A presentation on Driver-less Cars

1. Drive-Less Cars: Future of
Vehicles
By Abhinav Kumar Dubey
Jain University-School of Engineering and Technology
Data Science(B.Tech)

2. Introduction
• Driver error is the most common cause of traffic accidents.
• India contributes 6% of the worlds road accidents deaths
• Cell phones in-car, entertainment systems, more traffic and more
complicated road systems making it more frequent.
• By this improving technology our car will do the concentrating for us.

3. What is driverless car?
• A driverless car is also known as robot car, self-driving car, or
autonomous car.
• A driverless car senses its environment and moves accordingly.
• It can move from one point to another without assistance from a
driver.
• In other words, it has an autopilot system.

4. How driverless cars work?
• AI technologies power self-driving car systems.
• Developers use vast amounts of data from image recognition systems,
along with machine learning and neural networks.
• The neural networks identify patterns in data, which is fed to the
machine learning algorithms.
• The data includes images from cameras on driverless cars from which
neural network learns.
• It learns to identify traffic lights, trees, curbs, pedestrians, street signs
and other parts of the environment.

5. Levels of autonomy in driverless cars.
• Level 1:Advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) aid the human
driver with either steering, braking or accelerating, though not
simultaneously. ADAS includes rearview cameras and features like a
vibrating seat warning to alert drivers when they drift out of the
traveling lane.
• Level 2:An ADAS that can steer and either brake or accelerate
simultaneously while the driver remains fully aware behind the wheel
and continues to act as the driver.

6. Levels of autonomy in driverless cars(contd..)
• Level 3: An automated driving system (ADS) can perform all driving
tasks under certain circumstances, such as parking the car. In these
circumstances, the human driver must be ready to re-take control and
is still required to be the main driver of the vehicle.
• Level 4: An ADS is able to perform all driving tasks and monitor the
driving environment in certain circumstances. In those circumstances,
the ADS is reliable enough that the human driver needn't pay
attention.
• Level 5: The vehicle's ADS acts as a virtual chauffeur and does all the
driving in all circumstances. The human occupants are passengers and
are never expected to drive the vehicle.

7. Google’s driverless car- Waymo
• The driver (or passenger) sets a destination. The car's software calculates a
route
• A rotating, roof-mounted Lidar sensor monitors a 60-meter range around
the car and creates a dynamic 3D map of the car's current environment.
• A sensor on the left rear wheel monitors sideways movement to detect the
car's position relative to the 3D map.
• Radar systems in the front and rear bumpers calculate distances to
obstacles.
• AI software in the car is connected to all the sensors and collects input
from Google Street View and video cameras inside the car.

8. Google’s driverless car- Waymo(contd..)
• The AI simulates human perceptual and decision-making processes
and controls actions in driver-control systems such as steering and
brakes.
• The car's software consults Google Maps for advance notice of things
like landmarks and traffic signs and lights.
• An override function is available to allow a human to take control of
the vehicle.

9. The pros and cons of driverless cars
• 94% of serious crashes are due to human error or poor choices, such
as drunk or distracted driving. Autonomous cars remove those risk
factors from the equation -- though self-driving cars are still
vulnerable to other factors, such as mechanical issues, that cause
crashes.
• if the roads were mostly occupied by autonomous cars, traffic would
flow smoothly and there would be less traffic congestion. In cars that
are fully automated, the occupants could do productive activities
while commuting to work. People who aren't able to drive due to
physical limitations could find new independence through
autonomous vehicles and would have the opportunity to work in
fields that require driving.

10. The pros and cons of driverless cars(contd…)
• The downsides of autonomous vehicle technology could be that
riding in a vehicle without a driver behind the steering wheel may be
unnerving, at least at first. But as self-driving capabilities become
commonplace, human drivers may become overly reliant on the
autopilot technology and leave their safety in the hands of
automation, even when they should act as backup drivers in case of
software failures or mechanical issues.
• In one example from March 2018, Tesla's Model X SUV was on
autopilot when it crashed into a highway lane divider. The driver's
hands were not on the wheel, despite visual warnings and an audible
warning to put his hands back on the steering wheel, according to the
company.

11. Driverless car safety and challenges
• Autonomous cars must learn to identify countless objects in the
vehicle's path, from branches and litter to animals and people. Other
challenges on the road are tunnels that interfere with Global
Positioning Systems (GPS), construction projects that cause lane
changes, or complex decisions, like where to stop to allow emergency
vehicles to pass.
• The systems need to make instantaneous decisions on when to slow
down, swerve or continue acceleration normally. This is a continuing
challenge for developers and there are reports of self-driving cars
hesitating and swerving unnecessarily when objects are detected in
or near the roadways.

12. Driverless car safety and challenges(contd…)
• This problem was clear in a fatal accident in March 2018 which
involved an autonomous car operated by Uber. The company
reported that the vehicle's software identified a pedestrian but
deemed it a false positive and failed to swerve to avoid hitting her.
This crash caused Toyota to temporarily cease its testing of self-
driving cars on public roads, but its testing will continue elsewhere.
The Toyota Research Institute is constructing a test facility on a 60-
acre site in Michigan to further develop automated vehicle
technology.
• With crashes also comes the question of liability, and lawmakers have
yet to define who is liable when an autonomous car is involved in an
accident. There are also serious concerns that the software used to
operate autonomous vehicles can be hacked, and automotive
companies are working to address cybersecurity risks.

13. Quick Question
• Given with a series of choices about whom to save and whom to kill.
In one, for instance, a self-driving car experiences brake failure ahead
of a pedestrian crossing. If it carries on in a straight line, a man, a
woman and two homeless people of unspecified sex will be run
down. If it swerves, the death count will be the same, but the victims
will be two women and two male business executives. What should
the car do?