Zumdahl Chapter 1 - 7th Edition

1. Welcome to
Pre-AP Chemistry

2. What is Pre-AP Chemistry?
It is several things
Equivalent of 1 year college inorganic
chemistry class
A class that will prepare you for a test
–May 17
Hard work
A wonderful way to start the day
Now on to the details

3. Rules and Procedures
You know the basic rules but here are a
few that are specific for this class
No food drink or gum
NO LATE WORK
All graded assignments will be
completed on the webassign website.
Assignments are due on the due date.
I will not accepted it any later.

4. Rules and Procedures
MAKE-UP WORK
It is your responsibility to make up all
the work you missed. You have the
same number of days that you were
absent to turn in the missing work.
Pick up any missing work, and notes
before or after class.
If you miss a test or quiz, it must be
made up outside class.

5. Rules and Procedures
TARDIES
You will be allowed one ”free" tardy per
semester.
The second and every subsequent
tardy will result in a detention.
Repeated tardies will result in parent
contacts.

6. Rules and Procedures
PASSES
Since every minute of class time is
valuable, hall passes will be given only
on an emergency basis, with a limit of
one per semester, except under special
circumstances.

7. Rules and Procedures
LAB- Because of the importance of
safety in the lab, violation of laboratory
safety rules and procedures may result
in loss of lab privileges.
Any safety violation will result in a 0%
for that lab grade.
Send all lab reports to
rollerr@unicoischools.com

8. Grading
All assignments will be given a point
value. A general guideline is as follows
–Quizzes/Daily Grades: ~10 points
–Labs: ~50-100 points
–Tests: ~100-200 points
Final grade is determined by:
–(Acquired pts / total class pts) x 100%

9. Extra Credit!!
Assignments will be provided approximately
mid- quarter.
They may be turned in any time until the due
date,(during the last week of the quarter)
Extra credit may be to earn anywhere from
50-100 bonus points.
Extra credit is meant to be extra, so it will not
be accepted if more than 10% of the other
assignments are not turned in.

10. What you need for class
Paper
Pencil or pen,
Calculator- scientific
Book
–Will be used as a reference
Ipad

11. Ipad Usage
You will be assigned an Ipad number.
You cannot take these out of my class.
You lose or break it, you buy it.
Any misuse during class will result in
having Ipad privileges removed for the
day.
NO CELL PHONES EVER!!!!

12. Why First Period?
College chemistry labs take more than
56 minutes,
To do those labs we will have to come
early
I will give you notice of when

13. Any questions?
Lets get started

14. Significant figures
Meaningful digits in a MEASUREMENT
Exact numbers are counted, have
unlimited significant figures
If it is measured or estimated, it has sig
figs.
If not it is exact.
All numbers except zero are significant.
Some zeros are, some aren’t

15. Which zeroes count?
In between other sig figs does
Before the first number doesn’t
After the last number counts iff
it is after the decimal point
the decimal point is written in
3200 2 sig figs
3200. 4 sig figs

16. Doing the math
Multiplication and division, same
number of sig figs in answer as the
least in the problem
Addition and subtraction, same number
of decimal places in answer as least in
problem.

17. More Preliminaries
Scientific Method
Metric System
Uncertainty

18. Scientific method.
A way of solving problems
Observation- what is seen or measured
Hypothesis- educated guess of why
things behave the way they do.
(possible explanation)
Experiment- designed to test
hypothesis
leads to new observations,
and the cycle goes on

19. Scientific method.
After many cycles, a broad,
generalizable explanation is developed
for why things behave the way they do
Theory
Also regular patterns of how things
behave the same in different systems
emerges
Law
Laws are summaries of observations

20. Scientific method.
Theories have predictive value.
The true test of a theory is if it can
predict new behaviors.
If the prediction is wrong, the theory
must be changed.
Theory- why
Law - how

21. Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
Law
Theory
(Model)
Prediction
Experiment
Modify

22. Metric System
Every measurement has two parts
Number
Scale (unit)
SI system (le Systeme International)
based on the metric system
Prefix + base unit
Prefix tells you the power of 10 to
multiply by - decimal system -easy
conversions

23. Metric System
Base Units
Mass - kilogram (kg)
Length- meter (m)
Time - second (s)
Temperature- Kelvin (K)
Electric current- ampere (amp, A)
Amount of substance- mole (mol)

24. Prefixes
giga- G 1,000,000,000 109
mega - M 1,000,000 106
kilo - k 1,000 103
deci- d 0.1 10-1
centi- c 0.01 10-2
milli- m 0.001 10-3
micro- m 0.000001 10-6
nano- n 0.000000001 10-9

25. Deriving the Liter
Liter is defined as the volume of 1 dm3
gram is the mass of 1 cm3

26. Mass and Weight
Mass is measure of resistance to
change in motion
Weight is force of gravity.
Sometimes used interchangeably
Mass can’t change, weight can

27. Uncertainty
Basis for significant figures
All measurements are uncertain to
some degree
Precision- how repeatable
Accuracy- how correct - closeness to
true value.
Random error - equal chance of being
high or low- addressed by averaging
measurements - expected

28. Uncertainty
Systematic error- same direction each
time
Want to avoid this
Better precision implies better accuracy
you can have precision without
accuracy
You can’t have accuracy without
precision

29. Dimensional Analysis
Using the units to solve problems

30. Dimensional Analysis
Use conversion factors to change the units
Conversion factors = 1
1 foot = 12 inches (equivalence statement)
12 in = 1 = 1 ft.
1 ft.
12 in
2 conversion factors
multiply by the one that will give you the
correct units in your answer.

31. Examples
11 yards = 2 rod
40 rods = 1 furlong
8 furlongs = 1 mile
The Kentucky Derby race is 1.25 miles.
How long is the race in rods, furlongs,
meters, and kilometers?
A marathon race is 26 miles, 385
yards. What is this distance in rods,
furlongs, meters, and kilometers?

32. Examples
Science fiction often uses nautical
analogies to describe space travel. If the
starship U.S.S. Enterprise is traveling at
warp factor 1.71, what is its speed in
knots?
Warp 1.71 = 5.00 times the speed of light
speed of light = 3.00 x 108
m/s
1 knot = 2000 yd/h exactly

33. Apothecaries (druggists) use the
following set of measures in the English
system:
20 grains ap = 1 scruple (exact)
3 scruples = 1 dram ap (exact)
8 dram ap = 1 oz. ap (exact)
1 dram ap = 3.888 g
1 oz. ap = ? oz. troy
What is the mass of 1 scruple in
grams?
Examples

34. Examples
The speed of light is 3.00 x 108
m/s.
How far will a beam of light travel in
1.00 ns?

35. Temperature and Density

36. Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic
energy
Different temperature scales, all are
talking about the same height of
mercury.
Derive a equation for converting ºF toºC

37. 0ºC 32ºF
0ºC = 32ºF

38. 100ºC 212ºF
100ºC = 212ºF
0ºC 32ºF
0ºC = 32ºF

39. 100ºC 212ºF0ºC 32ºF
100ºC = 212ºF
0ºC = 32ºF
100ºC = 180ºF

40. 100ºC 212ºF0ºC 32ºF
100ºC = 212ºF
0ºC = 32ºF
100ºC = 180ºF
1ºC = (180/100)ºF
1ºC = 9/5ºF

41. ºC
ºF

42. ºC
ºF
(0,32)= (C1,F1)

43. ºC
ºF
(0,32) = (C1,F1)
(120,212) = (C2,F2)

44. Density
Ratio of mass to volume
D = m/V
Useful for identifying a compound
Useful for predicting weight
An intrinsic property- does not depend
on what the material is

45. Density Problem
An empty container weighs 121.3 g. Filled
with carbon tetrachloride (density 1.53
g/cm3
) the container weighs 283.2 g.
What is the volume of the container?

46. Density Problem
A 55.0 gal drum weighs 75.0 lbs. when
empty. What will the total mass be
when filled with ethanol?
density 0.789 g/cm3
1 gal = 3.78 L
1 lb = 454 g