Subject-verb agreement involves matching subjects and verbs based on number (singular or plural). Some rules include: - Singular subjects require singular verbs and plural subjects require plural verbs - Ignore words between the subject and verb when determining agreement - With subjects joined by "and", use a plural verb - With subjects joined by "or/nor", the verb agrees with the closer subject - Indefinite pronouns like "everybody" and "none" are always singular - Collective nouns can be singular or plural depending on if the group acts as a unit or individuals - Verbs agree with the subject, not other nearby nouns

1. Subject-Verb Agreement
Adapted from Real Good Grammar, Too by Mamie Webb Hixon

2. Be sure subjects and verbs agree.
Subjects and verbs agree when they are
both singular or both plural.
A singular subject needs a singular verb.
A plural subject needs a plural verb.

3. Watch out!
Words between the subject and the verb often confuse people:
Colonel Mendoza, along with his assistants, is running
headquarters very efficiently.
It might appear that the singular verb “is” should be the plural
verb “are” because the plural noun “assistants” is directly
adjacent to the verb.
However, “along with his assistants” is a prepositional phrase
between the subject “Colonel Mendoza” and the verb “is.”
Ignore the prepositional phrase. The basic sentence is,
“Colonel Mendoza is running headquarters very efficiently.”

4. Deal with disruptive word groups.
Find the subject to determine whether each sentence requires “is” or
“are.”
The people who listen to that genre of music are few.
Subject: “the people” (plural) Verb: “are” (plural)
The team captain, as well as his players, looks anxious.
Subject: “the team captain” (singular) Verb: “looks” (singular)
The book, especially all the chapters in the first section, is boring.
Subject: “the book” (singular) Verb: “is” (singular)

5. Look for the word “and.”
When several subjects are connected by “and,” use a plural verb.
item 1 item 2
The pen and pencil are in the drawer.
While it is true that there is only one pen and one pencil in the
drawer, what matters is that there are ultimately two items in the
drawer. Use the plural verb “are,” not the singular verb “is.”
thing 1 thing 2 thing 3
The soft sand, crystal-clear water, and warm sun attract
many tourists.
Because the three subjects are connected by “and,” use the
plural verb “attract,” not the singular “attracts.”

6. Look for the words “or” and “nor.”
When nouns or pronouns are connected by “or” or
“nor,” the verb agrees with the closest subject.
The host or her guests are expected to leave the tip.
“The guests” is the closer subject; since “guests” is
plural, use the plural verb “are.”
The guests or the host is expected to leave the tip.
“The host” is the closer subject; since “host” is
singular, use the singular verb “is.”

7. Pay attention to indefinite pronouns.
These words are always singular:
words ending in -body, -one, or -thing
(e.g. anybody, someone, nothing)
either, neither, another
each, every, one

8. Everybody loves cupcakes.
“Everybody” is tricky because it seems plural, but it
considers only one person at a time: each person loves
cupcakes individually. The people in “everybody” are not
acting as a group but as a collection of single subjects.
Neither of the teams has ever won a championship game.
The word “teams” can make the plural “have” seem like
the right choice, but you need the singular “has” because
you are considering “neither one” of the teams. “Neither”
indicates that you are considering one at a time, not both
at once, so the singular verb is appropriate.
Pay attention to indefinite pronouns.

9. Pay attention to indefinite pronouns.
These words are always plural:
Both, many, several
Here is an example of a plural indefinite pronoun.
Several students were at the game.
Plural indefinite pronouns are typically followed by plural
nouns like “students,” so agreement with plural indefinite
pronouns is not usually problematic. Here, we’re talking
about several students considered as a group, so the
plural “were” is appropriate.

10. Some indefinite pronouns can be either singular or plural:
none, some, all, most, many, any
Pay attention to indefinite pronouns.
Some of the letters were at the post office.
Words like “some” depend on their prepositional phrases. Here, the
word “letters” is plural, so the plural “were” is appropriate.
Some of the mail was at the post office.
“Mail” is a mass noun – we’re talking about the whole pile of mail, not
individual letters. “Mail” is singular, so we use the singular “was.”
Here are some examples of indefinite pronouns that
can be either singular or plural.

11. Be careful with measurements.
This rule applies to time, distance, weight, and money.
When referring to individual units, use a plural verb:
Dollars are America’s national currency.
Miles are part of the imperial system of measurement.
When referring to an amount, use a singular verb:
One hundred dollars is not a lot of money.
Twenty miles is a long distance to run daily.
Think of “twenty miles” or “one hundred dollars” as a single unit.

12. Be careful with “here” and “there.”
“Here’s” means “here is.” “There’s” means “there is.”
We might say,
There’s a million things I need to do before my trip.
Here’s some examples of my work.
We really mean,
There are a million things I need to do before my trip.
Here are some examples of my work.
Note: Neither “there” nor “here” can be the subject of a
sentence. When these words open a sentence, look for the
subject following the verb. “Things” and “examples” are
plural subjects, so the plural “are” is appropriate.

13. Pay attention to collective nouns.
Collective nouns are nouns that include
or imply more than one person but act
as a unified group:
a group of tourists
a team of mules
a class of students
a family of people from Pace
a jury of your peers
a band of robbers
a herd of cattle
a crew of pirates

14. Pay attention to collective nouns.
If the members of a collective noun are working
together or are being referred to as a whole, the
word takes a singular verb:
The jury has reached a verdict.
The crew is making its plans.
The members of the jury are acting as a single
unit, so “jury” takes a singular verb. Likewise,
the members of the crew are acting as a single
unit, so “crew” takes a singular verb.

15. Pay attention to collective nouns.
If the group members are not acting together
or you are referring to individual effort within
the group, the word takes a plural verb:
The jury have disagreed throughout the trial.
The crew are preparing the ship.
Here, the members of the jury are acting
separately, and the members of the crew are
performing separate actions within the group.

16. Watch out for gerunds.
A gerund is an –ing verb acting as a noun.
Finding qualified candidates seems difficult.
Ignore the object of the gerund, “qualified
candidates,” and make your verb agree with the
singular gerund “finding.”
Dwelling on past disappointments is unhealthy.
The plural word “disappointments” might make “are”
seem correct, but the subject of the sentence is
actually the gerund “dwelling,” so the singular verb
“is” is correct.

17. Know the inclusion/exclusion rule.
Exclusion – the subject is not part of the group, so use a singular
verb:
Jason is the only one of the students who smokes.
The key to this rule is the word group “the only one.” The word
“only” tells us that Jason smokes but no one else in the group
does. Jason is singular, so the singular verb “smokes” is correct.
Inclusion – the subject is part of the group, so use a plural verb:
Henry is one of the students who smoke.
Here, the subject is “one of” rather than “the only one.” The
words “one of” indicate that Henry is included in a group of
students who all smoke. “Students” is plural, so the plural verb
“smoke” is correct.

18. Be careful with “number of”
Subjects preceded by “a number of” or “a percentage of” always
require a plural verb:
A number of UWF’s students are returning to college after having
been in the workforce for years.
Subjects preceded by “the number of” or “the percentage of”
always require a singular verb:
The percentage of female college students has exceeded the
percentage of male students since the late 1970’s.
Think of “a number of” as general, and therefore plural – you could
be referring to any number. “The number of,” on the other hand, is
specific – only one number – so use a singular verb.

19. Make verbs agree with borrowed nouns.
Some English words borrowed from other languages can be confusing because
their plural forms do not end in —s.
The media are not invited.
One endangered medium is print news.
We are used to referring to “media” as singular, like a collective noun, but it is
actually the plural of “medium.” Using the plural verb will sound odd, but since
media is in fact plural, do so in formal writing.
No new data are available.
Each datum shows one person’s survey response.
“Data” is even harder to recognize as plural than is “media” because its singular
form “datum” is not a word we use frequently, or indeed at all. A datum is a
single point of information, and data are the collected points of information.

20. You will never be an alumni!
“Alumni” is another word English borrowed from Latin. It has two gendered plural
forms and two gendered singular forms.
Alumnus is singular and masculine:
He is an alumnus of UWF.
Alumni is plural and masculine:
The three men are alumni
of UWF.
For a mixed group, we traditionally default to the masculine:
The graduates are alumni of UWF.
Alumna is singular and feminine:
She is an alumna of UWF.
Alumnae is plural and feminine:
The three women are alumnae
of UWF.