Biotechnology 2 year

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF
COMPUTER
By: Surbhi Saroha

2. SYLLABUS
• Introduction to computers(characteristics, capabilities, generations)
• Software
• Hardware
• Memory
• Control Unit
• ALU
• Input and Output devices

3. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
• Today’s world is an information-rich world and it has become a necessity for
everyone to know about computers.
• A computer is an electronic data processing device, which accepts and stores data
input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
• The characteristics of the computer system are as follows −

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
• Speed
• A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans
while performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions
(1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken by computers for their
operations is microseconds and nanoseconds.
• Accuracy
• Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data
inconsistency or inaccuracy.
• Diligence
• A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency
and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also
makes it superior to that of human beings.

6. CONT…..
• Versatility
• Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with
same accuracy and efficiency.
• Reliability
• A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same
set of input any number of times, we will get the same result.
• Automation
• Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual
intervention.
• Memory
• A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores data.
Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which are also used
to store data.

7. CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER
• The capabilities of a computer system are speed, reliability, adaptability, storage and
accuracy.
• Computers systems are well adjusted to perform repetitive tasks. They never get tired, bored
or fatigued. Hence, they are a lot reliable than humans.
• 10 capabilities of computer.
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Automation
• Versatility
• Diligence
• Reliability

8. CONT….
• Quick Decision
• Storage Capacity
• Multitasking
• Power of Remembering

9. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

10. NOTE:
• Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
• Ultra Large Scale Integration(ULSI).

11. SOFTWARE
• Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and
execute specific tasks.
• It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer.
• Software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that
run on a device.
• The two main categories of software are application software and system software.

12. TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• Application software
• The most common type of software, application software is a computer software
package that performs a specific function for a user, or in some cases, for another
application.
• An application can be self-contained, or it can be a group of programs that run the
application for the user.
• Examples of modern applications include office suites, graphics software, databases
and database management programs, web browsers, word processors, software
development tools, image editors and communication platforms.

13. CONT….
• System software
• These software programs are designed to run a computer's application programs
and hardware.
• System software coordinates the activities and functions of the hardware and
software.
• In addition, it controls the operations of the computer hardware and provides an
environment or platform for all the other types of software to work in.
• The OS is the best example of system software; it manages all the other computer
programs. Other examples of system software include the firmware, computer
language translators and system utilities.

14. HARDWARE
• Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as
the case, central processing unit (CPU), random access memory
(RAM), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound
card, speakers and motherboard.
• By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by
hardware. Hardware is so-termed because it is "hard" or rigid with respect to
changes, whereas software is "soft" because it is easy to change.
• Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command
or instruction.
• A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system,
although other systems exist with only hardware.

15. MEMORY
• Memory is primarily of three types
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory

16. CACHE MEMORY
• Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the
CPU.
• It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory.
• It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used
by the CPU.
• The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by
the operating system, from where the CPU can access them.

17. PRIMARY MEMORY (MAIN MEMORY)
• Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is
currently working.
• It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off.
• It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as
registers.
• The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory.
• It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

18. SECONDARY MEMORY
• This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile.
• It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information
permanently.
• CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-
output routines.
• The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main memory, and
then the CPU can access it.
• For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

19. CONTROL UNIT
• Control Unit is the part of the computer’s central processing unit (CPU), which
directs the operation of the processor.
• It is the responsibility of the Control Unit to tell the computer’s memory,
arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to the
instructions that have been sent to the processor.
• It fetches internal instructions of the programs from the main memory to the
processor instruction register, and based on this register contents, the control unit
generates a control signal that supervises the execution of these instructions.

21. FUNCTIONS OF THE CONTROL UNIT
–
• It coordinates the sequence of data movements into, out of, and between a
processor’s many sub-units.
• It interprets instructions.
• It controls data flow inside the processor.
• It receives external instructions or commands to which it converts to sequence of
control signals.
• It controls many execution units(i.e. ALU, data buffers and registers) contained
within a CPU.
• It also handles multiple tasks, such as fetching, decoding, execution handling and
storing results.

22. ALU
• In the computer system, ALU is a main component of the central processing unit,
which stands for arithmetic logic unit and performs arithmetic and logic operations.
• It is also known as an integer unit (IU) that is an integrated circuit within a CPU or
GPU, which is the last component to perform calculations in the processor.
• It has the ability to perform all processes related to arithmetic and logic operations
such as addition, subtraction, and shifting operations, including Boolean
comparisons (XOR, OR, AND, and NOT operations).

24. THE OPERATIONS PERFORMED BY
ALU ARE:
• Logical Operations: The logical operations consist of NOR, NOT, AND, NAND, OR,
XOR, and more.
• Bit-Shifting Operations: It is responsible for displacement in the locations of the
bits to the by right or left by a certain number of places that are known as a
multiplication operation.
• Arithmetic Operations: Although it performs multiplication and division, this refers
to bit addition and subtraction. But multiplication and division operations are more
costly to make. In the place of multiplication, addition can be used as a substitute
and subtraction for division.

25. INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
• An input/output device, often known as an IO device, is any hardware that allows a
human operator or other systems to interface with a computer.
• Input/output devices, as the name implies, are capable of delivering data (output) to
and receiving data from a computer (input).
• An input/output (I/O) device is a piece of hardware that can take, output, or process
data.
• It receives data as input and provides it to a computer, as well as sends computer
data to storage media as a storage output.

26. INPUT DEVICES
• Keyboard
The keyboard is the most frequent and widely used input device for entering data into
a computer. Although there are some additional keys for performing other operations,
the keyboard layout is similar to that of a typical typewriter.
Mouse
The most common pointing device is the mouse. The mouse is used to move a little
cursor across the screen while clicking and dragging. The cursor will stop if you let go
of the mouse. The computer is dependent on you to move the mouse; it won’t move
by itself.

27. CONT….
• Joystick
A joystick is a pointing device that is used to move the cursor on a computer screen. A
spherical ball is attached to both the bottom and top ends of the stick. In a socket, the
lower spherical ball slides. You can move the joystick in all four directions.
• Light Pen
A light pen is a type of pointing device that looks like a pen. It can be used to select a
menu item or to draw on the monitor screen. A photocell and an optical system are
enclosed in a tiny tube.

28. OUTPUT DEVICES
• Monitor
Monitors, also known as Visual Display Units (VDUs), are a computer’s primary output
device. It creates images by arranging small dots, known as pixels, in a rectangular
pattern.
Printer
• Printers are output devices that allow you to print information on paper.

30. THANK YOU