Rezart Arkaxhiu has over 10 years of experience in structural and road design engineering. He holds an MSc in Civil Engineering from Polytechnic University of Tirana and a Master's degree in Transport Systems Planning from the same university. He is currently a Road and Structural Designer at InfraTransProject ltd in Tirana, Albania. Some of his project experiences include preliminary design of a railway line in Albania, feasibility studies for road corridors in Albania and Montenegro, and detailed design of bridges and underground parking structures.

1. CURRICULUM VITAE
Proposed role in the project: Structural/Road Design Engineer
1. Family name: ARKAXHIU
2. First names: Rezart
3. Date of birth: November 3, 1984
4. Nationality: Albanian
5. Civil status: Married
6. Education:
Institution [ Date from - Date to] Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained:
Polytechnic University of Tirana,
Civil Engineering Faculty [2003-2008]
MSc in Civil Engineering – Structural Designer
Polytechnic University of Tirana,
Mechanical Faculty [2011-2013]
Masterin Transport Systems Planning, Traffic Management,
Road Signs
7. Language skills: Indicate competence on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 - excellent; 5 - basic)
Language Reading Speaking Writing
Albanian 1 1 1
English 1 2 1
Italian 2 5 3
8. Membership of professional bodies:
Member of AACE (Albanian Association of Consulting Engineers)
9. Other skills:
 AutoCAD / Microstation2D, 3D (Graphical Design) – Advanced
 SAP2000 / CSiBridge / CSiCol (FEM Structural Design) – Advanced
 InRoads / AutoTurn / Nexus / Torus (Highway Design) – Advanced
 GGU Software (Geotechnical Design) – Advanced
 Global Mapper(GIS software)
 MathCAD (Analytical Software) – Intermediate
 HDM-4 (Highway Development Management – World Bank Software) – Intermediate
 MS Office, Internet explorer, Outlook (Basic Software) – Advanced
10. Present position:
Road and Structural Designer at InfraTransProject ltd – Tirana, Albania
11. Years within the firm: 10
12. Key qualifications (Relevant to the assignment):
 10+ years of very professional experience in design of road geometry, road structures (bridges,
viaducts, over/underpasses and other structural elements of the road) as well as geotechnical
problems.
 Responsible for the production of design information, technical reports, drawings, cost
estimations through the project life cycle, from feasibility studies to project` completion and
close out. Proven experience with international funded projects such as EBRD, EIB, EC,
UNDP, WB etc. Familiar with PRAG and FIDIC rules.
13. Specific international experience (Abroad or with IFIs and other international donors):
Country Date from - Date to
Albania 2008 to present
Kosovo
January 2016 – October 2016 (half time)
November 2017 – October 2018 (half time)
Malawi October 2017

2. 14. Professional experience:
Date from -
Date to
Location Company Position Description
May 2017
– October
2018
Albania
InfraTransProject
(Subcontractor of
COWI-IPF)
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Roads
Engineer
(Junior Non-
Key Expert)
Name of the project: "Feasibility study for the rehabilitation of the railway line Durres – Elbasan – Pogradec and a
new rail line link to border with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", COMPONENT-2
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project:
The overall objective of the Project is to contribute to the rehabilitation of the Rail Corridor VIII in the territory of
Albania. The purpose of the Project is to carry out a preliminary design of Durres-Rrogozhine section, which describes
exactly all the main works to be performed in order to complete and realize a modern railway line which shall meet the
European standards of interoperability (TSI) in the most cost – efficient way, with a length of 35 km. Responsible for
preliminary design of road level crossing according to the approved scenarios (do something) and based on EU
legislation and standards, UIC recommendations and leaflet, EU Technical Specifications Interoperability (TSI) and
Standards
Construction Cost: 63,000,000 EUR (Do-Something Scenario)
Source of financing: EC; EIB
May 2018 –
June 2018
Albania
ANTEA CEMENT
info@anteacement.com
www.anteacement.com
+355 (0) 44502350
Bridge Designer
Name of the project: “Detailed Design of Droja Bridge”, in Thumanë - Albania
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for preliminary and detailed design of
the bridge project. Also, structural calculation and AutoCAD drawings of a simple supported post-tensioned bridge,
according Eurocode Norms. Main bridge data: span = 3x20 ml, max. Height = 5.3m, width = 10.50m (8.0m asphalt).
Construction Cost: 1,000,000 EUR
Source of financing: ANTEA CEMENT SH.A
November
2017 – on
going
Albania
InfraTransProject
(Subcontractor of
WYG-IPF)
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Roads
Engineer
(Junior Non-
Key Expert)
Name of the project: "Feasibility study for Adriatic-Ionian Road Corridor (Route 1 and Route 2) Montenegro and
Albania"
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project:
The overall objective of the assignment is to prepare a Feasibility study (FS) for the Beneficiaries in Montenegro and
Albania, and for potential financing institutions. In Albania, the Adriatic-Ionian Road Corridor/Expressway will have a
total length of about 305 km, with an estimated cost of approx. € 1030 million for bringing it to EU standards
(expressway or highway). According to the planning methodology of the TEN-T Network, the project must be
completed by 2030.
Responsible for assessment of the AI Road Corridor/Expressway options and selection of the preferred option at
Conceptual Design level. Preparation AutoCAD drawings of 300 km four lane Highway/Expressway and several
major interchanges according TEM standards. Very close collaboration with all team experts, especially with SPM,
Traffic Engineer, Highway Engineer, Structure Engineer, Geotechnical Engineer, and Hydrology & Hydraulic
Engineer. Preparation of bill of quantities and cost estimations for each proposed alternative.
Construction Cost: N/A
Source of financing: EC; EIB

3. Date from -
Date to
Location Company Position Description
November
2017 –
November
2018
Kosovo
InfraTransProject
(Subcontractor of
COWI-IPF)
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Roads
Engineer
(Junior Non-
Key Expert)
Name of the project: "Preliminary Design, ESIA and Cost-Benefit Analysis for the Construction of the Highway
Section E from Pristina to Merdare (SEETO Route 7), COMPONENT-2
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: The objective of the Project is to prepare the
Preliminary Design & ESIA for the agreed option, following the Conceptual Design for the highway section Pristina-
Merdare, in line with the EU standards and Kosovo’s legal framework for constructions.
Responsible for preliminary design of the alignment according TEM Standard as well as based on land survey and
geological investigation. Very close collaboration with all team experts, especially with SPM, Highway & Interchange
Engineer, Structure Engineer, Geotechnical Engineer, Geodetic Expert and Hydrology & Hydraulic Engineer.
Preparation dwg & pdf drawings of 27 km four lane motorway using Bentley Inroads and AutoCAD. Preparation of
bill of quantities and cost estimations. Preparation of Inception Report and Final Preliminary Design Report according
ToR.
Construction Cost: 260,000,000 EUR
Source of financing: EC; EIB
October
2017
Malawi
J.V. AL-ABDULHADI
Engineering
Consultancy & BUA
Consulting Engineers
ali-
ibshara@alabdulhadien
gineering.com
+965 2531 2996
Road &
Material
Engineer
Name of the project: "Design Review and Supervision of Construction of the Lirangwe – Chingale – Machinga
Road"
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: The overriding objective of this assignment is to
provide the Roads Authority of the Republic of Malawi a Draft Design Review Report, and after incorporating the
comments on the draft report by the Client, we shall prepare and submit the Final Detailed Design Review Report in
accordance with the TOR.
Responsible for review design of the pavement and geometric design for 63km road according SATCC Standards, by
paying particular attention to road user safety and comfort. Additionally, I'm responsible for soils and materials
investigations both from desk study and field work. All findings and opinions will be included in the Design Review
Report to Malawi Roads Authority.
Construction Cost: 43,000,000 $
Source of financing: Kuwait Fund
May 2017
– January
2018
Albania
InfraTransProject
(Subcontractor of
COWI-IPF)
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Roads
Engineer
(Junior Non-
Key Expert)
Name of the project: "Feasibility study for the rehabilitation of the railway line Durres – Elbasan – Pogradec and a
new rail line link to border with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", COMPONENT-1
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project:
The overall objective of the Project is to contribute to the rehabilitation of the Rail Corridor VIII in the territory of
Albania. The purpose of the Project is to carry out a Pre-Feasibility Study of the rehabilitation/upgrade of Durres –
Pogradec railway link and of a new railway link between Lin (Albania) and the border with the former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, as well as a Feasibility Study, including Preliminary Design, on at least one section (sections
to be identified as indicated below) of the Rail Corridor VIII in the territory of Albania with a length of ~150km.
Responsible for road level crossing study and design. Proposing the intervention on the existing situation according to
the approved scenarios (do minimum; do something; do maximum) and preparing preliminary design for the selected
section.
Construction Cost: 222,360,000 EUR (Do-Something Scenario)
Source of financing: EC; EIB

4. Date from -
Date to
Location Company Position Description
April 2017 –
August 2017
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: “Detailed design of 2-underground stores public parking, including children's playground” - in
Tiranë – Albania
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for preliminary and detailed design of
the R/C structural elements for 2-underground stores. Preparing structural calculation (using SAP2000) and technical
report for all structural elements (foundations, columns, beams, stairs, slabs, etc.), as well as engineering measures
(R/C piled wall) that are anticipated to be taken, such as the safety of moving the object during construction works etc.
Construction Cost: 2,600,000 EUR
Source of financing: Tirana Municipality
January
2016 –
October
2016
Kosovo
InfraTransProject
(Subcontractor of
COWI-IPF)
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Roads
Engineer
(Junior Non-
Key Expert)
Name of the project: "Feasibility Study SEETO Route 7, Section Pristina – Merdare, Component-1 (Conceptual
design and preliminary ESIA)", COMPONENT-1
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for designing and reviewing construction
options and solutions for the alignment (there are 6 proposed alternative options for the road alignment as a
combination of 7 independent segments). Preparation AutoCAD drawings of 27 km four lane motorway and 3 major
interchanges in conceptual design phase according TEM standards. Preparation of bill of quantities and cost
estimations for each proposed alternative.
Construction Cost: 200,000,000 EUR
Source of financing: EC; EIB
June 2015 –
November
2016
Albania
InfraTransProject &
S.D.C.
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Road &
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: "Study and detailed design of Skrapar - Përmet road axis"
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for detailed design of road and
structures. Preparation of calculation reports, AutoCAD drawings, bill of quantity and technical specifications for
simple supported post-tensioned viaduct (main viaduct data: span = 3x30 ml, max. height = 46.0m, width = 9.44m
(7.0m asphalt); Lapani bridge (over Osumi river canyon) with steel/concrete composite deck slab of span 1x40 m; R/C
culverts; gravity & r/c retaining walls and reinforced earth; protection of fault zones (100 ml of r/c piles, 230 ml of
gabion wall, 100 ml of cut/fill embankment in peaty area). Also, responsible for producing bill of quantity, AutoCAD
drawings and technical specifications of 20646 ml road design according ToR.
Construction Cost: 32,600,000 EUR
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
December
2014 – April
2015
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Road &
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: Feasibility study for new road axis Skrapar - Gramsh, Përmet, Korçe”
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for conception design and AutoCAD
drawings for three new routes of the study.
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
July 2014 –
March 2015
Kosovo
PLANET & EPRD
tzilly@gmx.de
www.eprd.pl
Non Key Expert
for Road &
Structural Design
Name of the project: “Preparation of the works tender dossiers for infrastructure schemes in north Kosovo"
-"Reconstruction of the regional Road R221 Zubin Potok - Dren". Construction Cost: 2,343,000 EUR
-"Structural Review Design of the Sport Hall in Zvecan". Construction Cost: 1,688,100 EUR
-"Structural Detailed Design of the new Municipality Building of Mitrovica”. Construction Cost: 1,595,700 EUR
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for conception, detailed design and
tender dossier preparation according PRAG.
Construction Cost: 5,626,800 EUR
Source of financing: EUOK (European Union Office in Kosovo)

5. Date from -
Date to
Location Company Position Description
May 2014 –
July 2014
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Bridge
Designer
Name of the project: “Detailed Design of Shoshaj Bridge”, in Burrel - Albania
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for detailed design of the bridge project.
Also, calculation and AutoCAD drawings of a simple supported post-tensioned bridge, according EuroCode Norms.
Main bridge data: span = 3x30 ml, max. height = 16.0m, width = 9.44m (7.0m asphalt).
Construction Cost: 1,500,000 EUR
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
March 2013 –
March 2014
Albania
InfraTransProject
(Subcontractor of
COWI-IPF)
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Support Engineer
for Road &
Structural design
drawings
Name of the project: "Conceptual & Preliminary Design for Tirana ByPass"
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for AutoCAD drawings of 21,581 km
four lane highway; 11 major structures (1060 ml of bridges, viaducts and overpasses) and 3 major interchanges in both
conception and preliminary design phases.
Construction Cost: 130,146,800 EUR
Source of financing: EU
November
2012 –
November
2013
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Road & Rig &
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: "Detailed design for civil construction works of access roads and drilling rig locations".
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for conception and detailed design of
access roads, drilling rigs location, bridge and all other structures. Preparation of calculation report, AutoCAD
drawings, permit dossier and tender document for three locations:
- SHPIRAG –3, Exploratory well, Block 2 – 3, Onshore
2800 ml Road Design / 15000 m2 Drilling siteconstruction design
Construction Cost: 3,077,535 EUR
- SHPIRAG –4, Exploratory well, Block 2 – 3, Onshore
250 ml Road Design / 15000 m2 Drilling siteconstruction design
Construction Cost: 1,500,000 EUR
- MOLISHT-1, Exploratory well, Block 2 – 3, Onshore
16000 ml Road Design / Span 3x15m simple supported bridge design / 15000 m2 drilling site construction design
Construction Cost: 6,211,483 EUR
Source of financing: Petromanas Albania GmbH and SHELL
May 2012 –
July 2012
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Resident
Supervisor
Name of the project: “Civil Construction works of Access Road and Drilling Rig Location, JUBAN – 1, Exploratory
well, Block A – B, Onshore Albania".
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for Daily report progress, approval for
materials test, approval for review design.
Construction Cost: 950,000 EUR
Source of financing: Petromanas Albania GmbH

6. Date from -
Date to
Location Company Position Description
November
2011 –
January 2012
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Road & Rig &
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: "Detailed design for civil construction works of access roads and drilling rig locations".
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for conception and detailed design of
access roads, drilling rigs location, bridge and all other structures. Preparation of calculation report, AutoCAD
drawings, permit dossier and tender document for two locations:
- JUBAN –1, Exploratory well, Block A – B, Onshore
2160 ml Road Design / 14320 m2 Drilling siteconstruction design
- SHPIRAG–2, Exploratory well / Block 2 – 3 / Onshore
8400 ml Road Design / 11290 m2 Drilling siteconstruction design
Source of financing: Petromanas Albania GmbH
January 2011
– March 2011
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Road &
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: “Link with Road of Klos City – Part of Arberi Road, Lot 2”.
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for detailed design of road and
structures. Preparation of calculation reports and AutoCAD drawings for simple supported viaduct spans 3x22 m; R/C
culverts; galvanized culverts; reinforced earth. Also, responsible for producing bill of quantity and AutoCAD drawings
of 3040 ml road design according ToR.
Construction Cost: 6,900,000 EUR
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
January 2010
– March 2011
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Road &
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: “Study and Detailed Design of Murriza Tunnel Entrance – Vasha Bridge Exit, Part of Arberi
Road, Lot 2”.
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for preliminary and detailed design of
road and structures. Preparation of calculation reports and AutoCAD drawings for simple supported post-tensioned
viaduct span 4x22 m; viaduct span 5x20 m; simple R/C bridge span 1x12 m; R/C culverts; galvanized culverts; gravity
wall; retaining walls and reinforced earth. Also, responsible for producing bill of quantity and AutoCAD drawings of
13020 ml road design according ToR.
Construction Cost: 147,860,000 EUR
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
January 2011
– March 2011
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: “Reconstruction of Old Pedestrian Bridge for Fierza HPP”
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for conception and detailed design of
pedestrian cable bridge with metallic truss, 75.40 ml long. Preparation of calculation report, AutoCAD drawings, and
tender document according ToR.
Construction Cost: 545,000 EUR
Source of financing: Albania Power Corporation
February 2010
– April 2010
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: “Design of engineering of slope protection at ANTA office in Porto Romano – Durresi City”
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for and detailed design of engineering
measures of slope protections using R/C Piles and gabion walls. Preparation of calculation report, AutoCAD drawings,
and tender document according ToR.
Construction Cost: 475,500 EUR
Source of financing: Air Navigation Services of Albania

7. Date from -
Date to
Location Company Position Description
June 2009 –
December
2009
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Road &
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: “Study,Detailed Design and Construction of Drini Bridge on Kalimash–Kukesi City Alignment.
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for conception and detailed design for
 2 Parallel Cantilever Bridges (Span=140m+2X72.5m, Width=12.0m, Max.Height=51.0m)
 2 Parallel Tunnels (Length=235m, Width=12.0m, Max.Height=8.65m)
 1410 ml National Highway Design / 720 ml Link Road Design
 Reinforced Earth Design; Reinforced Concrete; Galvanised Culverts
Preparation of calculation report and AutoCAD drawings, according ToR.
Construction Cost: 40,100,000 EUR
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
May 2009 –
October 2009
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Road &
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: Feasibility Study of “Shengjin -Velipoje - Delta e Bunes"
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for conception of 7 road alternatives and
respective structures for these alternatives in both conceptual and preliminary design (only for the winner alternative)
phase. Also, responsible for producing bill of quantity and AutoCAD drawings according ToR.
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
February 2009
– April 2009
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: “Tre Urat - Leskovik”
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for detailed design of structures of road
segment which include R/C culverts; galvanized culverts; gravity wall; retaining walls and 320 ml long unsustainable
slopes area. Preparation of calculation report and AutoCAD drawings according ToR.
Construction Cost: 7,290,000 EUR
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
August 2008 –
December
2008
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: "Arberi Road, Lot 3–Exit Vasha Bridge-Bulqize"
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for preliminary and detailed design of
road and structures. Preparation of calculation reports and AutoCAD drawings for simple supported post-tensioned
viaduct spans 4x40 m; Overpass simplesupported post-tensioned span 1x28 m; Treatment of peaty area (880 ml); R/C
culverts; galvanized culverts; gravity wall; retaining walls. Preparation of calculation reports and AutoCAD drawings
according ToR.
Construction Cost: 46,426,000 EUR
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
August 2008 –
November
2008
Albania
InfraTransProject
kaba@itp.al
http://www.itp.al
+355 68 20 32 609
Structural
Designer
Name of the project: “Prefeasibility Study of Durres-Tirana-Elbasan”
Description of activities and tasks carried out on the project: Responsible for conception design of structures for 7
road alternatives, including R/C simple supported bridges, viaducts, interchanges, over/underpasses, R/C culverts;
galvanized culverts; gravity wall and retaining walls. Also responsible for producing bill of quantity and AutoCAD
drawings in conceptual phase.
Source of financing: Albanian Road Authority
15. Other relevant information

8.  From 27.09.2010 up to 08.10.2010 - Training Programme on "International Course on Dissemination of HDM-4" organised by Central Road Research Institute, New
Delhi – India.
 From 26-28 November 2012 - I have successfully attended “I-st Albanian Congress on Roads” organised by Albanian Association of Consulting Engineers in Tirana,
Albania.
 From 16-21 March 2015 - A concentrated training program about the use of GEOBRUGG Geohazard Solutions against rockfall, avalanches, mud flows and slope
failures - Switzerland.
 From 24-25 September 2015 - I have successfully attended “IInd InternationalCongress on Roads” organised by Albanian Association ofConsulting Engineers in Tirana,
Albania.
 From 2-3 October 2015 - I have successfully attended “Practical Use of the FIDIC Conditions of Contracts - Module 1, Tirana, Albania”.
 From 22-23 April 2016 - I have successfully attended “FIDIC AACE Claims and Disputes Resolution Course - Module 2, Tirana, Albania”.
16. Publications:
Paper name Published date Published place Abstract
Tramway construction
project and the
opportunities for Tirana
25.09.2015
IInd International
Congress on Roads
(Albania)
The aim of this paper is to give themost suitable and feasible solution for tram construction in
Tirana. The solution is given, analyzing on two aspects:
1) Right-of-Way (Grade Separated, At grade exclusive, At grade shared);
2) Modes of Urban Public Transport (Metro,Light Rail,Monorail)We have detailed their
elements, explaining advantages and disadvantages and finally suggest that the elevated
monorail tram would be an appropriatealternativefor Tirana
Why should have a
reclassification of roads
in the Road Code of
Albania and their
adaptation with Design
Standards
25.09.2015
IInd International
Congress on Roads
(Albania)
This paper is prepared to adopt the terminology of Road Code of Albania with Design
Standards of Road. Most of cases we face with a lot of misunderstandings or misinterpretations
regarding the used terminology. For our study, weare based in the Road Code of Albania and in
the draft of new Design Standards of Roads in the Republic of Albania, prepared by Albanian
Association of Consulting Engineers. It is very important to understand that one such
interpretation and classification will help also largely a preparation of a master plan of Albania's
Road Network and at the same time a reorganization of themanagement of this network by
adopting one of the most advanced modern standards.