Helpfull for pharmacy students

1. Aminoglycoside antibiotics
Presented by
P. Ruchitha Rao
Application number : aad8e90ced1711e9bfe455404a470379
Academic writing
Department of pharmacology
G. Pulla Reddy college of pharmacy

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Mechanism of action
• Classification
• Reference

3. Introduction
• Include streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin,
amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin,
sisomicin, netilmicin, and others
• Widely in combination with a β-lactam
antibiotic
– serious infections with gram-negative bacteria
– combination with vancomycin gram-positive
endocarditis
• Treatment of Tuberculosis.

4. Mechnism of action

5. Classification

6. STREPTOMYCIN
• Isolated from a strain of
Streptomyces griseus
• Ribosomal resistance
develops readily -
limiting its role as a
single agent

7. Clinical Uses
• Mycobacterial Infections
– second-line agent for treatment of tuberculosis
– 0.5–1 g/d - intramuscularly or intravenously
– combination with other agents to prevent emergence of
resistance
• Nontuberculous Infections
– plague, tularemia, and sometimes brucellosis : 1 g/d
i/m in combination with an oral tetracycline.
– Combination with Penicillin
• enterococcal endocarditis
• 2-week therapy of viridans streptococcal endocarditis.
• enterococcal infections

8. Adverse Reactions
• Fever, skin rashes, and other allergic
manifestations – hypersensitivity
• Pain at the injection site
• Disturbance of vestibular function (irreversible)
—vertigo and loss of balance - proportion to the
Age of the patient, Blood levels of the drug and
duration of administration
• Pregnancy : deafness in the newborn – relatively
contraindicated

9. GENTAMICIN
• Isolated from
Micromonospora purpurea
• Effective against both
grampositive and gram-
negative organisms
including staphylococci and
coliforms
• Synergistic companion with
β-lactam antibiotics.
• It also inhibits gramnegative
rods - resistant to multiple
other antibiotics

10. Clinical Uses
• Intramuscular or Intravenous Administration
– Severe infections : gram-negative bacteria which are
resistant to other drugs, especially P. aeruginosa,
Enterobacter sp, Serratia marcescens, Proteus sp,
Acinetobacter sp, and Klebsiella sp.
– Combination with a second agent
• Staphylococcal infections – rapid resistance (poor
permeability)
• Pneumonia - penetration of infected lung tissue is poor
and local conditions of low pH and low oxygen tension
• treatment of endocarditis caused by gram-positive
bacteria – 5–6 mg/kg/d t.d.s., o.d. is equally effective

11. Adverse Reactions
• Nephrotoxicity - reversible and mild
– 5–25% of patients
– longer than 3–5 days
• Ototoxicity – irreversible
– more than 5 days
– vestibular dysfunction and may be loss of
hearing

12. Amikacin
• Less toxic semisynthetic derivative of
kanamycin
• Resistant to enzymes that inactivate gentamicin
and tobramcyin
• Widest spectrum of activity
• Uses:
– Same as gentamicin
• Dose : 15mg/kg/day in 1-3 doses

13. Neomycin
• Topically used in skin, eye and external ear
infections combined with bacitracin or
polymyxin-B to widen antibacterial spectrum
and to prevent emergence of resistant strains
• Orally
– Preparation of bowel before surgery 1 gm TDS
• Bladder irrigation along with polymyxin B

14. Summery

15. Drugs Source Active
against
Markate
d name
t/2 Elimana
tion
Contrai
ndicated
Adverse
effects
Streptom
ycin
Streptom
yces
griseus
m.tuberc
ulosis,yer
sinia,
brucella
a
streptope
n
Kidney
disease
Disturba
nce of
hearing
Ototoxici
ty
Nephroto
xicity
Neurotox
ity
Hypersen
sitivity
Gentami
cin
Micromo
nospora
purpuria
Ps.aerugi
nosa,prot
eus,
e.coli,
klebsiella
Genacyn
Gentabac
Gentasol
Renal Kidney
disease
Allergic
responce
s.
Neuromu
scular
problems
Haemoly
tic
anaemia
Nerve
damage

16. Drug Source Active
against
Markete
d name
t/2 eliminati
on
Contran
dication
Adverse
effect
Neomyci
n
Streptom
yces
fradiae
Gram
negative
bacilli
Gram
positive
cocci
Neo –DP
Polydex-
N
2-3hrs GIT Kidney
disease
Ototoxic
nephroto
xic
kanamyci
n
Streptom
yces
kanamyc
eticus
pseudom
onas
Kanabac 2hrs 30
mins
Urine Ear
disturban
ces
Nephroto
xicity
ototoxicit
y
Amikaci
n
Pseudom
onas
Proteus
Amibac
Cimamak
Kacin
3-4 hrs kidney pregnanc
y
Hearing
loss
Tobramy
cin
Streptom
yces
tenebrari
us
Pseudom
onas
proteus

17. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• Academic writing

18. Reference
• Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Bertram G.
Katzung Twelfth Edition
• Essential of medical pharmacology - K.D.
Tripathi 6th edition
• Lippincott - Modern Pharmacology With
Clinical Applications 6E
• Color Atlas Of Pharmacology, 2Nd Ed
(Lüllmann, Thieme 2000)
• wikipedia