ISO 15189 2022 standards for laboratory quality and competence
Cancer
1.
2. Cancer is the general name for a group of more
than 100 diseases. Although there are many kinds
of cancer, all cancers start because abnormal cells
grow out of control.
3.
4. • A swelling of a part of the body, generally
without inflammation, caused by an abnormal
growth of tissue .
• Tumors are sometimes cancerous but this does
not mean that tumors and cancers are
synonyms. Though all lumps are not cancerous,
a few of them are. So a proper examination of
lumps is very important.
5.
6. The body is made up of trillions of living cells.
Normal body cell grow, divide to make new
cells, and die in an orderly way. During the
early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide
faster to allow the person to grow. After the
person becomes an adult, most cells divide only
to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair
injuries.
7.
8.
9. Cancer starts when cells in a part of the body starts
to grow out of control. Cancer cell growth is
different from the normal cell growth. Instead of
dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new,
abnormal cells. Cancer cell can also grow into other
tissues.
10. Cells becomes cancer because of changes to their DNA . DNA is
in every cell and it directs all its actions. In a normal cell, when
DNA is damaged the cell either repairs the damage or dies. In
cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell goes
on making new cells that the body doesn’t need. These new cells
all have the same damaged DNA as the first cell does.
People can inherit abnormal or faulty DNA from their parents.
Sometimes DNA damage may be caused by something obvious
like cigarette smoking or sun exposure.
11.
12. Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body
where they can grow and form new tumors that
crowd out normal tissue. This happens when the
cancer cells get into the body’s bloodstream or
lymph vessels. The process of cancer spreading is
called metastasis
13.
14. • Cancer is a group of diseases that can cause almost any sign
and symptom.
• The sign and symptoms will depend on where the cancer is,
how big it is, and howmuch it affects the organs or tissues.
• But sometimes cancer starts in places where it won’t cause any
symptoms until it has grown quite large.
For example - Cancers of the pancreas usually don’t cause
symptoms until they growlarge enough to press on nearby
nerves or organs .
15. • Cancer is not contagious (spread by direct contact).
• A healthy persons cannot “catch” cancer from someone who has
it.
• There is no evidence that kissing, touching, sharing meals, or
breathing the same air can spread cancer from one to another
person.
• Cancer cells from one person generally unable to live in the body
of another healthy person.
• A healthy person’ s immune system recognizes foreign cells and
destroys them, including cancer cells from another person.
16. •Different types of cancer can behave very
differently.
•For instance, lung cancer and skin cancer are very
different diseases. They grow at different rates and
respond to different treatments.
17.
18. • Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells on the
cervix grow out of control.
• The cervix is the lower part of the uterus opens in
the vagina.
• It can be successfully treated when it found early.
• it is usually found at a very early stage through a
pap test.
• Most cervical cancer is caused by a virus called
human papillomavirus, or HPV.
19.
20. • Lung cancer is also known as carcinoma of lung.
• It is a malignant lung tumor characterized by a
uncontrolled cell growth in tissue of lung.
• The vast majority (80-90%) of cases of lung cancer
are due to long term exposure to tobacco smoke.
• About 10-15% of cases occur in people who never
smoked. These cases are often caused by a
combination of genetic factors or by air pollution.
• Lung cancer may be seen on chest radiographs and
computed tomography (CT) scans.
21.
22. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS FOR
LUNG CANCER
• Respiratory symptoms:
Coughing, coughing up blood, wheezing
or shortness of breath.
• Systemic symptoms:
weight loss, fever, clubbing of the fingernails,
or fatigue.
• Symptoms due to the cancer mass pressing on
adjacent structures:
Chest pain , bone pain superior vena cava
obstruction, difficulty swallowing.
24. CHEMOTHERAPY
• Chemotherapy is a category of cancer treatment that
uses chemical substances, especially one or more
anti-cancer drugs.
• Traditionally chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic,
that is to say they act by killing cells that divide
rapidly, one of the main properties of the most
cancer cells.
• This means that chemotherapy also harms cells that
divide rapidly under normal condition: cells in bone
marrow, digestive tract and hair follicles.
25. MAIN SIDE-EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
• Myelosuppression – decreased production of blood
cells, hence also immunosuppression.
• Mucositis- inflammation of the lining of the digestive
tract.
• Alopecia- hair loss
26. APOPTOSIS
• Programmed cell death is a active process which
usually proceeds with a distinct series of cellular
changes known as apoptosis.
• Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a normal
component of the development and health of
multicellular.
• Cells die in response to a variety of stimuli and
during apoptosis they do so in a controlled,
regulated fashion.
