This is a big question! Distance education (DE) is one answer. DE allows people to learn - and earn - a certificate, diploma, or degree (almost) wherever they live. Technology has increased its reach, however, in order to reach the increasing number of people who are not able to find sustainable employment, or go to school full-time, DE could be expanded and instructional models and technologies improved. This literature review explores many questions to expand DE's reach.
Can learning be accessible to all? Policies, practices, and processes in reaching marginalized learners
1. Can Learning
Be Accessible
to All?
Presentation under Creative Commons
Some images are fair use Rosemarri Klamn, MAPC, CHRP
Policies, practices and
processes in reaching
marginalized learners
Presentation to 2015 Athabasca University
Graduate Student Conference
September 25 – 27, 2015
7. Assistive Technology: tools for
learners
• Alternative interface: screen readers; key-guards; keyboard
alternatives and mouse alternatives
• Visualization: video and animation
• Reading: audio narration; colour/front options; comprehension tools;
outlining; text-to-speech
• Recording: video; portable keyboards; digital camera; voice recording
• Writing: handwriting alternatives or handwriting recognition: e.g.
word prediction; word banks
• Planning, organizing or summarising :e.g. mind-mapping
software
• Communication: synthetic speech; symbol systems
(JISC TechDis, 2007a)
Seale, J. 2014, p. 7
8. Policies, Practices, and Processes
Open Education Resources
MOOCs
Collaboration
Presentation under Creative Commons. Some images are fair use.
10. Learner + Educational
Institution + Government +
Community +
Employer = Learner
Success
Learner Success
Presentation under Creative Commons
Some images are fair use
11. Can Learning Be
Accessible To All?
Presentation under Creative Commons
Some images are fair use
Policies, practices and
processes in reaching
marginalized learners
Rosemarri Klamn, MAPC, CHRP
Presentation to 2015 Athabasca University
Graduate Student Conference
September 25 – 27, 2015
12. References
Babatunde I. & Bamidele, C. Opportunities and Challenges
for Open Educational
Resources and Massive Open Online Courses: The Case of
Nigeria. Ipaye Educo-Health Project, Ilorin, Kwara Nigeria
http://linc.mit.edu/linc2013/proceedings/Session1/Session1Ipaye.pdf
Bates, T. (2011) Distance Learning in Mongolia. Open
learning and distance education resources.
www.tonybates.ca
Bersin, Josh. March 22, 2013. Chief Learning Officer. The
Educational Mismatch.
Retrieved May 29, 2015.
http://www.clomedia.com/articles/the-educational-mismatch
Guide to Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Section
15 – Equality Rights.
Canadian Heritage Website. Retrieved August 12, 2015
http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1355929397607/
1355929510108
Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for your
Organization: Overview. September 7, 2012.
http://www.w3.org./WAI/intro/accessibility.php
Hannum, W.H., Irvin, M.J., Bank, S.B., & Farmer, T.W. (2009).
Distance education use in rural schools. Journal of Research
in Rural Education, 24(3).
Jenson, J. (2000). Backgrounder: Thinking about
Marginalization: What, Who, and Why? Canadian Policy
Research Networks Inc. (CPRN). Web Version – November
2000.
Kelly, B., Sloan, D., Brown, S. Seale, J. Petrie, H., Lauke, P., &
Ball, S. (2007). Accessibility 2.0:
People, Policies and Processes. Technical Paper, May 07-08,
2007, Banff, Canada. Co-located with the 16th
International
World Wide Web Conference.
Parkes, M., Spiegel, J., Breih, J., Cabarcas, F., Huish, R., &
Yassim A. (2009). Promoting the health of marginalized
populations in Ecuador through international collaboration
and educational innovations. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization 2009; 87: 312-319.
13. References
Roach, W.L., 2009. Edited by Atkinson, C. (2010) and Boyd,
D. (2011). ETEC 510. Ensuring Quality Education Through the
Use of Technology in a Rural Setting
Rahona-Lopez, M. and Perez-Esparrells. (2013). Educational
Attainment and Educational Mismatch in the First
Employment in Spain. International Scholarly Research
Notices. Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 850827. Retrieved
July 12, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/850827
Seale, J. E-learning and disability in higher education:
accessibility research and practice. 2nd
Ed. Routledge.
Tate, K., Fallon, K.M., Casquarelli, E.J., Marks, L.R. (2014).
Opportunities for Action: Traditionally Marginalized
Populations and the Economic Crisis.
http://tpcjournal.nbcc.org/opportunities-for-action-
traditionally-marginalized-populations-and-the-economic-
crisis/
Taormina-Weiss, W. 2012. The Costs of Marginalizing People
with Disabilities. 2012.02.24. Disabled World. Editorial.
http://www.disabled-world-com/editorials/marginalizing.php
Three Principles of Universal Design Principles. Kurzweil
Education Systems. Retrieved at
https://www.kurzweiledu.com/udl-three-principles-p4.html
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(2006) recognizes Web accessibility as a basic human right.
http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?
navid=12&pid=150
World Conference on Youth 2014. Issue Brief: Empowering
Marginalized Youth including Young Key Populations.
http://www.wcy2014.com
Yembuu, B. n.d. Open and Distance Education in Mongolia:
Possible Relevance of Open Access. National Centre for Non
Formal and Distance Education, Mongolia. Retrieved August
1, 2015 from
www.coady.stfx.ca/tinroom/assets/file/resources/.../yembuu
.pdf
Editor's Notes
Topic interests me in a variety of ways:
Beneficiary of distance education
Doctoral student in AU D. Distance Education program
Huge topic
Focus on marginalized pop/learners (mostly disabled) although touching on others.
Define marginalize pop characteristics and how they learn
Pedagogies and technologies
Rethink learning
Accessibility for learners
Policies, practices and processes to help different learners
Can you recognize marginalized learners with the naked eye?
Some perhaps that may be physically disabled – mobility, visually impaired,
Could you easily recognize someone who was hearing impaired?
Someone who with learning disabliity? Someone whose first language was not English?
Some marginalized populations are protected by Section 15 – Equality Rights section of 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
That protects the rights of every individual as equal with the right to equal protection and benefit of the law without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability; and also prohibits discrimination other grounds of sexual orientation. Section 15(2) allows creation of laws or programs to targeted toward disadvantages groups such as women, Aboriginal People, visible minorities, or those with physical or mental disabilities
People with families that cannot attend post-secondary full-time?
People who live in rural areas?
People with no access to technology?
Youth who are marginalized through their lack of power as youth, plus may be marginalized in other ways as well
Wheel chair in the sand – visual reminder of difficulties that people with disabilities have
Workable for limited time but it takes huge effort to make it work
Jane Seale’s = learning mismatch between person’s abilities (strengths) and how learning is available to them?