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1. USE OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
FOR DATA ANALYSIS
COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS

2. Definition
• A computer is an electronic machine or device
that performs processes,calculations and
operations based on instructions provided by
a user.
• It has the ability to accept data(input),process
it,and then produce outputs as desired.

3. Types of computer
• Computers are divided into different types based on different criteria. Based on the size, a computer
can be divided into five types:
• Micro Computer
• Mini Computer
• Mainframe Computer
• Super Computer
• Workstations
• 1. Micro Computer:
• It is a single-user computer which has less speed and storage capacity than the other types. It uses a
microprocessor as a CPU. The first microcomputer was built with 8-bit microprocessor chips. The
common examples of microcomputers include laptops, desktop computers, personal digital assistant
(PDA), tablets, and smartphones. Microcomputers are generally designed and developed for general
usage like browsing, searching for information, internet, MS Office, social media, etc.
• 2. Mini Computer:
• Mini-computers are also known as "Midrange Computers." They are not designed for a single. They are
multi-user computers designed to support multiple users simultaneously. So, they are generally used by
small businesses and firms. Individual departments of a company use these computers for specific
purposes. For example, the admission department of a University can use a Mini-computer for
monitoring the admission process.

4. • 3. Mainframe Computer:
• It is also a multi-user computer capable of supporting thousands of users simultaneously. They are
used by large firms and government organizations to run their business operations as they can store
and process large amounts of data. For example, Banks, universities, and insurance companies use
mainframe computers to store the data of their customers, students, and policyholders,
respectively.
• 4. Super Computer:
• Super-computers are the fastest and most expensive computers among all types of computers.
They have huge storage capacities and computing speeds and thus can perform millions of
instructions per second. The super-computers are task-specific and thus used for specialized
applications such as large-scale numerical problems in scientific and engineering disciplines
including applications in electronics, petroleum engineering, weather forecasting, medicine, space
research and more. For example, NASA uses supercomputers for launching space satellites and
monitoring and controlling them for space exploration.
• 5. Work stations:
• It is a single-user computer. Although it is like a personal computer, it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor than a microcomputer. In terms of storage capacity
and speed, it comes between a personal computer and minicomputer. Work stations are generally
used for specialized applications such as desktop publishing, software development, and
engineering designs.

5. Computer Components
• There are 5 main computer components that are given below:
• Input Devices
• CPU
• Output Devices
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory
• The operations of computer components are given below:
• 1) Inputting: It is the process of entering raw data, instructions and information into the computer.
It is performed with the help of input devices.
• 2) Storing: The computer has primary memory and secondary storage to store data and
instructions. It stores the data before sending it to CPU for processing and also stores the processed
data before displaying it as output.
• 3) Processing: It is the process of converting the raw data into useful information. This process is
performed by the CPU of the computer. It takes the raw data from storage, processes it and then
sends back the processed data to storage.
• 4) Outputting: It is the process of presenting the processed data through output devices like
monitor, printer and speakers.
• 5) Controlling: This operation is performed by the control unit that is part of CPU. The control unit
ensures that all basic operations are executed in a right manner and sequence.

6. Block Diagram of Computer

7. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• A Central Processing Unit is also called a processor, central processor, or microprocessor. It carries out all the
important functions of a computer. It receives instructions from both the hardware and active software and
produces output accordingly. It stores all important programs like operating systems and application software. CPU
also helps Input and output devices to communicate with each other. Owing to these features of CPU, it is often
referred to as the brain of the computer.
• CPU is installed or inserted into a CPU socket located on the motherboard. Furthermore, it is provided with a heat
sink to absorb and dissipate heat to keep the CPU cool and functioning smoothly.
• Generally, a CPU has three components:
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Control Unit
• Memory or Storage Unit
• Control Unit: It is the circuitry in the control unit, which makes use of electrical signals to instruct the computer
system for executing already stored instructions. It takes instructions from memory and then decodes and executes
these instructions. So, it controls and coordinates the functioning of all parts of the computer. The Control Unit's
main task is to maintain and regulate the flow of information across the processor. It does not take part in
processing and storing data.
• ALU: It is the arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic and logical functions. Arithmetic functions include
addition, subtraction, multiplication division, and comparisons. Logical functions mainly include selecting,
comparing, and merging the data. A CPU may contain more than one ALU. Furthermore, ALUs can be used for
maintaining timers that help run the computer.
• Memory or Storage Unit/ Registers: It is called Random access memory (RAM). It temporarily stores data,
programs, and intermediate and final results of processing. So, it acts as a temporary storage area that holds the
data temporarily, which is used to run the computer.

9. Hardware
• Hardware, which is abbreviated as HW, refers
to all physical components of a computer
system, including the devices connected to it.
You cannot create a computer or use software
without using hardware. The screen on which
you are reading this information is also a
hardware

10. Types of hardware
• 1) Motherboard:
• The motherboard is generally a thin circuit board that holds
together almost all parts of a computer except input and output
devices. All crucial hardware like CPU, memory, hard drive, and
ports for input and output devices are located on the
motherboard. It is the biggest circuit board in a computer chassis.
• It allocates power to all hardware located on it and enables them
to communicate with each other. It is meant to hold the
computer's microprocessor chip and let other components
connect to it. Each component that runs the computer or
improves its performance is a part of the motherboard or
connected to it through a slot or port.
• There can be different types of motherboards based on the type
and size of the computers. So, a specific motherboard can work
only with specific types of processors and memory.

11. • 2) Monitor:
• A monitor is the display unit of a computer on
which the processed data, such as text,
images, etc., is displayed. It comprises a
screen circuity and the case which encloses
this circuity. The monitor is also known as a
visual display unit (VDU).

12. • 3) Keyboard:
• It is the most important input device of a
computer. It is designed to allow you input
text, characters, and other commands into a
computer, desktop, tablet, etc. It comes with
different sets of keys to enter numbers,
characters, and perform various other
functions like copy, paste, delete, enter, etc.

13. • 4) Mouse:
• It is a small handheld device designed to control
or move the pointer (computer screen's cursor) in
a GUI (graphical user interface). It allows you to
point to or select objects on a computer's display
screen. It is generally placed on a flat surface as
we need to move it smoothly to control the
pointer. Types of Mouse: Trackball mouse,
Mechanical Mouse, Optical Mouse, Wireless
Mouse, etc.

14. Software
• Software, which is abbreviated as SW or S/W, is a set of
programs that enables the hardware to perform a specific
task. All the programs that run the computer are software.
• The software can be of three types: system software,
application software, and programming software.
• 1) System Software
• The system software is the main software that runs the
computer. When you turn on the computer, it activates the
hardware and controls and coordinates their functioning.
The application programs are also controlled by system
software. An operating system is an example of system
software.

15. • i) Operating System:
• An operating system is the system software
that works as an interface to enable the user
to communicate with the computer. It
manages and coordinates the functioning of
hardware and software of the computer. The
commonly used operating systems are
Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Apple Mac OS
X.

16. • BIOS: It stands for basic input output system. It is a type of system software, which is stored in Read
Only Memory (ROM) located on the motherboard. However, in advanced computer systems, it is
stored in flash memory. BIOS is the first software that gets activated when you turn on your
computer system. It loads the drivers of the hard disk into memory as well as assists the operating
system to load itself into the memory.
• Boot Program: Boot refers to starting up a computer. When you switch on the computer, the
commands in the ROM are executed automatically to load the boot program into memory and
execute its instructions. The BIOS program has a basic set of commands that enables the computer
to perform the basic input/output instructions to start the computer.
• An assembler: It plays the role of a converter as it receives basic computer instructions and
converts them into a pattern of bits. The processor uses these bits to perform basic operations.
• A device driver: This system software controls hardware devices connected to a computer. It
enables the computer to use the hardware by providing an appropriate interface. The kernel of a
Computer's CPU communicates with different hardware through this software. Operating systems
generally come with most of the device drivers. If the operating system does not have a device
driver for hardware, you have to install the device driver before using that hardware device.

17. 2) Application Software:
• Application software is a set of programs designed to perform a specific task. It does not control the
working of a computer as it is designed for end-users. A computer can run without application
software. Application software can be easily installed or uninstalled as required. It can be a single
program or a collection of small programs. Microsoft Office Suite, Adobe Photoshop, and any other
software like payroll software or income tax software are application software. As we know, they
are designed to perform specific tasks. Accordingly, they can be of different types such as:
• Word Processing Software: This software allows users to create, edit, format, and manipulate the
text and more. It offers lots of options for writing documents, creating images, and more. For
example, MS Word, WordPad, Notepad, etc.
• Spreadsheet Software: It is designed to perform calculations, store data, create charts, etc. It has
rows and columns, and the data is entered in the cell, which is an intersection of a row and column,
e.g., Microsoft Excel.
• Multimedia Software: These software are developed to perform editing of video, audio, and text. It
allows you to combine texts, videos, audio, and images. Thus, you can improve a text document by
adding photos, animations, graphics, and charts through multimedia software. For example, VLC
player, Window Media Player, etc.
• Enterprise Software: These software are developed for business operational functions. It is used in
large organizations where the quantum of business is too large. It can be used for accounting,
billing, order processing and more. For example, CRM (Customer Relationship Management), BI
(Business Intelligence), ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), SCM (Supply Chain Management),
customer support system, and more.

18. Programming Software
• It is a set or collection of tools that help developers in writing other
software or programs. It assists them in creating, debugging, and
maintaining software or programs or applications. We can say that
these are facilitator software that helps translate programming
language such as Java, C++, Python, etc., into machine language
code. So, it is not used by end-users. For example, compilers,
linkers, debuggers, interpreters, text editors, etc. This software is
also called a programming tool or software development tool.
• Some examples of programming software include:
• Eclipse: It is a java language editor.
• Coda: It is a programming language editor for Mac.
• Notepad++: It is an open-source editor for windows.
• Sublime text: It is a cross-platform code editor for Linux, Mac, and
Windows.

19. Difference Between Hardware and Software:
• Hardware is a physical parts computer that cause processing of data
• Software is a set of instruction that tells a computer exactly what to do.It is manufactured.It is
developed and engineered.
• Hardware can not perform any task without software.
• software can not be executed without hardware.
• As Hardware are physical electronic devices, we can see and touch hardware.
• We can see and also use the software but can’t actually touch them.
• Hardware has four main categories: input device, output devices, storage, and internal
components
• software is mainly divided into System software, Programming software and Application
software.
• Hardware is not affected by computer viruses.
• Software is affected by computer viruses.
• It can not be transferred from one place to another electrically through network.
• software, it can be transferred.
• If hardware is damaged, it is replaced with new one.
• If software is damaged, its backup copy can be reinstalled.
• Ex hardware: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, CPU, Hard disk, RAM, ROM etc
• Ex software: Ms Word, Excel, Power Point, Photoshop, MySQL etc.

20. Computer Memory
• The computer memory holds the data and instructions needed to
process raw data and produce output. The computer memory is
divided into large number of small parts known as cells. Each cell
has a unique address which varies from 0 to memory size minus
one.
• Computer memory is of two types: Volatile (RAM) and Non-
volatile (ROM). The secondary memory (hard disk) is referred as
storage not memory.
• But, if we categorize memory on behalf of space or location, it is of
four types:
• Register memory
• Cache memory
• Primary memory
• Secondary memory

21. • Register Memory
• Register memory is the smallest and fastest memory in
a computer. It is not a part of the main memory and is
located in the CPU in the form of registers, which are
the smallest data holding elements. A register
temporarily holds frequently used data, instructions,
and memory address that are to be used by CPU. They
hold instructions that are currently processed by the
CPU. All data is required to pass through registers
before it can be processed. So, they are used by CPU to
process the data entered by the users.

22. • Cache Memory
• Cache memory is a high-speed memory, which is small in size but
faster than the main memory (RAM). The CPU can access it more
quickly than the primary memory. So, it is used to synchronize with
high-speed CPU and to improve its performance.
• Cache memory can only be accessed by CPU. It can be a reserved
part of the main memory or a storage device outside the CPU. It
holds the data and programs which are frequently used by the CPU.
So, it makes sure that the data is instantly available for CPU
whenever the CPU needs this data. In other words, if the CPU finds
the required data or instructions in the cache memory, it doesn't
need to access the primary memory (RAM). Thus, by acting as a
buffer between RAM and CPU, it speeds up the system
performance.

23. Primary Memory
• Primary Memory is of two types: RAM and ROM.
• RAM (Volatile Memory)
• It is a volatile memory. It means it does not store data or
instructions permanently. When you switch on the computer the
data and instructions from the hard disk are stored in RAM.
• CPU utilizes this data to perform the required tasks. As soon as you
shut down the computer the RAM loses all the data.
• ROM (Non-volatile Memory)
• It is a non-volatile memory. It means it does not lose its data or
programs that are written on it at the time of manufacture. So it is a
permanent memory that contains all important data and
instructions needed to perform important tasks like the boot
process.

24. Secondary Memory
• The secondary storage devices which are built into the computer or connected to the computer are
known as a secondary memory of the computer. It is also known as external memory or auxiliary
storage.
• The secondary memory is accessed indirectly via input/output operations. It is non-volatile, so
permanently stores the data even when the computer is turned off or until this data is overwritten
or deleted. The CPU can't directly access the secondary memory. First, the secondary memory data
is transferred to primary memory then the CPU can access it.
• Some of the secondary memory or storage devices are described below:
• 1) Hard Disk:
• It is a rigid magnetic disc that is used to store data. It permanently stores data and is located within
a drive unit.
• The hard disk is also known as a hard drive. It is a rigid magnetic disc that stores data permanently,
as it is a non-volatile storage device. The hard disk is located within a drive unit on the computer's
motherboard and comprises one or more platters packed in an air-sealed casing. The data is written
on the platters by moving a magnetic head over the platters as they spin. The data stored on a
computer's hard drive generally includes the operating system, installed software, and the user's
files and programs, including pictures, music, videos, text documents, etc.
• Components of Hard Drive:
• The main components of a hard drive include a head actuator, read/write actuator arm, read/write
head, platter, and spindle. A circuit board, which is called the disk controller or interface board, is
present on the back of a hard drive. It allows the hard drive to communicate with the computer.

25. • 2) Solid-state Drive:
• SSD (Solid State Drive) is also a non-volatile storage medium that is used to hold and access data.
Unlike a hard drive, it does not have moving components, so it offers many advantages over SSD,
such as faster access time, noiseless operation, less power consumption, and more.
• As the cost of SSD has come down, it has become an ideal replacement for a standard hard drive in
desktop and laptop computers. It is also suitable for notebooks, and tablets that don't require lots
of storage.
• 3) Pen drive:
• Pen drive is a compact secondary storage device. It is also known as a USB flash drive, thumb drive
or a jump drive. It connects to a computer via a USB port. It is commonly used to store and transfer
data between computers. For example, you can write a report using a computer and then copy or
transfer it in the pen drive. Later, you can connect this pen drive to a computer to see or edit your
report. You can also store your important documents and pictures, music, videos in the pen drive
and keep it at a safe place.
• Pen drive does not have movable parts; it comprises an integrated circuit memory chip that stores
the data. This chip is housed inside a plastic or aluminium casing. The data storage capacity of the
pen drive generally ranges from 2 GB to 128 GB. Furthermore, it is a plug and play device as you
don't need additional drives, software, or hardware to use it.

26. • 4) SD Card:
• SD Card stands for Secure Digital Card. It is most often used in portable and mobile
devices such as smartphones and digital cameras. You can remove it from your
device and see the things stored in it using a computer with a card reader.
• There are many memory chips inside the SD card that store the data; it does not
have moving parts. SD cards are not created equal, so they may differ from each
other in terms of speed, physical sizes, and capacity. For example, standard SD
cards, mini SD cards, and micro SD cards.
• 5) Compact Disk (CD):
• Compact Disk is a portable secondary storage device in the shape of a round
medium disk. It is made of polycarbonate plastic. The concept of CD was co-
developed by Philips and Sony in 1982. The first CD was created on 17 August 1982
at the workshop of Philips in Germany.
• In the beginning, it was used for storing and playing sound recordings, later it was
used for various purposes such as for storing documents, audio files, videos, and
other data like software programs in a CD.

27. • The data or information is stored or recorded or encoded in CD digitally using a laser beam that
etches tiny indentations or bumps on its surface. The bump is called a pit, which represents the
number 0. Space, where the bump is not created, is called land, and it represents the number 1.
Thus, the data is encoded into a compact disc by creating pits (0) and lands (1). The CD players use
laser technology to read the optically recorded data.
• 6) DVD:
• DVD is short for digital versatile disc or digital video disc. It is a type of optical media used for
storing optical data. Although it has the same size as a CD, its storage capacity is much more than a
CD. So, it is widely used for storing and viewing movies and to distribute software programs as they
are too large to fit on a CD. DVD was co-developed by Sony, Panasonic, Philips, and Toshiba in 1995.
• Types of DVDs:
• DVDs can be divided into three main categories which are as follows:
• DVD-ROM (Read-Only): These types of DVDs come with media already recorded on them, such as
movie dvds. As the name suggests, data on these discs cannot be erased or added, so these discs
are known as a read-only or non-writable DVD.
• DVD-R (Writable): It allows you to record or write information to the DVD. However, you can write
information only once as it becomes a read-only DVD once it is full.
• DVD-RW (Rewritable or Erasable): This type of discs can be erased, written, or recorded multiple
times.

28. Input & output
• Input Device Definition: A piece of
equipment/hardware which helps us enter data
into a computer is called an input device. For
example keyboard, mouse, etc.
• Output Device Definition: A piece of
equipment/hardware which gives out the result
of the entered input, once it is processed (i.e.
converts data from machine language to a
human-understandable language), is called an
output device. For example printer, monitor, etc.

29. List of Input Devices
• Given below is the list of the most common input devices along with brief information about each of them.
• Keyboard
• A simple device comprising keys and each key denotes either an alphabet, number or number commands which can be given to
a computer for various actions to be performed
• It has a modified version of typewriter keys
• The keyboard is an essential input device and computer and laptops both use keyboards to give commands to the computer
• Mouse
• It is also known as a pointing device
• Using mouse we can directly click on the various icons present on the system and open up various files and programs
• A mouse comprises 3 buttons on the top and one trackball at the bottom which helps in selecting and moving the mouse
around, respectively
• In case of laptops, the touchpad is given as a replacement of the mouse which helps in the movement of the mouse pointer
• Joy Stick
• It is a device which comprises a stick which is attached at an angle to the base so that it can be moved and controlled
• Mostly used to control the movement in video games
• Apart from a computer system, a joystick is also used in the cockpit of an aeroplane, wheelchairs, cranes, trucks, etc. to operate
them well
• Light Pen
• It is a wand-like looking device which can directly be moved over the device’s screen
• It is light-sensitive
• Used in conjunction with computer’s cathode ray tube

30. • Microphone
• Using a microphone, sound can be stored in a device in its digital form
• It converts sound into an electrical signal
• To record or reproduce a sound created using a microphone, it needs to be connected with an
amplifier
• Scanner
• This device can scan images or text and convert it into a digital signal
• When we place any piece of a document on a scanner, it converts it into a digital signal and displays
it on the computer screen
• Barcode Reader
• It is a kind of an optical scanner
• It can read bar codes
• A source of light is passed through a bar code, and its aspects and details are displayed on the
screen
• All the devices mentioned above are the most commonly used input devices. Several other such
types of equipment are used in different fields which can be counted as an input device.
• For the reference of candidates and to help them with the common computer-related terms, given
below are links to difference between articles which will make these terms easily understandable:

31. List of Output Devices
• The commonly used output devices have been listed below with a brief summary of what their function is and how they can be used.
• Monitor
• The device which displays all the icons, text, images, etc. over a screen is called the Monitor
• When we ask the computer to perform an action, the result of that action is displayed on the monitor
• Various types of monitors have also been developed over the years
• Printer
• A device which makes a copy of the pictorial or textual content, usually over a paper is called a printer
• For example, an author types the entire book on his/her computer and later gets a print out of it, which is in the form of paper and is later
published
• Multiple types of printers are also available in the market, which can serve different purposes
• Speakers
• A device through which we can listen to a sound as an outcome of what we command a computer to do is called a speaker
• Speakers are attached with a computer system and also are a hardware device which can be attached separately
• With the advancement in technology, speakers are now available which are wireless and can be connected usingBlueTooth or other
applications
• Projector
• An optical device which presents an image or moving images onto a projection screen is called a projector
• Most commonly these projectors are used in auditoriums and movie theatres for the display of the videos or lighting
• If a projector is connected to a computer, then the image/video displayed on the screen is the same as the one displayed on the computer
screen
• Headphones
• They perform the same function as a speaker, the only difference is the frequency of sound
• Using speakers, the sound can be heard over a larger area and using headphones, the sound is only audible to the person usingthem
• Also known as earphones or headset

32. Definition of data
• : factual information (such as measurements
or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning,
discussion, or calculation

33. PRIMARY DATA & SECONDARY DATA
Primary data refers to the first hand data gathered by the researcher himself.
Secondary data means data collected by someone else earlier.
Primary data is Real time data
Secondary data is Past data
Sources of primary data: Surveys, observations, experiments, questionnaire,
personal interview, etc.
Sources of secondary data: Government publications, websites, books,
journal articles, internal records etc.
primary data is Expensive
Secondary data is Economical
Collection time is Long for primary data while Short for secondary data
Primary data is Always specific to the researcher's needs.
Secondary data May or may not be specific to the researcher's need.

34. Qualitative data
• Qualitative data describes qualities or characteristics. It is collected using
questionnaires, interviews, or observation, and frequently appears in
narrative form. ... The data may be in the form of descriptive words that
can be examined for patterns or meaning, For example, think of a student
reading a paragraph from a book during one of the class sessions. A
teacher who is listening to the reading gives feedback on how the child
read that paragraph. If the teacher gives feedback based on fluency,
intonation, throw of words, clarity in pronunciation without giving a grade
to the child, this is considered as an example of qualitative data.
• It’s pretty easy to understand the difference between qualitative and
quantitative data. Qualitative data does not include numbers in its
definition of traits, whereas quantitative data is all about numbers.
• The cake is orange, blue, and black in color (qualitative).
• Females have brown, black, blonde, and red hair (qualitative).

35. Quantitative data
• Quantitative data is any quantifiable information
that can be used for mathematical calculation or
statistical analysis. This form of data helps in
making real-life decisions based on mathematical
derivations. Quantitative data is used to answer
questions like how many? How often? How
much? This data can be validated and verified.
There are four cakes and three muffins kept in
the basket (quantitative).
• One glass of fizzy drink has 97.5 calories
(quantitative).

36. What is data Analysis
• Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical
techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data.
According to Shamoo and Resnik (2003) various analytic procedures “provide a
way of drawing inductive inferences from data and distinguishing the signal (the
phenomenon of interest) from the noise (statistical fluctuations) present in the
data”..While data analysis in qualitative research can include statistical procedures,
many times analysis becomes an ongoing iterative process where data is
continuously collected and analyzed almost simultaneously. Indeed, researchers
generally analyze for patterns in observations through the entire data collection
phase (Savenye, Robinson, 2004). The form of the analysis is determined by the
specific qualitative approach taken (field study, ethnography content analysis, oral
history, biography, unobtrusive research) and the form of the data (field notes,
documents, audiotape, videotape).An essential component of ensuring data
integrity is the accurate and appropriate analysis of research findings. Improper
statistical analyses distort scientific findings, mislead casual readers (Shepard,
2002), and may negatively influence the public perception of research. Integrity
issues are just as relevant to analysis of non-statistical data as well.

37. • Data Analysis helps in the form of clarification,
understanding, or interpretation of the
individuals and things to assist within the
meaningful and symbolic content of qualitative
and quantitative information. Qualitative and
Quantitative are two fundamental methods of
aggregating and interpreting data in the analysis.
These strategies can be used independently or at
the same time since all of them have the same
objectives.

38. • Quantitative analysis is often related to numerical analysis
where data is collected, classified, and then computed for
definite findings using a set of statistical methods.
• Qualitative analysis, on the other hand, is concerned with
the analysis of information that cannot be quantified and is
related to the understanding and insights of objects.
• Quantitative and Qualitative research data analysis
strategies provide tools that help in transcription analysis,
cryptography and text interpretation, algorithmic
abstraction, content analysis, and discourse analysis that
helps users to avoid wasting time and manage large
amounts of information, increase flexibility, and improve
validity and suitability of information analysis.

39. Importance of data analysis
• Data analysis is important in research because it makes
studying data a lot simpler and more accurate. It helps the
researchers straightforwardly interpret the data so that
researchers don’t leave anything out that could help them
derive insights from it.
• Data analysis is a way to study and analyze huge amounts
of data. Research often includes going through heaps of
data, which is getting more and more for the researchers to
handle with every passing minute.
• Hence, data analysis knowledge is a huge edge for
researchers in the current era, making them very efficient
and productive.

40. Use of computer for data analysis
• Today, researchers increasingly use computer
assisted data analysis packages to assist them.
The advantage of software is that it allows far
more efficient and effective work processes: It
saves you time and can help you to gain
deeper insights into your data that you might
have missed otherwise. Qualitative data
analysis (QDA) software is used in many
academic field

41. • Data Analysis software is defined as a tool that is
used to process and manipulate information,
analyze the relationship and correlation between
the dataset by providing quality analysis like
transcription analysis, discourse analysis,
grounded theory methodology and content
analysis, and decision-making methods using the
Statistical and Analytical Capabilities, based upon
these capabilities data analysis software is
classified as exploratory data analysis and
confirmatory data analysis.

42. Software for data analysis
• SPSS is short for Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences, and it’s used by various kinds of researchers
for complex statistical data analysis. The SPSS software
package was created for the management and
statistical analysis of social science data. It was
originally launched in 1968 by SPSS Inc., and was later
acquired by IBM in 2009
• SPSS is used by market researchers, health researchers,
survey companies, government entities, education
researchers, marketing organizations, data miners, and
many more for processing and analyzing survey data,

43. • SPSS stands for “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences”.
It is an IBM tool. This tool first launched in 1968. This is one
software package. This package is mainly used for statistical
analysis of the data.
• SPSS is mainly used in the following areas like healthcare,
marketing, and educational research, market researchers,
health researchers, survey companies, education
researchers, government, marketing organizations, data
miners, and many others.
• It provides data analysis for descriptive statistics, numeral
outcome predictions, and identifying groups. This software
also gives data transformation, graphing and direct
marketing features to manage data smoothly.

44. Thank you PhD Scholars