Manuscript on english & british literature isc poem of reverie 2019 syllabus onward

2
[On Prescribed Syllabus of ISC
Examination Year 2019 Onward from
Reverie and The Tempest]
Based on quotations
A Template
On
English and British Literature
‘After travelling such space for days we
began to translate. It was the same space.
It is the same space always ….’
- The Dolphins

3
Images may be subject to copyright. Learn More

4
Acknowledgement
On publishing of the book in Kolkata,
the Author is bestowing her heartfelt
thoughts and respect to her Publisher
for constant support, patience, co-
operation and guidance she had met
with sophistication from every member
of the Publishing House.

6
CONTENTS
PART 1
1Reverie: Importance of the text ……… 9
2. Introduction from author’s desk &
………………….. 10
3. Preface …………………..12
4. Discussion (in brief) on prescribed
poems…………………..22
5. Contextual question with its layout
answer: …………………..31 to 111
a) The Darkling Thrush ………………… 32
b) Birches ………………….. 47
c) The Dolphins …………………..56
d) The Gift of India………………….. 65
e) Crossing the Bar …………………..75
f)John Brown ………………….. 81
g) Desiderata …………………..87

7
h) Dover Beach …………………..93
i) The Spider and the Fly ………………102
j) We are the Music Makers ……………107
6. Literature on prescribed poems………..
112
7. Questions from my academy……….. 114
8. Important quotes …………………..128
"Creativity involves breaking out of
established patternsin order to look at
things in a different way."

8
PART 2
THE TEMPEST
1. Question on supernatural elements…138
2. Referential Question on drama………147
“If Winter comes, can Spring be far
behind?”

9
PART 1
REVERIE: IMPORTANCE OF THE TEXT
“Of perception on illusion verses reality
the original text , as named ‘Reverie: A
Collection of Poems’, containing pieces of
legendary poetry like The Darkling
Thrush, The Dolphins, The Gift of India,
We are the Music Makers and so on more
served me as reflective, philosophical and
socialistic poems. If well analyzed,
composition on different poetic works
based on its allegorical meaning,
metaphors, similes, alliteration and even
with extended metaphor leads, in
particular, to avoid an unwelcoming
exposure at finite world that we human
beings encircled in.”
“And we are here as on a darkling
plain
Swept with confused alarms of
struggle and flight,

10
Where ignorantarmiesclash by night.”
INTRODUCTION FROM AUTHOR’S DESK
-------
“Writing has become my passion;
Setting of my idea on any topic is now
my impulse; Analysis is my rhythm:
Literature is in my blood.”
– Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri.
Ray Chaudhuri was a student of
Gokhale Memorial Girls’ School and
Presidency College (now, Presidency
University) in Kolkata. She is one of
greatgranddaughters of noted Historian
and Educationist Late Dr. Makhanlal
Roy Choudhury and of Late Rajendralal
Roy Choudhury at Noakhali Genocide
of 1946 (Wikipedia).Having brought up
in a family of literature, art and culture,
as Google witnessed, with advent of
time the author acquainted and

11
specialized on 17/18 Century
Philosophy, Metaphysics and
Philosophy of Mind. Her different
works on English and British Literature,
together, made her to be a foremost
Essayistand Criticon different websites
including Academia.edu, Phil Paper
News with White Academia Logo and
Shakespearian Birthplace Trust Logo,
Author of India-USA (Detailed on
Websites), Google Scholar and Owner
and Teacher mainly on British Literature
from Class VIII onwards College and
Universities at Private Academy on
name of her Late Mother, Supti Roy
Choudhury Memorial: Private Academy.

12
PREFACE
Imagination Vs Knowledge
The chapel of the manuscript of this book
is completely based on ISC Collection of
Poems, 2019 onwards. On thinking to be
of a general problem, occurs mostly
among students, this manuscript on
reference to an idolized question of each
poem should, therefore, hopefully serve
to frame a reflective and progressive
quoted answer.
Except the setting and self analysis of
Author in drama and every poem with
contextual quotations along-with its
elaboration, illustrations on poems have
been nourished on basis of reference to
diagnosed thoroughfare of poetic
explanation atworkbook of Xavier Pinto
(Workbook on Reverie, ISC Collection of
Poems) addition to skill on various

13
other sources including from History of
English and British Literature.
For further contact, the student can
introduce on referential discussion at:
rituparnaraychaudhuri@gmail.com
Best Wishes
Regards
Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri.
“Make me thy lyre, ev’n as the
forest is:
What if my leaves are falling like
its own!”

14
History on Supti Roy Choudhury
Memorial (in brief):
# A TRIBUTE FROM A DAUGHTER
TO THE MOTHER
Google has given the Author an
international breakthrough patronized
innumerably of her written book called
‘The Immortal Fly: Eternal Whispers
(Based on True Events of a Family)’, as
published by Partridge International,
An Imprint in Association with Penguin
Random House with US Copyright
Registration. GoogleScholarAlert with
citations (MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard,
and Vancouver)initiated the same book
widely with another name ‘The Book
that Touched Millions’ that followed as:
‘The Book That Touched Millions: The

15
Immortal Fly in Phil Papers - Sun,
10/11/2019 - 12:18 at INSTITUTE OF
PHILOSOPHY (SCHOOL OF
ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF
LONDON).’ The same in nutshell is
published in Times of India, Blog on
Category ‘World’ On Name ‘Who Is
She’?
…..……….
“Nearly a time passed away... The
Seventh February, at 8: 20 A.M., 2019 is
an unforgettable as well as unfortunate
day for Ray [the Author is called as Ray
by Partridge International (USA).] The
book, ‘The Immortal Fly…’ mentions, “I
had asked Ma many times, but her
impenetrable personality and dynamic
words to everyone with a tinge of smile as
reflected on her face, she was reluctant to
continue her conversation with me. I had
thought…
”

16
Slowly with advent of time, Ray is
now trying to engross self at work with
her busy schedule, as before. Everything
is now changeable: including her
prolonged general and stretchable
private tuition on English and British
Literature with its own identity has
recently, also, been named… The once
unnamed tuition situating at a suburb
called Madhyamgram in Kolkata
(Kolkata-700129) is now introduced on
educational world as Supti Roy
Choudhury Memorial: A Private
Academy. It is provided, herein, with a
hash tag specifying, # ‘A Tribute from a
Daughter - To the Mother’.
– Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri.

17
“No one is free, Even the birds are also
caged in the sky.” (Edited) [The
Immortal Fly: Eternal Whispers]
ON MEMORIAM
[The following Album & Excerpt
(edited) taken from Original book ‘The
Immortal Fly: Eternal Whispers (Based
on True Events of a Family)’ by
Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri, as provided
on Websites.]
………
CROSSING THE BAR
“Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,

18
But such a tide as moving seems asleep,
Too full for sound and foam,
When that which drew from out the
boundless deep
Turnsagain home.
LATE (Mrs.) SUPTI ROYCHOWDHURY.
(US Copyright Image)

19
Twilightand evening bell,
And after that the dark!
And may there be no sadness of farewell,
When I embark;
For tho’ from out our bourne of Time
and Place
The flood may bear me far,
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have crost the bar.”
- Alfred, Lord Tennyson.
Excerpt, that taken from the Original
book, ‘The Immortal Fly…’ which is
subtitled as “She knew her Daughter
through Literature.” :
‘‘A tan brown skin woman was
immensely nostalgic and emotional as
an embodiment of self personality, self
determination, beauty and patience

20
along with self education from Calcutta
University on Indian and Western
Philosophy as well as an expertise on
Bengali Literature, castrated with self
confidence on her only daughter, whom
she called on name of ‘Babuli’.
..…During a certain recovery, in midst
of struggle, throughout long period of
51 days in ICU- 12, Babuli’s Ma had her
blissful words (as translated from
Bengali Language) to her daughter
(whom the websites mature the name as
Author Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri): ‘I
believe from self, on what my daughter
speaks deeply on own style is ‘Hence, for
The World.’ ‘’’
--------

21
“I have loved the stars too fondly to be
fearful of the night.” [The Immortal
Fly: Eternal Whispers].
“Thisworld’s no blot for us,
Nor blank; it means intensely and
means good.
To find its meaning is my meat and
drink.’’

22
Discussion (in brief) on Prescribed
Poems
1. The Darkling Thrush: Yet, the
meaning of the word thrush, in
Romantic Literature, represents
hope. It’s the very end of the year
by now. The countryside is frozen
into an icy and as such there
occurs in the poem a dead and
desolate landscape. Written at the
turn of 20th century, declination of
rural agricultural society and the
rural customs and traditions
caused by the industrial
revolution the speaker is
“shrunken hard and dry’’!

23
“An aged thrush, frail, gaunt, and
small,
In blast-beruffled plume,
Had chosen thus to fling his soul
Upon the growing gloom.”
2. Birches: The poem describes the
perception of life has changed as
he was growing up. It describes
the reminiscence of an adult about
his boyhood days of swinging on
birches. In case of pleasant
memories, a person remembers
them with joy and longs for
returning to those past days: Such
is the case when the poet sees the
birches. Thus, the storm, despite
impinging upon the trees, makes
them more beautiful. He does not
feel that there is a better place than
earth. He has given an ambiguous
view of the natural world and

24
used as a starting point for
questioning the nature of human
existence. Instead of escaping the
problems of life through trying to
control nature, the speaker’s goal
is to reach up to a higher level of
existence.
“So low for long, they neverright
themselves:
You may see their trunksarching in the
woods
Yearsafterwards, trailing their leaves
on the ground….”
3. The Dolphins: The poem is a
dramatic monologue with words
begin “world is whatyou swim in,
or dance.” The words swim and
dance, no doubt are depicting joy
and freedom, but preposterously

25
in the next line when reality
strikes hard.
“World is what you swim in, or dance,
it is simple.
We are in our element but we are not
free.
Outside this world you cannot breathe
for long
The other has my shape.”
4. The Gift of India: The poem
enhances the selfless sacrifices of
the Indian soldiers, from
prospection of Mother, who
fought for the British during the
First World War elaborates the
horrors through brutal killings in
alien lands.
“Is there aughtyou need thatmy hands
withhold,

26
Rich gifts of raiment or grain or gold?
Lo! I have flung to the East and West
Priceless treasures torn from my
breast…”
5. Crossing the Bar: ‘The Symbolical
representation of the poem
represents a placid and calm
attitude towards Death. The Pilot
is a metaphor for God, whom the
speaker hopes to meet face to
face.’
“Fortho’ from out our bourne of Time
and Place
The flood may bear me far,
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have cross’d the bar.’’
6. John Brown: The ironical
representation of the imaginary
poem refers to theme of an anti

27
war poem highlighting a defined
contrast between fascination of
war and its futility on other hand.
“…Then the lettersceased to come, for
a long time they did not come
They ceased to come for aboutten
monthsor more
Then a letter finally came saying, “Go
down and meetthe train
Yourson’s a-coming from the war.’’
7. Desiderata: The choice of the
poet’s words in the poem defines
and illustrates of a positive, self
discipline and an optimistic life.
“Take kindly the counselofthe years,
gracefully surrendering the thingsof
youth.
Nurture strength of spirit to shield you
in sudden misfortune.

28
But do not distress yourselfwith dark
imaginings.”
8. Dover Beach: Once the poet said,
“More and more mankind will
discover that we have to turn
poetry to interpret life for us, to
console us, to sustain us.’’ He
thought poetry would replace
conventional religion and to
become new spiritual force in
society. He is standing at a
window overlooking a stretch of
beach in South of England, near
Dover. From there he can see
across the English Channel to the
French coast just twenty miles
away… The melancholy poem
elaborates to find a message that it
is only through love people can
find the lost faith.
“Its melancholy, long, withdrawing
roar,

29
Retreating, to the breath
Of the night-wind, down the vast
edgesdrear
And naked shinglesofthe world.”
9. The Spider and the Fly: A
cautionary tale teaches not to get
carried awayby false praise in the
society who uses to disguise their
evil intentions.
“The spider turned him round about,
and went into his den,
For well he knew the silly fly would
soon be back again:
So he wove a subtle web, in a little
corner sly,
And set his table ready…”
10. We are the Music Makers: The
artists keep away from any
physical action but address

30
burning issues through their art.
They can produce a work of art
resemble the magnificentNineveh
or Babel in each era and destroy it
with prophesy of a new and better
era. They are apparently the
“losers’’ and ‘’forsakers’’ of the
world but at the same time they
are ‘the movers and shakers/ of
the world for ever.’
“And o'erthrew them with
prophesying
To the old of the new world's worth;
For each age is a dream that is
dying,
Or one that is coming to birth.”

31
CONTEXTUAL QUESTION WITH
ITS LAYOUT ANSWER OF EACH
PRESCRIBED POEM, ISC 2019
ONWARDS:
“Ah, love, let us be true
To one another! For the world, which
seems
To lie before us like a land of dreams,
So various, so beautiful, so new…”

32
The Darkling Thrush
Elaborating
“The poem, ‘The Darkling Thrush’ of
Thomas Hardy appears as a sense
reflected on the topic.”

33
“The tangled bine-stemsscored the sky
Like strings of broken lyres …”
Answer.
~ “My own meaningwhen I would be very
fine,
But the fact is that I have nothing plann’d,
Unless it were to be a moment merry,
A novel word in my vocabulary.’’
Thus, Hardy has de-romanticised nature
taking even the capacity for renewal.
Romantics such as William Wordsworth
often depicted nature as awe-inspiring
in the process of the natural world.
Though he has mediated on nature of
life, he has found no life in nature. Even

34
the thrush, the harbinger of hope, is
‘’aged’’ and on its last song. By using
the exhausted landscape as a symbolic
projection of the speaker’s own life,
Hardy makes a bleak comment on the
potential of human nature as well.
“Oh! lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!”
The speaker of ‘The Darkling Thrush’ is
a typical Hardy character: a watcher, a
thinker, one who projects onto the
physical world his own emotional
turmoil. The speaker, leaning on a gate
looks at the darkening countryside. The
landscape around him is gloomy and
barren. He finds the setting sun as ‘’a
weakening eye’’, and the land like a
grey-ghost. Paradoxically, the world
revolves around the speaker, yet also
seems to ignore him. This intense
inwardness is seen in how the speaker
characterizes other people. It is not just

35
some people or some families that are
lost but ‘’all mankind’’thathas retreated
from nature’s threatening landscape and
‘’sought their household fires.’’ The
speaker is all alone in the wintry, frosty
night on a barren landscape, with no
hope of getting any warmth.
“We paused amid the pines that stood
The giants of the waste,
Tortured by storms to shapes as rude
With stems like serpents interlaced.’’
The poem presents an image of
desolation. Even the song of ‘’joy
illimited’’ does not relieve the poet’s
depression. There is no transformation
from the mood of death into joy of
optimism, so the contrast of the thrush’s
song serves to heighten the poet’s
despair. The corpse of the old century
never gives way to the birth of the new.
Thus, the poem speaks of a bleak future.

36
The speaker is so engrossed in his
thoughts of hopelessness that even the
joyful song of the thrush does not herald
any hope for the future in the new
century.
“I leant upon a coppice gate
When Frost was spectre-grey,
And Winter’s dregs made desolate
The weakening eye of day.”
The thrush, the symbol of hope is
depicted as a pitiful creature, in danger
of being overpowered by the elements.
The situation is reflected in the words
‘’blast-beruffled’’ that emphasise the
power of the wind and the puny status
of the thrush. The thrush chooses to
‘’fling his soul/ Upon the growing
gloom’’. ‘’Fling’’ is a verb that seems to
hint at a careless, hopeless action, as if
the thrush were seeking in vain to
represent the forces of hope. The

37
uncertainty is picked up in the final line
of the poem. There the speaker reflects
that even if the thrush does know of
some reason for hope, he is unaware of
any such reason to hope for a bright
future.
“At once a voice arose among
The bleak twigs overhead
In a full-hearted evensong
Of joy illimited;”
The word ‘darkling’ has a history in
poetry. The word goes back to the mid-
fiftieth century. Milton, in Paradise Lost,
Book III described the nightingale ‘the
wakeful Bird/Sings darkling, and in
shadiest Covert hid/ Tunes her
nocturnal Note…’.Keats used the word
in his ‘Ode to a Nightingale’ “Darkling,
I listen….’’. Matthew Arnold, in ‘Dover
Beach’ wrote about the ‘darkling plain’.
Similarly there is a tradition of poems

38
about birds like Keats’s ‘Ode to a
Nightingale’, Shelley’s ‘To a Skylark’
and a number of poems by
Wordsworth.
In the last stanza the poet reveals his
lack of faith. There is “So little cause for
carolings’’, he asserts. The bird’s
‘’ecstatic sound’’ is not founded in
reason or faith. For a moment perhaps
there is a note of hope, he ‘’could think’’
there was some hope for the frosty
world, but he cannot sustain his belief.
In the end, the speaker has no hope; he
only observes with a touch of irony that
the thrush seems to have hope.
The thrush sings a song of evening
rather than morning. The song of the
thrush symbolizes the speaker’s
fervourless spirit, but the thrush himself
is aged, ‘’frail, gauntand small’’. It does
not symbolize new life but clings to the
dying old century. Even after hearing

39
the thrush’s ‘’full-hearted evensong/Of
joy illimited,’’ the speaker’s depression
is lifted only as far as a state of
puzzlement. He comes into the new
century unable to think about any
reason that can make the thrush, a
representative of nature, with a hope.
“Break,break,break,
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.’’
The word ‘darkling’ corresponds to two
meanings in the poem: ‘in the dark’ and
‘obscure’. In the title of the poem,
Hardy appears to have consciously used
words with a long poetic history. The
word ‘Darkling’ means in darkness, or
becoming dark. The speaker in the
poem is able to see the landscape, but
the sun is ‘weakening’, not completely
set. The landscape that appears to him is

40
barren and grey like a ghost. The day is
ending and the sun is setting, making
the twilight desolate.
For the speaker the century that has
passed is now a ‘’corpse outleant.’’ The
sense of loss is everywhere, even in the
procreative powers of nature itself-‘’the
ancient pulse of germ and birth,’’ which
is now ‘’shrunken hard and dry.’’ There
is just a sense of gloom that generalizes
everything. For him, the world is going
from bad to worse, and the century’s
passing is merely a way to keep time of
misery’s march.
If the bird is “in the dark”, singing at
night and flinging its soul into the
“growing gloom”, it appears to be
singing for obscure reasons. Whatever
prompts the bird’s song is not evidentto
the poet. The “illimited joy” of the song
and “blessed hope” it signifies appears
to be a small compensation for the pain

41
men and women endure and have
endured through the century. If the bird
sings while humanity confronts the
desolation of its existence, the thrush’s
joy can only be heard as an ironic
comment on humanity’s joyless state.
The song of the bird atnight though full
of joy and hope, does not bring any
hope for the future and is as obscure as
night. Thus, ‘The Darkling Thrush’ is an
apt title for the poem.
The Darkling Thrush was written by
Thomas Hardy in 1899. Originally titled
‘By the Century’s Deathbed, 1900’, it
was published on December 29, 1900, in
The Graphics, a weekly newspaper. In
this poem, the poet describes his
feelings and also the feelings of an entire
nation passing of a century and the
transition between Victorian era (1837-
1901)and the Modern era. The Victorian
era was marked by intense and rapid
change in polity, society and religious

42
beliefs due to the developments in
science and technology. These changes
created a feeling of hopelessness and
bleak future in poet’s mind which is
reflected in the poem.
Hardy was disillusioned with the ways
in which industrialization was changing
human beings and their relation to their
environment. During the Victorian era,
technologies such as their railways,
electricity, steam engines, and
suspension bridges re-shaped the
working lives of millions of British.
Many of them flocked to cities to work
in factories and live in row houses. The
agricultural depression of the 1870s
further depleted the number of
remaining farmers. By the turn of the
century, more than 80 percent of
Britain’s population lived in cities. Due
to these developments, people wanted
to believe that their lives have purpose,
and that the future will be better for

43
them. However, all of the evidence
during Hardy’s time belied any hope for
a bright future. The wars (e.g. the Boer
War of 1899-1902), which the British
Empire waged all over the world in the
name of civilizing ‘’ignorant’’ peoples,
as well as the degrading living
conditions of the working class toiling
in poverty in industrialized cities was
depressing. These urban labourers were
now not only cut off from any
relationship to the land but also cut off
from the products of their work.
Technological progress and scientific
knowledge had not brought
enlightenment to the masses. On the
contrary, they broughtmore misery and
pain. Hardy’s hopelessness was rooted
in his lament for the now abandoned
farms of the countryside and for the loss
of rural customs and traditions.
“What I aspired to be,

44
And was not, comforts me.’’
The second stanza extends this death-
sense to include time as well as space.
The landscape seems to represent the
corpse of the century that is ending, or
dying. Thus, the very ‘’pulse’’ of
creation is dead and nature is at a
standstill. There is no hope for the next
spring to come.
“….Behold, we know not anything;
I can but trust that good shall fall
At last-far off- at last, to all,
And every winter change to spring.”
In the first two stanzas of the poem, the
world appears to be physically dead.
There is little to see in the ‘’spectre-
grey’’ landscape; the ‘’eye of day’’ is
weak. “Winter’s dregs’’ offer little to
satisfy the human need of warmth.
Heaviness characterized the sense of

45
touch, as suggested by Hardy’s use of
‘’leant’’ to describe the speaker’s
physical posture in the scène: finally,
there is no sound at all. The image of
tangled bine-stems resemblingstrings of
broken lyres vividly conveys the utter
silence of the scene.
“So little cause for carolings
Of such ecstatic sound
Was written on terrestrial things
Afar or nigh around.”
The poet feels himself as an isolated
man. He has lost his connection with the
19th century and has no hopes for the
coming 20th century. Hardy, like the
people of his era, witnessed the
challenges posed by the growth of
Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory
and the new social and scientific ideas.
He yearns for that simpler, truer world,
and seeks to recapture something that is

46
lost, but old century is dead and outlook
for the new century is bleak.
“The ancient pulse of germ and birth
Was shrunken hard and dry,
And every spirit upon earth
Seemed fervourless as I”
In the last stanzas, nature as represented
by the singing thrush, displays a sudden
vigour. Here, too, nature is ‘’senseless’’,
in as much as the song does not arise
from anything perceived in ‘’terrestrial
things.’’That is, the song is not inspired
by anything in the immediate scene, or
anything that the poet might
understand as a reason for the song. The
frailty of the bird itself, “gaunt and
small’’ with ‘’blast-beruffled plumage’’,
also prevents any song.
“To lie before us like a land of dreams,”

47
Thus, the entire poem has portrayed a
bleak picture of nature and the gloom is
emphasized far more than the joy.
BIRCHES
Elaborating
“The poem elaborates with Naturalistic
description discussed a fanciful
explanation with realization on
exploration of a person’s existence in the
materialistic world”.

48
“I like to think some boy’s been
swinging them.
But swinging doesn’tbend them down
to stay
As ice-storms do.”
Answer.
~ The speaker in the poem sees birches
bending to left and right, and he likes to
think that some boy has been swinging
them. The association of the bent
boughs of the birch trees with a
boyhood game evokes a feeling of joy by
reminding the poet of his own
childhood days, when he used to be ‘’a
swinger of birches’’. The speaker is so
delighted to rememberthe experience of
swinging on the birches that he yearns
to go back to his childhood days.

49
“Often you must have seen them
Loaded with ice a sunny winter morning
After a rain.’’
The poem, ‘Birches’ certainly begins in
delight, although the delight is not
explicitly stated. A person, when, sees
an object that he had seen earlier is
remained either of some pleasant
memories attached to it or some
untoward happening. In case of
pleasantmemories, a person remembers
them with joy and longs for returning to
those past days. Such is the case when
the poet sees the birches.
“And climb black branches up a snow-
white trunk
Toward heaven, till the tree could bear
no more,
But dipped its top and set me down
again.’’

50
The desire for climbing up a tree and
thus “getting away from earth’’is a kind
of desire for an escape from life, and this
desire is felt by the speaker when he is
“weary of considerations/ And life is
too much like a pathless wood.’’ Here
the poet has compared the difficulties
and hardships of life to the difficulties of
walking through “pathless wood”,
where one may easily lose one’s
direction.
“One by one he subdued his father’s
trees
By riding them down over and over
again…”
The thin crystals of ice are compared to
fragments of broken glass, “the inner
dome of heaven had fallen’’. Again the
bowed down birches trailing their
leaves on the ground are compared to
girls, who threw their wet hair over
their faces in order to dry them. This

51
simile brings out the delicacy and
vulnerability of the trees.
“Until he took the stiffness out of them,
And not one but hung limp, not one was
left
For him to conquer.’’
Usually wisdom is associated with
adulthood and the maturity that comes
with it. It is in the last part of the poem,
when the speaker turns an adult that
wisdom dawns on him. The swinging of
birches is no longer a boyhood game. It
tells him about the need of maintaining
a fine balance between the real worlds
and imagination.
The very next picture, in the poem,
chills the joy of the opening line. The
speaker when leaves his imaginative
world and comes back to reality, he
rejoices in the beauty of nature. The ice-
storm which covers the branches of the

52
tree with crystalline ice makes the
birches more beautiful than they were
before. They delightboth eye and ear as
they “click upon themselves’’ and the
sun ‘’ cracks and crazes their enamel’’.
Thus, the storm, despite impinging
upon the trees, makes them more
beautiful.
“Earth’s the right place for love:
I don’t know where it’s likely to go
better.
I’d like to go by climbing a birch tree…”
The ambiguity in nature is used by the
poet to describe the ambiguity he finds
in human experience. This larger theme
is first seen through the boy’s playing
on the trees. Here, again, the poet has
juxtaposed the positive and negative
images. What at first seems like
innocent play gains a darker note when

53
the speaker describes the ultimate
damage done to the birches by the boy.
“They click upon themselves
As the breeze rises, and turn many-
colored
As stir cracks and crazes their enamel.’’
But at, there is also the desire to “come
back’’ to earth, and this desire is
important. The speaker in the poem
wants to get away from the struggles
and stress of life not by dying but by
climbing a birch tree, tipping its
branches towards heaven and then
returning to earth.
So, while the hardships of life prompt
him to search for an escape, yet he
ultimately is more comfortable with the
“Truth” of his earthly existence. He
would like to experience both worlds,
climbing “Toward heaven, till the tree

54
could bear no more’’, then dipping him
down back to earth.
The poet prudently wants to have it
both ways. He would like to get away
from earth and then get back to it. He
does not want that “fate” should
“wilfully’’ misunderstand him and
grant him only half his wish , i.e. the
wish to get away, because the other part
of his wish, i.e., to get back, is also very
strong. Thus, the speaker wants to be
able to return to the innocence and
beauty of nature, to let nature refresh
him and then to return to the everyday
rigours of life on earth. And, the reason
for his wish to return is pragmatic.
The speaker wants “to get away from
earth awhile” but also to “come back to
it and begin over.’’ He wants to exist in
the real world with all its hardships and
go back to nature to refresh him to

55
enable him return to the everydaygrind
of life on earth.
“…Whose only play was what he found
himself,
Summer or winter, and could play
alone.’’
The poet does not feel that there is a
better place than earth. The real world
makes possible the fantasies of the
poetic imagination. The wisdom that
dawns on him is the fact that the real
world, earth, may be painful but it
defies a person and his existence.
The damage caused to the birches by the
ice-storm does not allow them to “never
rightthemselves’’. The speaker says that
reality dawnedon him-“Truth broke in”
to his pleasantvision of a boy at play. It
made him realize that nature can be
beautiful and offer an opportunity for
contemplation and escape from rigors of

56
life, but it also can be cruel and
destructive.
“And life is too much like a pathless
wood…
I’d like to get away from earth awhile
And then come back to it and begin
over.’’
THE DOLPHINS
Elaborating
“The poem is a protest against the slow
destruction of nature and natural
creatures by man”.

57
“Music of loss forever from the other’s
heart which turns my own to stone.
There is a plastic toy. There is no
hope.’’
Answer.
~ On perception of the poem ‘The
Dolphins’ is no doubt a metaphorical
poem, in the twenty first century.
Human selfishly concentrate on their
own lives and consider their likes and
dislikes. The poet here wishes the reader
to recall the pain and suffering of the
trapped animals, the ill-effects it has on
the imprisoned animals which are

58
forced to live against their liking. Man
makes unfair use of them; utilize them
for human gain and personal pleasure.
This is proof of man’s selfishness, his
greed.
“We were blessed and now we are not
blessed /After travelling such space for
days we began/to translate. It was the
same space. It is the same space always
and above it is the man.”
This slowly gives them a feeling of their
doom as they know that they will never
live a normal life again. This isolation
from their fellows will gradually lead
them to death. Man ought to realize the
need to let animals live freely in their
own natural habitat, where they shall be
happy and live with satisfaction.
Challenging the dictates of Nature has
its own repercussions.
“And now we are no longer blessed, for
the world/will not deepen to dream in.”

59
Through the voice of the dolphin the
poet reminds the reader about the
various animals that are entrapped and
encaged by man, for his amusement.
The poet here has chosen to aim at
species as a means of torturing certain
animals as man considers himself as
best living species and feels that he can
choose to do whatever he feels like, as
he is privileged. He has appealed to
man to allow animals to enjoy their
natural rights, live in their original
habitats and treat them as they should.
“The moon has disappeared. We circle
well-worn grooves/ of water on a single
note/Music of loss forever/from the
other’s heart which turns my own to
stone.”
It is not right to deny one’s right, as he
would not prefer to live a life of
imprisonment. Thus, he has tried to
caution man that as they are lower

60
animals and do not possess the same
potential; man has reduced them today
to the slaves. They are nothing but a
plaything in his hands; compelled to do
whatever he wants them to do. Just
because they cannot voice their
displeasure, man forces them to fulfill
his desires.
“We sink to the limits of this pool until the
whistle blows. There is a man and our
mind knows we will die here.’’
So, Carol Duffy has very skillfully
through the poem The Dolphins placed
her question to the reader in a very
intelligent manner to make man to
rethink whether his cruel treatment
towards animals is justified, whether
man himself would ever surrender to
such confinement, would be happy to
live such a life of monotony? This man-
made world can never provide them
either peace or happiness. It makes life

61
bitter and every moment he is reminded
of the agony of his imminent death.
“There is a man and our mind know we
will die here.”
Here it is seen that he has imprisoned
the dolphins in an artificial
environment, leaving their ‘natural
world’ are removed from sea and
compelled to live in a small pool. The
difference between the two worlds, the
freedom they enjoyed earlier and the
despair that they now suffer because of
the loss of their freedom, forcefully
having to stay away, being deprived of
their natural habitat is untold misery.
The sad state of the dolphins urges man
to realize that he should not treat the
animals cruelly; neither should man
exploit the animals for his own benefit.
‘’The moon has disappeared. We circle
well-worn grooves of water on a single
note. Music of loss forever from the

62
other’s heart which turns my own to
stone.’’
The poet has raised her protest through
the poem to make man aware of the
wrong being done to the helpless
creatures, so that more and more people
come forward to stop this. The poem is
an indirectmessage to man, the readers
of today.
“After travellingsuch space for days we
began to translate. It was the same
space. It is the space always and above it
is the man.”
The poem has been written in simple
language in the voice of a dolphin in the
first person after the third line. It has
been presented in the form of
monologue of a trapped dolphin kept in
a water park along with some of its
species; it relates the helpless state. Like
a modern poem, she has not made use
of any rhyme scheme; her use of

63
punctuation is striking.The frequent use
of short, emphatic sentences analyse the
constructed attitude of the dolphins.
The dolphin is a friendly creature. The
two entrapped dolphins are kept in a
pool, and made to play with a colored
ball. It is a plastic toy that they have to
balance to entertain man. There is a man
who compels them to do it: Dolphins
are sensitive animals. The words- “and
above it is the man’’ is proof of man’s
superiority and his role in the abduction
of the dolphins.
“We have found no truth in these waters,
no explanations tremble on our flesh.’’
Man is too proud of him and thinks of
himself as the master of the earth. His
unending desire is to establish his
control on everything in life specially
the animal world.
“….our mind knows we will die here’’.

64
Each living being has been created by
God and has the liberty to live and enjoy
its own habitat. The poem is a reminder
to man to be realized and man needs to
restrain himself; and the time has come
when he needs to stop using animals to
fulfill his unreasonable desires. It is time
he learnt to question himself, whether
he has the right to use an animal for his
fancy.
“The other has my shape. The other’s
movementforms my thoughts. And also
mine. There is a man and there are
hoops. There is a constant flowing
guilt.’’

65
“Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for
pain;
And we are here as on a darkling plain;
Swept with confused alarms of
struggle and flight,
Where ignorantarmiesclash by night.”
THE GIFT OF INDIA
Elaborating
What is the term ‘Gift’ on reference to
the poem?

66
“Can ye measure the grief of the tears I
weep
Or compass the woe of the watch I
keep?”
Answer.
~ “Silent they sleep by the Persian waves,
Scattered like shells on Egyptian sands…”
The poem has personified the country
India as the mother of its entire people.
The boundless grief of Mother India for
her heroic sons, who were killed in alien
lands, is expressed in the poem. One of
the critics mentioned that “It is India
only, the great India, which represents
itself as eternal Mother India, who loves

67
her sons and daughters as a real mother
does…’’
Mother India’s crying over the loss of
Indian soldiers can be seen as a
reflection of every mother lamenting the
loss of her martyred son. The soldiers,
their families are thus the victims of any
war encompassing loss and bloodshed.
She visualizes a day when the world
would be free from hatred and agonies
of war and life would be modeled on
the new found peace.
Ever since the time of the Ancient
Greeks, literature has glorified war-
hoes. They have made the war seem like
a worthwhile, honourable and romantic
endeavour. For the most part, war,
although tragic, was viewed as
necessary and, in many ways, romantic.
This notion was shattered at the
beginning of the 20th century by the
horrors of the First World War, termed

68
as the ‘Great War’. This war brought
about a great change in the minds of
Westerners, who had grown
accustomed to the rosy pictures painted
by the Romantic and the Victorian
authors, painters and poets.
“They lie with pale brows and brave,
broken hands,
They are strewn like blossoms mown
down by chance
On the blood-brown meadows of
Flanders and France.”
The number of deaths caused by the
Great War, the inhumane nature of
trench warfare, introduction of new
deadly chemical weapons such as the
chlorine gas and the mustard gas, the
conditions under which soldiers were
made to live and fight, appeared to be
the antithesis of what civilized
existence was supposed to be.

69
‘’I'd like to be the sort of man the flag
could boast about;
I'd like to be the sort of man it cannot
live without;
I'd like to be the type of man That
really is Indian:”
Sarojini Naidu’s The Gift of India
though a patriotic poem, can be read as
an anti-war poem at one level. Naidu
through this poem has depicted the
horrors of war through the brutal
killings of the Indian soldiers in the First
World War. These Indian soldiers were
used as pawns in the war by the British.
They were in no way involved in the
cause or the outcome of the war but
they were unscrupulously deployed for
the benefit of the British. These soldiers
fought in alien lands and died on the
battlefield. They could never reunite

70
with their country and their families.
Their dead bodies lay lifeless like the
shells scattered on sands. Their severed
limbs and disheveled, bloodstained
bodies are proof enough of the horrors
of war, which these soldiers had to face.
“And the far sad glorious vision I see
Of the torn red banners of Victory?’’
Thus, the immeasurable grief of Mother
India in the poem reflects Naidu’s anti-
war attitude. Throughout the poem, war
is not glorified but condemned. Mother
India throughout, lamented the loss of
her children.
The precious gift of so many lives of
Indian soldiers entrusted to the British
cause in the First World War can never
be undermined. With broken hands,
pale brows, far away from home, the
dead bodies of these soldiers lie in alien
graves. It is hard to measure the grief of

71
these mothers who gave their sons to be
sacrificed in the war for the sake of the
British.
“….And you honour the deeds of the
deathless ones,
Remember the blood of thy martyred
sons!”
Mother India believes that the sacrifices
made by Indian soldiers would create a
world devoid of hate and terror. Love,
respect and honour will be inextricable
part of this new world, laid on the
foundation of the gift of India-the blood
of her martyred sons. Losing these
priceless gems thus fills Mother India’s
heart with immeasurable sorrow and
grief. The title of the poem is thus
appropriate as no other gift could be as
valuable as lives of India’s ‘martyred
sons.’

72
“…Or the pride that thrills thro’ my
heart’s despair
And the hope that comforts the anguish
of prayer?”
The title The Gift of India is apt as the
poem focuses on the priceless lives of
Indian sons given as gift to Allied forces
during the First World War. The poem
begins with Mother India crying out
that though the British had taken over
her country and monopolized its
resources in terms of raiment, grain or
gold, the loss is insignificant in
comparison to the ruthless killing of her
sons who were duty bound to serve the
self-assumed rulers of India i.e., the
British.
Over one million Indian troops from
Britain’s colonial empire served in the
British Army in the First World War.
Nearly 75, 0000 died on foreign lands-
referred by Naidu as pearls gathered in

73
alien graves. The Indian troops were of
vital significance in many battles of the
FirstWorld War and served not only in
the Ypres sector of Western Front but
also in Mesopotamia and Gallipoli.
There were large numbers of Indian
soldiers who travelled from India to
fight in the trenches of France and
Belgium. Everywhere, be it Persia,
Egypt, Flanders or France, Indian sons
sacrificed their lives for the British
cause, “…On the blood-brown
meadows of Flanders and France.’’
“….And yielded the sons of my stricken
womb
To the drum –beats of duty, the sabers
of doom.’’
Sarojini Naidu has presented Mother
India in a unique and unforgettable way
where she considers the precious lives
of her sons as her gifts to the British. The
British cannot measure the grief

74
encompassing her in losing the sons of
her stricken womb. They cannot
estimate the pride that runs along the
despair of her heart, yet she is interested
in the sad but glorious vision of true
freedom, where “the terror and the
tumult of hate shall cease.’’ Despite
losing her numerous sons in the
battlefield she is hopeful and believes
life will become anew on “anvils of
peace’’. The only request she makes to
the British is that the brave Indian
soldiers, who died for their cause
should be remembered and honoured
till the world lives.
“Where the mind is without fear and the
head is held high;
Where knowledge is free;
Where the world has not been broken
up into fragments by narrow domestic
walls;
Where words come out from the depth
of truth;’’

75
“A prayer of thanks, I say for you
And for the mother, who lost a son,
And for the rights I have,
That your sacrifice won.”
CROSSING THE BAR
Elaborating
Express the truth underneath the poem.

76
“But such a tide as moving seems
asleep,
Too full for sound and foam, “
Answer.
~ The entire poem hinges on the
interpretation of the meaning of the title
“Crossing the Bar”. Literally, the bar
refers to the sandbar,which is a ridge of

77
sand built by currents along a shore.
Allegorically, the bar represents the
boundary between life and death.
“Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!’’
The poem is all about crossing this bar
between the sea of life and the ocean;
and the soul returning to eternity to
meet the Maker, i.e., God.
“For tho’ from out our bourne of Time
and Place
The flood may bear me far …”
An allegory is a narrative, which
describes one coherent set of
circumstances but signifies a second set
of meanings. In simple terms, an
allegoryreveals a hidden meaning. The
poem “Crossing the Bar”, at a first
glance appears to be an objective poem,
which describes a voyage across the

78
sandbar at the harbour’s entrance into
the sea. It has a deeper meaning and
every aspect of the poem works at two
levels, literal and allegorical.
“And there may be no sadness of
farewell”
The voyage is a metaphor for the final
journey of man. The poem begins with
the description of a ship that is about to
sail on a long voyage at “Sunset” when
the “evening star” is visible in the sky.
The setting of sun is symbolic of the old
age of the speaker. Tennyson was eighty
years and was recuperating from a
serious illness, when he wrote this
poem.
“When that which drew from out the
boundless deep
Turns again home.”

79
The “evening star”, which is a guiding
light for the mariners, is symbolic of
impending death. The “one clear call”
which is the formal announcement
before the ship leaves the harbour, is a
signal for the speaker that death is
nearing. The speaker wants no
“moaning of the bar” that no expression
of sorrow whence he puts “out of sea”.
The bar refers to a ridge of sand built up
by currents along the shore. Here the
bar is a metaphor for the boundary
between life and death.
“I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have crost the bar.’’
It has been personified and given the
human quality of moaning. The speaker
wishes not to hear the forlorn sound of
the waves crashing against a sandbar,
when he sets out his journey. It means
that the speaker hopes for a gentle
crossing out of the harbour, one without

80
turbulence associated with the
“moaning of the bar”, i.e., he wants to
move gently from life to death , without
any fear.
“Twilight and evening bell,
And after that the dark !
And may there be no sadness of
farewell,
When I embark;”
According to some of the critics the
word “crossing” has religious
connotations. “Crossing” refers both to
“crossing over” into the next world.
Some people believe that, the term
“Crossing” suggests the “Cross of
Jesus”, the transformational event that
in Christianity, enables people to be
reconciled to God and reach Heaven,
which is beyond the Earth’s “Time and
Place.” However, despite its strong
Christian overtones, “Crossing the Bar’’

81
has a universal appeal to all people as
everyone can relate to the image of the
journey of life into death.
“But such a tide as moving seems
asleep,
Too full for sound and foam…”
Thus the poet, comparing his dying to
the departure of a ship on a voyage into
an unknown sea, feels no fear and no
reluctance at the prospect of leaving life.
He has completely surrendered his will
to the force which will carry him away,
he knows that his soul may be taken far
from all he has ever known, but is
confident that he will, at last, we see the
God whose nature he could only infer
while on earth.
“And there may no moaning of the bar”-
JOHN BROWN

82
Elaborating
How has the irony established in the
poem?
“And I saw that his face looked just
like mine
Oh! Lord! Just like mine!”
Answer.

83
~ “And I saw that his face looked just
like mine
Oh! Lord! Just like mine!”
War has long figured as a theme in
poetry; some of the world’s oldest
surviving poems are about great armies
and heroic battles. While Homer, the
legendary ancient Greek writer,
idealized his combatants and their
triumphs, the treatmentof war in poetry
has grown increasingly more complex
since the time of Homer. The numerous
conflicts of the 20th century especially
the First World War have led various
poets to write on the horrifying effects
of war.
“Oh! Good old-fashioned war!’’
War is thus so fatal that it forces a man
to act inhumanly against his own race.
This is what scared John Brown the
most; that his enemy whom he intended

84
to kill looked just like him. Both the
soldiers, at the end, were victims of the
same war. They were in no way
connected with the cause or
consequences of the war, yet they were
duty-bound and had to kill their own
brethren.
“She smiled and went right down, she
looked everywhere around
But she could not see her soldier son in
sight…’’
One of the main themes of Dylan’s song
is the fatality of war. No specific war
forms the background of the poem and
hence gives it a universal appeal. Since
time immemorialwars are being fought
at the cost of innocent lives.
“But as all the people passes, she saw
her son at last
When she did she could hardly believe
her eyes”

85
The supposedly just causes behind these
wars are unknown not only to the
civilians butalsoto the soldiers fighting
at the warfront. They are made pawns
in the hands of war-mongers for their
own selfish purposes. Dylan’s song
through the character of John Brown
depicts how fatal a war can be.
”While she couldn’t even recognize his
face!
Oh! Lord! Not even recognize his face”
John Brown, a young handsome soldier
goes off to fight in a war. His mother
feels proud on seeing her son dressed in
a soldier’s uniform. But of, the
gruesome reality is that the same war
which wins him medals leaves him
disfigured. He comes back home with
his face all shot up, his hand blown off
and with a metal brace around his waist.

86
“I was on the battleground, you were
home…acting proud
You wasn’tthere standing in my shoes”
This war though does not kill him
physically, but leaves him shattered,
both physically and mentally. His
condition becomes so wretched that he
could hardly speak.
“I was on the battle-ground; you were
home….acting proud
You wasn’tthere standing in my shoes”
John Brown’s mother, who had so
happily seen him off at the railway
station while he was going to war, is so
appalled by his condition that she turns
her face away from him. In a war, a man
kills another man.
“While she couldn’t even recognize his
face!
Oh! Lord! Not even recognize his face

87
All the soldiers fighting in the war,
though fighting on behalf of their
respective countries, are themselves
victims of the same war. They have to
endure both physical and mental
hardships on the battlefield. Their
bodies get disfigured and at times they
become crippled. The worst part is that
they get killed by the enemy.
“Oh his face was all shot up and his hand
was all blown off
And he wore a metal brace around his
waist
He whispered kind of slow…”
DESIDERATA
Elaborating

88
Discuss the poem on didacticism.
“…it is a real possession in the
changing fortunes of time.”
Answer.

89
~ “Therefore be at peace with God,
whatever you conceive Him to be. And
whatever your labors and aspirations, in
the noisy confusion of life, keep peace in
your soul.’’
Desiderata (Latin: “desired things’’) is
an inspirational poem that offers a
positive outlook towards life. It advises
people to be good and kind to all and
asks them to see the world with both
joys and sorrows.
“You are a child of the universe no less
than the trees and the stars; you have a
right to be here.’’
It suggests to the readers not to compare
themselves with anyone but to enjoy
their own achievements. The poem tells
people to live a peaceful life and strive
for happiness.

90
“…..however humble; it is a real
possession in the changing fortunes of
time.’’
Positivity is the main theme of Max
Ehrmann’s poem Desiderata. Positivity
is the practice of being or the tendency
to be positive or optimistic in life. One
should be positive in every aspect of
life-in chaos, in speech, in relationships,
in career, in love, in sudden misfortune,
in loneliness, and in overall outlook
towards oneself and the whole world.
Abraham Lincoln said that “most
people are about as happy as they make
up their minds to be.’’
“Take kindly the counsel of the years,
gracefully surrendering the things of
youth.’’
Thus as Ehrmann says in the poem that
even with “its sham, drudgery, and
broken dreams,’’, it can be a beautiful
world if your mind perceives it to be so:

91
What is important is to focus on the
positive aspects and keep striving
towards happiness.
“Be yourself. Especially do not feign
affection. Neither be cynical about love;
for in the face of all aridity and
disenchantment, itis as perennial as the
grass.’’
To maintain a positive outlook
throughout life is an important message
of the poem. One should not distress
oneself with ‘’dark imaginings’’, but
should become strong enough to deal
with any misfortune.
“Enjoy your achievements as well as
your plans. Keep interested in your own
career, however humble; it is a real
possession in the changing fortunes of
time.’’
One must have belief in oneself.
Believing that everything happens for a

92
reason, and “universe is unfolding as it
should” renders an optimistic outlook
towards life and keeps one away from
stress. Also what is important is to feel
peace within one’s soul even if one has
to work hard for one’s aspirations “in
the noisy confusion of life.’’
“Beyond a wholesome discipline, be
gentle with yourself. You are a child of
the universe no less than the trees and
the stars; you have a right to be here.’’
“Speak your truth quietly and clearly;
and listen to others, even to the dull and
the ignorant; they too have their story.’’
Positivity is within oneself, and what
matters is how a person shapes his life.
By comparing oneself with others one
can turn bitter but by just enjoying one’s
own achievements, one can be happy
and satisfied.

93
“…many persons strive for high ideals,
and everywhere life is full of heroism.’’
Thus to live life with positivity, we
should be true to ourselves, should not
compare our self with others, should not
feign love or affection, should be
humble, should not give way to dark
and dismal thoughts and should always
strive to be happy.
“…..As far as possible, without surrender,
be on good terms with all persons.’’

94
DOVER BEACH
Elaborating
Discuss crisis of faith during the
Victorian Era with reference to the
poem.
“At their return, up the high strand,
Begin, and cease, and then againbegin,
With tremulous cadence slow, and
bring
The eternal note of sadness in.”

95
Answer.
~ “So various, so beautiful, so new,
Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor
light,
Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for
pain;”
The Victorian Era (1837-1901) is
generally associated with the ‘crisis of
faith’ caused by new scientific
discoveries especially the publication of
Charles Darwin’s revolutionary book
titled “On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection in 1859. It
introduced a scientific theory stating
that biological specimens, including
humans evolve over the course of
generations through a process of natural
selection.

96
“….on the French coast the light
Gleams and is gone; the cliffs of
England stand,
Glimmeringand vast, out in the tranquil
bay.”
In other words, it contradicted existing
religious beliefs and scientific
knowledge of the Victorians. According
to the existing religious beliefs, God
created man directly from the clay
image by breathing life into him.
The speaker of Arnold’s poem tells how
“The Sea of faith/ Was once, too, at full,
and round the earth’s shore.’’ The sea of
faith, which was full before Darwin’s
theory of evolution, is now a “long
withdrawing roar’’.
“Come to the window, sweet is the
night-air!
Only, from the long line of spray

97
Where the sea meets the moon-blanched
land,
Listen! ...”
The Victorians are suffering an internal
crisis of faith, and thus to survive, the
speaker of Arnold’s poem makes a plea
to his beloved that they should remain
true to each other. Love is the only
solaces that can help one survive this
crisis of faith.
“”Retreating, to the breath
Of the night-wind, down the vast edges
drear
And naked shingles of the world.’’
Many theologians began to find out the
compatibility between Darwin’s theory
and Christian doctrines. Some of them
adopted the view that evolution was
God’s method of creation. Others
argued thatDarwinism was compatible

98
only with atheism. Some also resisted
evolution specifically for the human
species, partly due to concerns that
evolution could conflict with Christian
claims that human beings are created in
the image of God.
“The Sea of Faith (Religion)
Was once, too, at the full, and round
earth’s shore
Lay like the folds of a bright girdle
furled.’’
It made the Victorians feel that they had
been suddenly abandoned by God and
this led them into an era of doubt about
the existing religious beliefs. This is
called the ‘crisis of faith’. It is against
this background that Matthew Arnold,
the poet of Dover Beach is “often
described as the embodiment of
Victorian religious crisis’’.
“Ah, love, let us be true

99
To one another! for the world which
seems
To lie before us like a land of dreams…”
Dover Beach is often read as a poem
that was written as a way of expressing
the void left by theory of evolution.
According to a critic, in Dover Beach the
statement “the light/ gleams and is
gone’’, represents some kind of
melancholy as felt by the Victorians,
when they were faced with Darwin’s
observations.
“Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar.’’
Matthew Arnold’s Dover Beach presents
the common opposition between
appearance and reality. The poet is
suggesting that the world, which
apparently looks beautiful is not so in
reality.
“Sophocles’ long ago

100
Heard it on AEGEAN, and it brought
Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow
Of human misery; …”
The appearance in the opening lines,
which describes the calm sea, the
shining moon, the glimmering cliffs of
England, is quite different from the
reality of life, which the poet accepts, is
like the desolate beach and the confused
battlefield.
The world according to the speaker,
“seems/ To lie before us like a land of
dreams,’’offering at leastan appearance
that seems “so various, so beautiful, so
new.’’ The speaker is suggesting thatthe
world in reality does not offer any of the
promises it makes like that of joy, love,
light, certitude, peace and help for pain.
Contrary to these promises, the world is
like a battlefield at night where soldiers
fire at shadows, unable to distinguish

101
between friend and foe or between good
and evil. All this has been attributed to
the loss of faith in God and religion
under the influence of scientific ideas.
“The sea is calm tonight.
The tide is full, the moon lies fair
Upon the straits;”
But at reality, the calm sea waves
“tremulous cadence” i.e., the sound
made by the pebbles when they strike
the shore have been described as
representing an “eternal note of
sadness”. This eternal note of sadness
takes back the speaker to the ancient
Greek playwright. Sophocles, who
heard the similar sound on the Aegean
Sea and was reminded of the misery of
human existence: Therefore, the
perpetual movement of the waves and
the sound made by the pebbles suggest

102
to the speaker not serenity but
hopelessness and despair.
‘’…..we find also in the sound a thought,
Hearing it by this distant northern sea.”
Moreover, the fourth and final stanza is
extremely pessimistic which depicts the
grim reality of the world, which is in
contrast to the joy and innocent beauty
of the first few lines of the poem.
“Tears are the words that heart can’t
express.” (The Immortal Fly: Eternal
Whispers.”)

103
THE SPIDER AND THE FLY
Elaborating
Discuss significance of the poem.
“Up jumped the cunning Spider, and
fiercely held her fast
He dragged her up his winding stair,
into his dismal den,
Within his little parlour-but she…..”

104
Answer.
~ “I’m sure you must be weary, dear,
with soaring up so high;
Will you rest upon my little bed?” said
the spider to the fly.”
The Spider and Fly depicts the common
human weakness of being taken over by
flattering comments. The poem reveals
that flattering words trick you to such
an extent that forgetting everything else,
you move towards your ruin.
“O no, no,” said the little fly, “for I’ve
often heard it said,
They never, never wake again, whoseep
upon your bed.’’
The tale tells us of a cunning spider,
who traps a naïve fly through the use of
seduction and flattery.
“….For well he knew the silly fly would
soon be back again;

105
So he wove a subtler web, in a little
corner sly,
And set his table ready to dine upon the
fly….”
Mary Howitt depicts that flattery is so
powerful that people turn towards it
even after knowing its consequences.
The fly states repeatedly that she has
“often heard” many tales of poor
victims that go up the “winding stairs”
or rest upon the spider’s web but never
return. But of, the spider has lot of
experience in attracting creatures to its
web.
“There are pretty curtains drawn around,
the sheets are fine and thin.
And if you like to rest awhile, I’ll snugly
tuck you in.’’
The spider knows the power that
flattery has over someone and thus is
sure that fly would return to its den.

106
“How handsome are your gauzy wings,
how brilliantare your eyes!”
The fly’s parting words indicate that she
has been carried away with the spider’s
flattering words. The fly parts with the
words indicating that she will return:
“And biddingyougood-morning now,
I’ll call another day.’’
At that point, the spider goes inside his
“den’’ to weave a subtle web, because
he realizes that he has successfully
flattered and deceived another “poor
foolish thing”.
The spider tries several temptations in
order to get the fly to his parlour such as
offering the “pretty things” that are up
“the winding stair”. But at, he saves his
best bait for the last: he artfully makes
use of flattering words to bring back
again the fly.

107
“I’m sure you must be weary dear, with
soaring up so high;
Will you rest upon my little bed?’’ said
the spider to the fly.’’
Thus, the poet has cautioned people
against falling into a trap laid through
the use of flattery or false offer of help,
friendship or enticements.
“And set his table ready to dine upon
the fly
Then he came out to his door again, and
merrily did sing…..”

108
WE ARE THE MUSIC MAKERS
Elaborating
How does the poem enhance the famous
idea of art for art’s sake?
“Built Nineveh with our sighing,
And Babel itself with our mirth;
And o’erthrew them with
prophesying…”

109
Answer.
~ “Yet we are the movers and shakers
Of the world for ever, it seems.’’
Art for art’s sake is the rendition of a
French slogan, l’art pour l’art, which
was coined early in the 19th century by
the French philosopher Victor Cousin.
Art for art’s sake conveys that the chief
or only aim of a work of art is the self-
expression of the individual artist, who
creates it.
“World-losers and world-forsakers,
On whom the pale moon gleams:
Yet we are the movers and shakers
Of the world for ever, it seems.”
But at, this idea was criticized by several
philosophers and thinkers. Freidrich
Neitzsche claimed thatthere is no artfor
art’s sake. He asked: “….what does all

110
art do? Does it not praise …. glorify…..
select… highlight….: By doing all this it
strengthens or weakens certain
valuations….Artis the great stimulus of
life: how could one understand it as
purposeless, as aimless, as l’art pour
l’art?”
Artists though losers and forsakers in
the worldly sense, challenge the status
quo to bring about a social change.
Grand empires rise and fall as a result of
what they create. Moreover, their
creations are immortal which continue
to shake the world even after they die.
“A breath of our inspiration
Is the life of each generation;
A wondrous thing of our dreaming
Unearthly, impossible seeming-‘’
The poet had written in the 19th century
favours the idea of art for life’s sake. A

111
work of art can help one deal with life’s
challenges. Even though artists,
according to the poet, occupy the
peripheral and lonely space outside the
society they can move and shake the
world. For example, consider The Gift of
India by Sarojini Naidu.
“They had no vision amazing
Of the goodly house they are raising;
They had had no divine foreshowing
Of the land to which they are going: ‘’
It is a poem, a work of art that
encouraged feelings of patriotism and
national pride among the Indians
during India’s freedom struggle. At the
same time it admires the role of the
Indian soldiers, who laid down their
lives in the First World War for the
British cause.
“Wandering by lone sea-breakers

112
And sitting by desolate streams;”
Thus, through this poem is admiring the
power of artists and their art in
changing the world. Further, art is
immortal: the lasting effect of art
outlives civilizations.
“How, spite of your human scorning,
Once more God’s future draws nigh,
And already goes forth the warning
That ye of the past must die.”
In fact, in the third stanza of the poem,
the poet has attributed divine status to
artby referring to Biblical cites of Babel
and Nineveh and the artists’power both
to create and to destroy art. It is
ultimately artwhich is left in the world.
“The glory about us clinging
Of the glorious futures we see,
Our souls with high music ringing: …”

113
LITERATURE ON PRESCRIBED POEMS
1. ‘TheKeatsianword“darkling” means‘in
the dark’,butthepoemhasthesound of a
preludialshimmerof birdsong’ …. Elegy
which drawson metaphorandirony of the
singing bird: The Darkling Thrush
2. Itisreported, “I am trying to reveal a
truth, so it can’t have a fictional
beginning.” The Dolphins
3. An Elegyon Longingfor Freedom; even
‘Victory’ is in ‘torn red banners’ in the
poem: The Gift of India
4. “Resilience is one of our greatest
strengths’’: Desiderata
5. “Itmelted, and I letitfalland break…’’:
Birches
6. ‘Thereby strengthening the idea of
pacifism, underneath containing
superficialglory of the poem a horror’:
John Brown

114
7. ‘’ForVisionscomenotto pollutedeyes’’:
The Spider and the Fly
8. ‘Meditative and rhetorical, Matthew
Arnold’spoemwrestles withproblems of
psychological isolation’: Dover Beach
9. “Canthepoembecalled as traditional
ode?’’: We are the Music Makers
10. ‘AsTennysonhimself said, ‘’Words, like
nature, half reveal and half conceal the
soul within.” ‘: Crossing the Bar.
“The difference between ordinary and
extraordinary is that little extra.” [The

115
QUESTIONS FROM MY ACADEMY
“Poetry is like a perfume which on
evaporation leaves in our soul essence
of beauty.” [The Immortal Fly: Eternal
Whispers]

116
(1)
REFLECTED QUESTIONS
“I’m a Reflection of the Community.’’

117
1. On stressing Keatsian ‘darkling’,
how far does the title of the poem
‘The Darkling Thrush’ justify the
interpretation of Victorian Era?
2. The poem ‘Birches’ can be defined
to be a meditative as well as
narrative poem. Illustrate the full
experience that grows out in the
poem of balancing opposed forces:
ideal and real.
3. The poem ‘The Dolphins’ involves
the assignment on Play of Contrast-
Explain the dramatic monologue on
reference to the poem.
4. Discuss the different Imageries of
the poem ‘The Gift of India’ on
reference to lament and pride
respectively for Mother India.
5. Alfred, Lord Tennyson as an artist
to his poem ‘Crossing the Bar’
symbolizing the departure from the
harbor and entry into the ocean is
not a departure, but it can be
described in a way returning ‘again

118
home’- Elaborate the literal
meaning of the title on context of ‘in
a way returning again home’-.
6. Bring out the lamentation for the
loss of young life in war and the
reflection of sensory horrors of
combat from the poem ‘John
Brown’.
7. The poem ‘Desiderata’ teaches
moral lessons on life what should
be done and how should be done:
Explain the two terms ‘what’ and
‘how’ respectively from
understanding of the poem, in
detail.
8. Discuss with reference to the poem
‘Dover Beach’ the effects of dark
side as heightened to human life.
9. The poem ‘The Spider and the Fly’
is full of Aphorism- Explain how the
poet efficiently depicted her
thoughts.
10. How far ‘We are the Music
Makers’ contributes to be an ode?

119
“He learned all there was
To learn about not launching out too
soon
And so not carrying the tree away
Clear to the ground.”

120
(2)
CRITICAL QUESTIONS
“The importantthing is not to stop
questioning.” : AlbertEinstein.

121
1. Discuss the negative similarities
between ‘The Darkling Thrush’ with
‘The Dolphins’
2. How far Dover Beach and Crossing
the Bar together is interrelated on
context to symbolical meaning?
3. Explain the enumeration of The
Darkling Thrush with Desiderata.
4. How shall on terms of ‘sacrifice’ the
two poems ‘The Gift of India’ and
‘John Brown’ respectively been
interrelated to each other?
5. Illustration on Critical Analysis
separately of: a) We are the Music
Makers b) Birches c) Crossing the
Bar.

122
6. Rejuvenate the hopes and desires
the poets are showering throughout
the different poems individually
with the name ‘Reverie’.
7. Examine the power and role of
artists in bringing up emotions and
sharing the public opinion been
reflected in the poem ‘We are the
Music Makers’ and ‘Crossing the
Bar’ respectively.
8. Discuss with contextual quotes the
different rhetorical devices as
reflected in various poems on
Reverie on aspect of Illusion vs.
Reality and Imagination Vs
Knowledge.
9. Discuss the poem ‘The Spider and
The Fly’ on contrast to Desiderata
and with similarities to the poem
‘The Dolphins’.

123
10. How far, ‘The Dolphins’ and
‘John Brown’ been successful on
terms of Foreshadowing?
11. Explain the Extended
Metaphor underneath in the
respective-poem ‘The Darkling
Thrush’ ‘Crossing the Bar’ and
‘Birches’.

124
“I take great delight in watching the
change in the atmosphere.”
(3)
UNDERSTANDING THE POEMS
“Do not try to explain. They will only
understand you as much as they see
and hear.” ~ Rumi

125
1. “Will you step into my parlor said
the spider to the fly?” - Comment
on the story tells of a cunning
spider that entraps a fly into its web
through the use of seduction and
manipulation.
2. It has been reported Desideratawas
inspired by an urge that Ehrmann
wrote about in his diary: "I should
like, if I could, to leave a humble gift
-- a bit of chaste prose that had
caught up some noble moods." :
Elucidate the significance of quoted
line on basis of concept of the said
poem.
3. John brown is a modern ballad:
Comment.

126
4. What are some unique
characteristics of a dolphin?
5. “Is there ought you need that my
hands withhold?”- In whose voice is
the poet speaking throughout the
poem The Gift of India?
6. What are some questions about
dolphins?
7. Analyse the following line, ‘’Earth’s
the right place for love: / I don’t
know where it’s likely to go better.’’
8. “And may there be no moaning of
the bar’’: What is the symbolical
significance of the term ‘bar’ on
terms of title of the poem ‘Crossing
the Bar’?
9. “…Nor certitude, nor peace, nor
help for pain’’: How is the theme of
loss of faith in different aspects
reflected in the two respective
poems Dover Beach and The
Darkling Thrush?

127
(4)
REFERENTIAL QUESTIONS
“And your love shall offer memorial
thanks
To the comrades ….”

128
Question 1
(a) How does Arnold feel when he
sees the Dover Beach?
(b) How the poem Dover Beach
can be described separately as a
poem of Melancholy and
Despair?
(c) Explain, in brief, the symbolism
as hidden in the poem, Dover
Beach.
Question 2

129
(a) Crossing the Bar is a Funeral
Poem: Explain.
(b) Analyse the maritime imagery as
vision in the poem.
(c) Discuss the styles as elaboratedin
the poem.
……..
IMPORTANTQUOTESFROM EACH
POEM
The Darkling Thrush
1. “I leant upon a coppice gate
When Frost was spectre-grey,
And Winter’s dregs made desolate
The weakening eye of day.’’

130
2. “That I could think there
trembled through
His happy good-night air
Some blessed Hope, whereof he knew
And I was unaware.’’
Birches
“So low for long, they never right
themselves:
You may see their trunks arching in the
woods
Years afterwards, trailingtheir leaves on
the ground
Like girls on hands and knees that
throw their hair
Before them over their heads to dry in
the sun.’’

131
The Dolphins
1. “World is what you swim in, or
dance, it is simple.
We are in our element but we are not
free.
Outside this world you cannot breathe
for long.
The other has my shape.’’
2. “There is no hope. We sink to the
limits of this pool until the whistle
blows.
There is a man and our mind knows we
will die here.’’
The Gift of India

132
1. “Can ye measure the griefof the
tears I weep
Or compass the woe of the watch I
keep?
Or the pride that thrills thro’ my hearts
despair
And the hope that comforts the anguish
of prayer?’’
2. “When the terror and tumult of
hate shall cease
And life be refashioned on anvils
of peace,
And your love shall offer
memorial thanks
To the comrades ….”
John Brown

133
1. She got a letter once in a while and
her face broke into a smile
As she showed them to the people
from next door
And she braggedabouther son with
his uniform and gun
And these things you called a good
old-fashioned-war
Oh! Good old-fashioned war!
2. Don’t you remember, Ma, when I
went off to war
You thought it was the best thing I
could do?
I was on the battleground,youwere
home . . . acting proud
You wasn’tthere standing in my
shoes”
3. As he turned away to walk, his Ma
was still in shock

134
At seein’ the metal brace that helped
him stand
But as he turned to go, he called his
mother close
And he dropped his medals down
into her hand.
Crossing the Bar
1. But such a tide as moving seems
asleep,
Too full for sound and foam,
When that which drew from out the
boundless deep
Turns again home.
2. Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea….
Desiderata

135
1. If you compare yourself with
others, you may become vain and
bitter; for always there will be
greater and lesser persons than
yourself. Enjoy your achievements
as well as your plans. Keep
interested in your own career,
however humble; it is a real
possession in the changing
fortunes of time.
2. With all its sham, drudgeryand
broken dreams, itis still a
beautiful world. Be cheerful.
Strive to be happy.
DoverBeach
1. Listen! you hear the grating roar
Of pebbles which the waves draw back,
and fling,
At their return, up the high strand,
Begin, and cease, and then again begin,

136
With tremulous cadence slow, and bring
The eternal note of sadness in.
2. But now I only hear
Its melancholy, long, withdrawingroar,
Retreating, tothe breath
Of the night-wind, down the vast edges
drear
And naked shingles of the world.
The Spiderand the Fly
1. “Will you walk intomy parlour?”
said the Spider to the Fly,
“‘Tis the prettiestlittle parlour that
ever you did spy;
The way into my parlour is up a
winding stair,
And I have many curious things to
shew when you are there.”
2. The Spider turned him round about,
and went into his den,
For well he knew the silly Fly would
soon come back again:
So he wove a subtle web, in a little
corner sly,

137
And set his table ready, to dine upon
the Fly.
3. And now dear little children, who
may this story read,
To idle, silly flatteringwords, I pray
you ne’er give heed:
Unto an evil counsellor, close heart
and ear and eye,
And take a lesson from this tale, of
the Spider and the Fly.
We are the Music Makers
1. World-losers and world-forsakers,
Upon whom the pale moon gleams;
Yet we are the movers and shakers,
Of the world forever, it seems.
2. One man with a dream, atpleasure,
Shall go forth and conquer a crown;
And three with a new song's measure
Can trample an empire down.

138
“Ideals are like stars. We never reach
them but, like mariners on the sea, we
chart our course by them.” [The
PART -2
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S THE
TEMPEST
ON
SUPERNATURAL ELEMENTS
(On Ref. to otherplaysof Shakespeare)

139
Prospero: ‘’I’ll deliver all,
And promise you calm seas, auspicious
gales,
And sail so expeditious that shall catch
Your royal fleet far off.—(aside
to ARIEL) My Ariel, chick,
Thatis thy charge. Then to the elements
Be free, and fare thou well!—Please you,
draw near.’’
The Tempest

140
~Answer:
‘’It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul;
Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars!
It is the cause.’’
“Please you draw near’… Prospero’s
final words were probably intended to
invite the play’s other human characters
into the cell which had been his and
Miranda’s home for the past twelve
years-butthey could also be taken as an
invitation to the audience to enter into a
new and intimate relationship with
Prospero himself. The former magician
is now powerless; his staff is broken, his

141
books are drowned, and Ariel has left
him. Now he is the captive, and he must
plead for his own release. Applause
from the audience will break the magic
spell, their words of praise would speed
his departure, and their prayers would
save him from the desperation which is
all too often the fate of the dispossessed
conjurer.
Macbeth, throughout the play, is
presented as one much above the
ordinary beings, and, as such, he fulfils
the basic-requirements of being a tragic
hero. Shakespeare, introduces him as a
brave general, a bold, resolute man of
action who through as also referred to
“Valor’s minion”, “Bellona’s
bridegroom’’, the king’s ‘’valiant
cousin’’, a very “eagle’’ among
‘’sparrows’’, a ‘’lion’’ among ‘’hares’’. It
is a play, which is depicting a complete
destruction, wrestling with creation. It is
a study of the disintegration and

142
damnation of a man. And yet, Macbeth
is a ‘tragic hero’. Here presents, the
hero’s complete symbolic life-journey in
a reflective pattern to ensure the only
operation of evil in this world.
The plot of the play is, The Tempest,
unlike many of Shakespeare’s other
plays, depends almost entirely on the
use of supernatural powers. In Macbeth,
for example, the witches may have
influenced the hero’s behavior but he
had free will and thus was capable of
determininghis own actions. This is not
true of The Tempest, however, where
the destiny of everyone from Prospero
to Ariel, from Alonso to Caliban, is
decided by supernatural intervention
rather than by their characters or their
actions.
“Blow till thou burst thy wind, if room
enough!”

143
Often, witches wore special garments
when they wished to exercise their
powers. They put on a gown or cloak,
carried a wand and consulted a book in
which their incarnations were written
down. Shakespeare was aware of the
importance of such trappings. In Act I
Scene 2, lines 23-4, Prospero refers to his
gown. “Lend thy hand/ And pluck my
magicgarmentfrom me”; but it is to his
books that he attributes most efficacy.’’
‘’It was the owl that shriek’d, the fatal
bellman
Which gives the stern’st good-night.”
Certain places were also associated with
magic wells, crossroads, and hawthorn
groves. In The Tempest the entire island
has strong association with
supernatural. Caliban’s mother,
Sycorax, a renowned witch, was
banished there, Ariel and the other
spirits belong to the island, Prospero’s

144
magical powers seem to have developed
only after he reached it and they are
given up before he leaves ; it is as if the
island is enchanted.
“But they’ll nor pinch
Fright me with urchin-shows, pitch me in
the mire.”
In Othello, the effect of sexual jealousy
is so overwhelming that it transforms
Othello’s human nature into something
bestial and the moral world is
disintegrated into total chaos and it
liberates the beast in the human being.
The purity of passion of love is
destroyed by the suspicion in the mind
of Othello. As Othello suffers within
himselffrom the pain of jealousy he also
suffers from hatred. We disgust the
witness of the degradation and downfall
of a man who was once noble and ‘great
at heart’.

145
“If by your art, my dearest father, you have
Put the wild waters in this roar…”
The language of the play is less image-
laden than many Shakespeare’s other
dramas. Instead of a preponderance of
images of decay, e.g., as we find in King
Lear, we find an interest in themes, and
ideas often underlined by the repetition
of such key words as ‘beauty’, ‘brave’
‘nature’, ‘noble’, and ‘virtue.’
‘’Spring [will] come to you at the farthest,
In the very end of harvest.”
The Tempest is a mixture of romantic
and classical elements. The supernatural
powers of Prospero and the fairies,
goblins and spirits carrying out his
commands belong to the domain of the
Arabian Nights. The non-human Ariel,
the masque of Juno, and the beautiful
love-scene between Ferdinand and
Miranda, give to the play a romantic

146
character; but the play is also classical in
its severe beauty, its majestic simplicity,
its intermingling of the lyrical and the
ethical, and its observance of the three
Unities of time, place and action.
“Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of
pearl,
Inestimable stones, unvalu’d jewels,
All scatter’d in the bottom of the sea.’’
The Tempest has always enjoyed a great
popularity ever since the time of its first
production. This is something
remarkable in view of the facts that its
plot is thin; the element of suspense in it
is very little; the variety of human
character in it is not as great as in many
other plays of Shakespeare ; it does not
show Shakespeare’s comic genius at its
best; and its love element is very
limited. In spite of these delicacies,

147
however, The Tempestranks fairly high
among Shakespeare’s dramas.
“…
Methought I saw a thousand fearful
wrecks;
Ten thousand men that fishes gnaw’d
upon;”
Prospero, a theurgist, whose Art is to
achieve supremacy over the natural
world by holy magic. His Art is
supernatural; the spirits he commands
are the demons of Neo-Platonism, the
criterion of whose goodness is not the
Christian one of adherence to, or
defection from, God, but of
immateriality or submersion in matter.
He deals with spirits high in the scale of
goodness, and if lesser spirits (‘weak
masters) are required, the superior
demon controls them on his behalf.
“Therefore Heaven Nature charg’d
That one body should be fill’d

148
With all graces wide enlarg’d:”
…….
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S
THE TEMPEST
[ON QUESTIONS FROM MY ACADEMY]
Question
‘’Blow till thou burst thy wind, if room
enough!’’
(a) Who is/are the character(s)
present in the scene of the act?
With whom the speaker is
speaking?
(b) What happened immediately
next after the above mentioned
speech?

149
(c) What is the climax of the scene
of the Act?
(d) What is the ‘political romance’
hidden in the scene of the act?
Answer on reference to the
given mentioned speech.
(e) Give the meanings using with
contextual reference of the
scene of the Act: ‘room
enough’, ‘unstanched wench’,
‘yarely’.

150
“Somepoemsare not just written by the
poet’s…
But are written by the broken pieces
Of an innocent heart…”
The End

Manuscript on english & british literature isc poem of reverie 2019 syllabus onward

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (19)

Similar to Manuscript on english & british literature isc poem of reverie 2019 syllabus onward

Similar to Manuscript on english & british literature isc poem of reverie 2019 syllabus onward (11)

More from Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri

More from Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)