
necessary for human health. Since the human body does not store excess zinc, it must be consumed
regularly as part of the diet.
• Almost all cells contain zinc and it is a vital nutrient for growth and development. The highest
concentrations are found in muscle and bone.
• Stress and infections cause plasma zinc levels to fall.
Function:-
• Gene expression.
• Enzymatic reactions.
• Immune function.
• Protein synthesis.
• DNA synthesis.
• Growth and development.
• Reproduction.

49. Regulation of Zinc:-
• Zinc absorption :-
• The degree of zinc absorption depends on the person's zinc status, zinc needs, zinc
content of the meal and the presence of competing minerals.
• People with zinc deficiency absorb zinc more thoroughly than those with optimal zinc status.
• Absorption increases during times of increased need, such as growth spurts, pregnancy and lactation.
• Dietary factor that inhibit Zinc absorption:-
• Because of Phytate and fiber, the body absorbs zinc poorly from whole grains- less than 15%on
avearge.
• Phytate can bind zinc in insoluble complexes thus inhibiting zinc's absorption.
• Dietary fiber may also reduce zinc absorption but to a lesser extent than phytate.
• Calcium in meal does not appear to affect zinc absorption, but supplemental calcium taken with meals
high in phytate may increase phytate's ability to bind zinc and may decrease zinc's bioavailability.

50. Zinc Transport and Distribution:-
• Zinc circulate in the bloodstream loosely bound to albumin and more tightly bound to another protein
alpha2macroglobulin.
• Zinc travels to the liver and to the tissues where it is most needed.
• Muscle and bone contain 90% of the body's zinc and the remainder is divided primarily among the
liver, kidney, pancreas, brain, skin and prostate.

51. Food sources:-

52. Recommended Dietary Allowance:-
Group Category/age body weight(kg) Zinc( mg/d)
Men Sedentary work 60 12
Moderate work
Heavy work
Women Sedentary work 55 10
Moderate work
Heavy work
Pregnant 12
Lactating 0-6 m
6-12m
Infants 0 - 6 months 5.4 -
-
6 - 12 months 8.4
Children
(Boys + Girls)
1 - 3 years 12.9 5
4 - 6 years 18.0
7
7 - 9 years 25.1
8
Boys 10 -12 years 34.3 9
Girls 10 - 12 years 35.0 9
Boys 13 - 15 years 47.6 11
Girls 13 - 15 years 46.6 11
Boys 16 -17 years 55.4 12
Girls 16- 17 years 52.1 12

53. Disorder of Zinc:-
• Zinc Deficiency:-
• Symptoms of severe zinc deficiency include impaired growth and development, delayed sexual
maturity, skin rashes, chronic diarrhea, impaired wound healing and behavioral issues.
• Zinc toxicity:-
• Because the body efficiently rids itself of excess zinc, toxicity from high dietary zinc intake
is rare.
• High doses of zinc may cause acute gastrointestinal distress, nausea, vomiting and
cramping.
• Excess zinc intakes also affects blood lipid by elevating LDL and depressing HDL levels.
• Chronic high intakes of zinc relative to copper can inhibit copper absorption and with time
may induce a copper deficiency.

55. Copper
• Along with iron, copper too is involved in heamoglobulin synthesis.
• Liver, brain, heart, and kidney contain high concentration of copper.
• The ceruloplasmin plays an important role in the transport of iron in transferrin for heamoglobulin
synthesis.
• Other function like formation of malanin pigment, maturation of collagen and elastin formation,
integrity of the myelin sheath, synthesis of phospholipids and bone development.
• It is a part of several enzymes like cytochrome oxidase, dehydrogenase, tyrosinase etc.

56. Absorption,Use and Metabolism:-
• Intestine absorbs approximately 50% of dietary copper. Amino acids, particularly histidine, enhance
copper absorption.
• Dietary phytates do not appear to inhibit copper absorption, because copper is best absorbed in acidic
condition.
• Copper absorbed from upper SI.
• Albumin transports copper from intestinal cell to the liver, where about two-thirds is incorporated into
ceruloplasmin.
• Copper mainly distributed among the liver, brain, blood and bonemarrow.
• Copper is excreted tin the feces includes unabsorbed dietary copper, copper released in bile.

57. Recommended Dietary Allowance:-

58. Food Sources:-

59. Disorder of Copper:-
• Copper Deficiency:-Copper deficiency is uncommon in humans. Based on studies in animals and
humans, the effects of copper deficiency include anemia, hypopigmentation, hypercholesterolemia,
connective tissue disorders, osteoporosis and other bone defects, abnormal lipid metabolism.
• Copper Toxicity:- Compared to other trace elements, copper is relatively nontoxic. Wilson's disease
is a rare genetic copper toxicity disorder that impairs copper excretion in bile, causing toxic
accumulation in the liver, brain, kidney, and eyes. Copper toxicity may be treated either bt chelation
therapy to bind and remove copper or with zinc supplementation to decrease copper absorption.

60. Reference:-
• Food Safety and Standard Authority of India.
• https://www.news-medical.net/health/Macrominerals-and-Trace-Minerals-in-the-Diet.aspx
• www.webmd.com
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/288471#recommended-intake-and-sources
• https://www.healthline.com/health/manganese-deficiency#causes
• https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/129/1/9/4723248?login=true
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/
• Nutrition ( Paul Insel 2002 edition)
• Nutrition and Dietetics( Shubhangini A joshi, Third Edition)

62. Bone Structure.
• Bone is made of cells and extracellular matrix. Two types of cell osteoblast and osteoclasts, continually remodal
our bone.
• Osteoblasts are the construction team and osteoclasts are demolation team.
• Osteoblasts first secrete the collagen protein matrix that forms the initials framework for new bone. Then bone
builders help move minerals from the extracellular fluid to the bone surface, where the minerals become a hard
cystalline materials that surrounds the collagen fibers.
• Most of the calcium in bone is in the form of hydroxyapatite.
• By weight, bone is two-thirds mineral and one-third water and protein, primarily collagen.