In this I have described about how can we use ruminants in sustainable agriculture. The drafting power of a cow and also how to use byproducts of ruminants to gain sustainable agriculture. Also here I have described about sekkuwa the sinhala oil expellar and Biodynamics. And making of BD 500 fertilizer.

1. Role of Ruminants in Sustainable
Agriculture
H.M.R.P. Perera
14/AG/023 1

2. Content
• Who are Ruminants?
• What is sustainable agriculture?
• Linkage of Ruminants and Agriculture
• Cattle as a draught animals
• Sekkuwa – The Sinhala oil expeller
• What is biodynamics?
• BD 500 horn manure
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3. Who are “Ruminants”?
• Animals with complex digestive systems, capable of digesting
material with a high fiber concentration getting aid from
microbial fermentation.
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4. What is Sustainable Agriculture?
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According to Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO),
“Sustainable agriculture is the production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal
products using farming techniques that protect the environment, public health,
human communities, and animal welfare. This form of agriculture enables us to
produce healthful food without compromising future generations ability to do
the same”

5. Linkage of Ruminants and Agriculture
• Ruminants are of copious importance in Agriculture.
 Manure and Urine Suppliers.
 Feed suppliers for other farm animals.
 Help to make biodynamic products.
 Draught power suppliers.
 Direct and Indirect fuel suppliers.
 Dairy, Meat, Skin and Bones suppliers.
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6. Cattle as a draught animal.
• Draft Animal Power (DAP)
• When an animal is used to pull a load is termed Draft Animal Power.
Typical examples such as,
 Refining foods – flour milling etc.
 Sawing timber
 Ploughing and farming
 Pug mill for pottery preparation
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7. • Draft Animal Power Cont.…
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Animals Weight (kg) Approx. draught (kg)
Average speed of
work (m/sec)
Power Development
(h.P)
Light horses 400-700 60-80 1.0 1.0
Bullocks 500-900 60-80 0.6-0.85 0.75
Buffaloes 400-900 50-80 0.8-0.90 0.75
Cows 400-600 50-60 0.7 0.45
Mules 350-500 50-60 0.9-1.0 0.7
Donkeys 200-300 30-40 0.7 0.35
Source. FAO 1966

8. 8
Farmer Has 1 Acre
Land.
In a Half of a land 21
coconut trees have
cultivated.
Other 2 halves banana
and Chillie with brinjal
mix cropped.
He has also 2 cows.
1
2
Acre
1
4
Acre

9. Sekkuwa – The Sinhala oil expeller
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10. Sekkuwa
• This is a traditional method for expel the oil from copra.
• In the past our people used the animal draft power for do this process
and animal was cattle.
• Now in this farm, the farmer using the cow as for energy source for
the Sekkuwa.
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11. Sekkuwa
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12. • This farmer has half an acre land with 21 coconut trees.
• Assume that these trees gives 1680 coconuts per year.
• And Farmer consume 110 coconuts per year.
• Other 1570 coconuts are dried and converted in to copra for extract the
coconut oil.
• To get the one kilogram of copra we need to dry 6 coconuts.
• When consider about the sekkuwa, it gives 1L of Virgin coconut oil from 1.5kg
of copra in half an hour.
• As a by product poonac can be produced. From 1.5kg of copra we can get
0.75kg of poonac.
• Copra we can get from the coconut =
1570
6
= 261.67 𝑘𝑔
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13. Cost benefit analysis
• The cow travels 0.7m per second.(V)
• Radius of the circle is 3m. (r)
• Circular velocity of the cow (𝜔) =
𝑣
𝑟
• 𝜔 =
0.7
3
= 0.23 rads-1
• Angular distance travelled by cow within 0.5 hour = 𝜔𝑡
• 𝜃 = 0.23 × 1800 = 414 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
• For extract 1L oil cow goes 414 rounds.
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14. • The amount of oil can extract from the
261.67kg is =
1𝐿
1.5𝑘𝑔
× 261.67𝑘𝑔 = 174.44𝐿
• Annual oil extraction is 174.44L from his own coconut land.
• Time that cows has to work in sekkuwa =
0.5𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1𝐿
× 174.44𝐿 = 87.22 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
• One cow is work in sekkuwa is 43.61 Hours per year.
• Per day one cow is working just 7.16 Minutes . But animal can work 3 hours per
day.
• In the supermarket “Baraka” Coconut oil 750ml is Rs.990.00
• Assume that farmer sell his 1L of virgin coconut oil for Rs. 990.00
• The income he get from it =
𝑅𝑠.990.00
1𝐿
× 174.44𝐿 = 𝑅𝑠. 172,695.60
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Cost benefit analysis

15. • Amount of poonac that can get from the 261.67kg copra
=
0.75𝑘𝑔
1.5𝑘𝑔
× 361.67𝑘𝑔 = 130.835𝑘𝑔
• Price of the one kilogram of poonac is Rs. 40.00
• So income from the poonac is Rs. 5233.00
• So annual income from the sekkuwa = Rs. 177,928.00
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Cost benefit analysis

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17. What is Biodynamics?
• Biodynamics is a holistic, ecological and ethical approach to farming,
gardening, food and nutrition.
• Biodynamics is rooted in the work of philosopher and scientist Dr.
Rudolf Steiner.
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18. Relationship between ruminants and
biodynamics
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• Cattle gives dung and Urine. They are rich with Nitrogen,
Phosphorous and Potassium. In Biodynamics we used these materials
for preparations.
E.g. :- Horn Manure – BD 500
Horn Silica - BD 501
Jeewamhurtham
Bio pesticides

19. Relationship between Soil and Agriculture
“ The history of every nation is eventually written in the way it cares for
its soils”
Franklin D. Roosevelt, U.S. President
• Soil is the most precious component after the water in Earth. Without
soil there is no crop production. It is the elixir for crops production.
• When we doing farming we have to consider about the soil health, if
our soil health is poor it will badly affect for crop production.
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20. Relationship between ruminants, soils and
sustainable agriculture
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21. BD 500 – Horn Manure
• Horn Manure, commonly known as "500", is obtained by the
transformation of high-quality cow manure that has been put into
cow horns and buried under the earth for the 2 months.
• Ingredients
• Horn obtain from a cow.
• Cow manure
• Cow urine
• Clay
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22. Preparation of BD 500 – Horn Manure
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23. 23
Preparation of BD 500 – Horn Manure

24. 24
Preparation of BD 500 – Horn Manure

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26. Cost benefit Analysis.
• Number of Cows in the Farm = 2
• Assume that a cow is 450kg.
• They produce 54kg manure per day.
• For a year they produce 54 × 365 = 19,710kg
• Farmer has 50 Horns.
• Normally horn manure contain in one horn 150g.
• We can make Horn manure 6 times per year ( 2 months duration )
• The total manure he can make for a year = 150g × 50 × 6 = 45,000g = 45kg
• 100g is enough for 1 acre. And price is US $ 9.20.
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27. • 20.10.2018 price of the US $ is Rs. 173.00
• So, price of 100g horn manure is = Rs. 173.00 × 9.20 = Rs. 1,590.00
• Then, price of 45,000g manure = Rs.
45000𝑔
100𝑔
× 1590.00 = 𝑅𝑠. 715,500.00
• Excess cow dung amount = 19,710kg – 45kg = 19,665 kg
• Farmer sell this manure for Rs. 5,000.00 tractor load (1450kg)
• Income he earn by selling raw manure =
19665𝑘𝑔
1450𝑘𝑔
× 𝑅𝑠. 5,000 = 𝑅𝑠. 67,810.00
• Total income he gain by selling manure = 715,500 + 67,810 = Rs. 783,310.00
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Cost benefit Analysis Cont...

28. Final calculation
• For a year he can earn Rs. 961,238.00
• For a month his income is Rs. 80,103.16
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29. Thank You
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