Academic Writing

1. Subjective Assignment II
of
MOOC ON ACADEMIC WRITING
(UGC)
ACADEMIC WRITING
Submitted by
SIDDAVATAM NARENDRA REDDY
(Application No: f87a6247eafe11e99536638acc6b5beb)
IMS Noida

2. HAND-FREE
DRIVINGRemember…
The Life You Save
Could Be Your Own!

3. INTRODUCTION
All of us would like to drive our car with a mobile held in one hand,
talking to the other person. But we should be careful; we don't know when
the car just before us apply the break and everything are gone. A serious
problem encountered in most of the cities, National Highways, where any
mistake means no 'turning back'! There comes the tomorrows technology;
Hand free driven car. Initializing the modern technological approach in
Robotics as obstacle sensing, tracking and identification.
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4. What is the Need of Hand-Free Driving?
Distracted Driving
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5. What is distracted Driving?
According to Distraction.gov, distracted driving is defined as :
“any non-driving activity a person engages in that has the potential to distract him or her from
the primary task of driving and increase the risk of crashing.”
Driving is a skill that requires your full attention to safely control your vehicle and respond to events
happening around you. Distractions are anything that takes your attention off the primary task of driving.
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6. Types of Distractions:
There are 3 types of distractions:
Visual Distractions: Anything that
takes your eyes off the road.
Manual Distractions: Anything that takes your hands
off the steering wheel.
Cognitive Distractions: Anything that takes your
mind off driving.
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8. Brain Overload
How many of you feel that you can multitask?
Functional MRI
When people perform two cognitive tasks simultaneously (like driving and talking on a phone), a resource constraint
exists in the brain, reducing the available resources for each individual task.
•The parietal activation associated with driving decreases by 37% with sentence listening.
•Brain imaging scientists liken this to plugging in an iron and a hairdryer at the same time, causing brownout.
When brains are overloaded by two cognitive tasks, people switch attention (without recognizing it) and make one
task “primary” and the other “secondary”.
•Cognitive attention to driving can become secondary to a phone conversation.
•When driving is a secondary task for the brain, driving becomes impaired.The impairment takes several forms,
including inattention blindness and tunnel vision.
Can’t really multi-task, just switching attention. Brains have to selectively chose what to process.
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9. Distractions:
All distractions can be dangerous and life
threatening but texting is one of the most dangerous
distractions because it involves all three types of
distractions.
Other distractive activities include:
» Using a cell phone
» Eating and drinking
» Talking to passengers
» Grooming
» Reading, including map
» Using PDA or navigation system
» Watching a video
» Changing the radio station, CD, Mp3 player or
other device
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10. How long does texting
take your eyes off the road?
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11. Texting and driving takes your eyes off the road for an
AVERAGE of 5 seconds.
May be longer, may be shorter – but an average of 5 seconds
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12. At 55 mph, that equals taking your eyes off the
road for a distance of 300 feet
That is the same as driving the entire length of a
football field blind.
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13. Teen Driver Survey Findings:
 97% of teens say texting while driving is dangerous, but 43% admit to
doing so
 Almost all teens (9 in 10) expect a reply to a text or email within 5 minutes
or less, which puts pressure on them to respond while driving
 According to 77% of teens, adults tell kids not to text or email while
driving – yet adults do it themselves “all the time”.
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14. Those that text while driving
are 23 times more likely
to be in a crash
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15. ■ 20% of injury crashes in 2009 involved reports of distracted driving.
■ Of those killed in distracted-driving-related crashes, 995 involved reports of a cell
phone as a distraction (18% of fatalities in distraction-related crashes). (NHTSA)
■ In 2009, 5,474 people were killed in U.S. roadways and an estimated 448,000 were
injured in motor vehicle crashes that were reported to have involved distracted
driving (FARS and GES)
■ The age group with the greatest proportion of distracted drivers was the under-20
age group– 16% of all drivers younger than 20 involved in fatal crashes were
reported to have been distracted while driving. (NHTSA)
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16. ■ Drivers who use hand-held devices are four times as likely to get into crashes
serious enough to injure themselves. (Source: Insurance Institute for Highway
Safety)
■ Using a cell phone while driving, whether it’s hand-held or hands-free, delays a
driver’s reactions as much as having a blood alcohol concentration at the legal limit
of .08%. (Source: University of Utah)
■ 80% of all crashes and 65% of near crashes involve some type of distraction
(VirginiaTech 100-car Study for the NHTSA)
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17. ■ Brain activity used while driving decreases by 40% when a driver listens to
conversation or music. (Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging a Carnegie Mellon
University)
■ More than 80% of drivers admit to blatantly hazardous behavior.: Changing
clothes, steering with a foot, painting nails, and shaving
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18. FACTS
■ Car accidents are the number one cause of teen deaths, killing more
than 3,500 per year and seriously injuring over 400,000 of teens
■ Texting and distracted driving is a factor in 8 out of 10 accidents, and
young drivers have the highest distracted driving fatality rate of all age
groups
■ Over 50% of teens admit to texting while driving because they do not
believe it is dangerousCC BY SA NC

19. Last year more than 3500 teens died in fatal car accidents – 80% of
which were directly related to texting and distracted driving
“It won’t happen to me”
There are people serving time in jail right now for vehicular
manslaughter secondary to distracted driving that also felt it wouldn’t
happen to them. They did not set out that day to intentionally hurt or kill
someone, but it can happen to any of us that make the decision to drive
distracted. It is a choice, it is a decision and it is preventable.
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20. Distracted Drivers,
People are dying to get
your attention!!!CC BY SA NC

21. This was the main reason behind this project work put forward by the Delphi-
Delco electronic systems and General Motors Corporation. It was called the
Automotive Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS) field operation program to build the
tomorrow’s car.
It used latest technologies of radar sensing to prevent collision. Video imaging to
track its path, and uses DGPS for locating the position of the vehicle on the road.
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22. ACAS
It was aimed at integration of the latest technology Forward
Collision Warning (FCW) and Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). The project
has two phases. The Phase I started by June 1999, it lasted for about 27
months and II phase started immediately just after the Phase I and
expected to be complete by 32 months.
The phase I include development and integration of ACC and FCW systems
on the automotive. The phase II include the deployment fleet on ten cars
and field operation test.
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23. FCW
Forward Collision Warning (FCW) System was one of the achievements of the
Delphi-Delco Electronic Systems, which was successfully implemented in the
(a) 1994Toyota Lexus LS400
(b) 1994 GM Cadillac Seville, and
(c) 1998 OpelVectra.
These vehicles have been modified to provide the basic functionality of fully integrated ACC and
FCW systems. Forewarn Smart Cruise Control with Headway Alert uses a mechanically scanning, 76 GHz, long-range
radar sensor to detect objects in the vehicle's path up to 150 meters or 402 feet ahead. The system helps to reduce the
need for drivers to manually adjust speed or disengage cruise control when encountering slower traffic with Headway
Alert automatically manages vehicle speed to maintain a time gap (following distance) set by the driver.
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24. ACC
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Forward Collision Warning (FCW) systems
require an ability to resolve and identify robustly the existence of both stationary
and moving 'target' vehicles that are in the motion path of the Host vehicle. The
performance of these systems is affected by their ability (a) to estimate the
relative inter-vehicular path motion (i.e.: range, relative speed, radius of
curvature, etc.) between the host vehicle, the roadway ahead of the host, and all
of the appropriate targets (i.e.: roadside objects, and in-lane, adjacent lane, and
crossing vehicles, etc.); and (b) to predict the mutual intersection of these motion
paths. In addition, these systems must
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25. be robust in the presence of various types of driving behavior (e.g.: in-lane
weaving/drift, lane change maneuvers, etc.) and roadway conditions (e.g.
straight roads, curved roads, curve entry/exit transitions, intersections, etc.)
that are encountered in the 'real-world' environment.
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26. ■ The forward vision sensor to provide lane tracking to help distinguish in-path from
out-of-path targets
■ a video camera mounted behind the windshield of the vehicle to estimate road
shape, lane width, vehicle heading and lateral position in the lane.
■ Uses a 233MHz Pentium MMX processor.
■ Adequate road shape estimate of at least 75 meters ahead of the vehicle
FORWARDVISION SENSOR
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27. ■ Road map database fed to the CPU of the vehicle.
■ The information from the DGPS + road map database fused in DATAFUSION SYSTEM.
■ It provide data of path and position of the vehicle.
ROAD MAP DATABASE & GPS
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28. GPS(GLOBAL POSITIONING SATELLITE) SYSTEM
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29. Sample road map
A ROAD MAP DATABASE
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30. ■ Data from ACC + radar sensor fused and fed to processor.
■ Processor data controls actuators.
■ For speed less than cruise speed, the driver is informed.
BRAKE ANDTHROTTLE CONTROL
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31. ■ Conveniently manages vehicle speed and headway gap.
■ Cruise control more useable in most traffic
conditions resulting in a more relaxed driving experience.
■ Operates under wide range of environmental conditions (dirt, ice, day, night, rain,
or fog).
■ Low false alarm rate.
BENEFITS
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32. ■ Radar-based sensing for optimal performance
■ Sensor hidden behind front grille or fascia
■ Best available detection and tracking performance
■ Manages vehicle speed and headway gap using throttle control and limited braking
■ Excellent following distance and speed control
FEATURES
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33. Robotics is the part of Electronics Engineering , which
exploits each aspect of Electronics and Mechanical
Engineering.The development of robotics have led to the
ACAS program. On the completion of this program
vehicles will change the phase of driving; a “hand-free”
driving.
CONCLUSION
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34. CC BY SA NC
FEEDBACK ABOUTTHE COURSE
■ It is an extremely beneficial and important course for academicians like us since we are required to
write research papers, articles and case studies for professional enhancement. Hence, it is
important to have good academic writing skills
■ The entire course content is well planned and designed which enables step by step learning.
Plagiarism and Journal andAuthor Metrics were the two modules I liked the most.
■ I am definitely going to take suggestions from the current ‘Academic Writing Course’ that I’m
attending. I sincerely hope to continuously strive to excel as a professional writer.
■ I thank the coordinators of this course to have spent their time and efforts to compile these
modules for the benefit of the entire professional community.

35. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
■ I am thankful to UGC - MOOC Academic Writing course for inspiring me do this work.
■ Also I thank DR. AJAY SEMALTY for teaching us clearly the importance of the course and
how to use the knowledge gained through this course.
■ Lastly I thank my college management for including this course in our academics
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36. THANK YOU
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