ORIGIN OF NEPAL.pdf

A.Origin of Nepal- Nepal as a
sovereign country
By Keshab Pd. Timalsina
BY SATISH KUMAR RANJAN

Introducing Nepal
There are several chronicles and legends about the origin of
Nepal. Most of them however explain Kathmandu valley as the
center of Nepal. According to Gopalraj Bansawali, in the
beginning Kathmandu was a big lake called the Nagdaha. Lord
Krishna drained the water from the valley by cutting the hill at
Chobhar with his Sudarshan Chakra or wheel; he then
nominated Bhuktamana the King of the valley. Since the people
who came with Lord Krishna were cowherds their dynasty was
called Gopal Dynasty.

How Nepal Has been named? Naming concept of Nepal
There are several myth describing the naming of Nepal. There are myriad
(varieties) of legends illustrating the naming concept of Nepal. Some of
the widely conceived myths are:
1. Tibetan: - There are two terms in Nepal. They are "Ne" house and "
Pal" wool. So Nepal is a house of wool. Ancient Nepal was renowned
as woolen producer, which woolen products were exported to
different Indian continental nations. Kautilya has also described
about Nepal’s woolen products in ‘Arthasastra’.

Contd...
2. Lepcha:- " Ne" means sacred and "Pal" means cave or nation that
refer to mean that sacred cave or sacred nation (पवित्र भूमि)in Lepcha
language. In Nepal, Tamangs are also saying “Ne” for Sacred place
(तिर्थ भुिी).
3. Newar :- Newars were sayings “Nepa” an ancient time. " Ne"
means mid/ middle and " Pa" means country situated in Himalaya .
Later “La” added on “Nepa” while naming it. (Jhya + la =Jhyal, Pas+
la=Pasal, etc)

Contd….
4. Sanskrit: The Sanskrit word “ Nipalaya” means ‘at the foot of the
mountain’. The word formed from two Sanskrit terms (“निप (Nip)”
means ‘Foot’ (फ
े दि) and “आलय(Alaya)”means ‘House’ (आवास)
5. Kirati: Traditionally it was saying “Nepa” in Kirat language. In their
language “Ne” means ‘Mid’ and “Pa” means ‘Country’. So, Nepal word was
formed to represent ‘Mid country’ (िध्यदेश).

Nepal as a Sovereign Country
What is Sovereignty?
The supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is
governed and from which all specific political powers are derived:
● The international independence of a state,
● Combined with right and power of regulating its international affairs without
foreign interference.
● Power for making, executing and applying laws,
● Power for imposing and collecting taxes,
● Making war and peace and forming treaties or engaging in commerce with foreign
nations.
● Has a government which provides public services and police power.
● Has sovereignty. No other State should have power over the country's territory.
● Has external recognition

● A sovereign state is, in international law, a non-physical juridical entity
that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty
over a geographical area.
● International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent
population, defined territory, one government, and the capacity to enter
into relations with other sovereign states

Etymological meaning of Sovereignty
● The term sovereignty has been derived from the latin word
‘Superanus’ which means supreme.
● It is supreme power of the state to take decision regarding with
internal and external matter of the country.
● It makes the state independent and supreme.
● It is internal supremacy and external independence.
● It is free to make its own foreign policy, decision without any external
pressure.

Def
init
ionsofSov
ereignt
y:
(1) “That characteristic of the state by virtue of which it cannot be legally bound
except by its own or limited by any power other than itself. -Jellineck
(2) “Sovereignty is the sovereign political power vested in him whose acts are not
subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”. -Grotius
(3) “Sovereignty is the supreme power of the State over citizens and subjects
unrestrained by law”. -Bodin

Characteristics of Sovereignty
● Permanence - Permanence is the chief characteristics of sovereignty.
Sovereignty lasts as long as an independent state last. The death of the king,
the overthrow of the government and the addiction of power does not lead to
the destruction of sovereignty.
● Exclusiveness - By exclusiveness we mean that there can be two sovereigns, in
one independent state and if the two sovereigns exist in a state, the unity of
that state will be destroyed. There cannot exist another sovereign state within
the existing sovereign state.
● Comprehensiveness - Sovereign power extends over all persons, associations,
and things within such territorial limits except those over which the state has
voluntarily consented to waive the exercise of its jurisdiction.
● Absolutism - Sovereignty is a primary power. It does not derive its power from
anything; There is no other body that determines the nature and the extent of
the power as a matter of legal right.

Contd..
● Unity - Sovereignty cannot be divided without producing several wills
of the people, which is inconsistent with the notion of sovereignty.
● Originality: By originality we mean that the sovereign wields power
by virtue of his own right and not by virtue of anybody’s mercy.
● Indivisibility: Indivisibility is the life-blood of sovereignty. Sovereignty
cannot be divided state, American statesman Calhoun has declared,
“Sovereignty is an entire thing; to divide it is to destroy it. It is the
supreme power in a state and we might just well divide it is to destroy
it

Nepal is a sovereign independent kingdom situated on the southern
slopes of the mid-Himalayas, the formidable range of eternal shows.
Nepal's boundary limits are as follows: In the east, the Mechi River
and Singalila ridge separate the country from Sikkim and West
Bengal. In the south, the boundary pillars and about nine meters of
no-man's land on either side demarcate the Nepalese territory from
the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. In the
west Mahakali River is the natural border separating the Kingdom
from Uttar Pradesh. Nepal's northern boundary merges with the
Tibet Autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Nepal is
a landlocked country, the nearest seacoast being 1,127 kilometers
away in India.

● Our neighbouring countries are colonize by
difference countries in different time but Nepal
have not. So this country is sovereign from
beginning to till now. Our ansaster (Gorkhas) are
able to protect our country from colonization
behavior of British as well as other European
people.
● At last, we can find all the entities of sovereignty
that discussed above in Nepal. So, we can say
Nepal is a sovereign country.

B. Geography and Location
Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular,
inclusive democratic socialism oriented federal democratic
republican state. (Constitution of Nepal, 2072 , Part 1) .

● Nepal is an underdeveloped landlocked nation of enormous cultural and ethnic diversity.

Nepal is a land-locked country nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas. It
occupies an area from 26 ° 22' to 30 ° 27' north latitude and 80 ° 4' to 88 ° 12'
east longitude. Its standard time is 5:45 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time
base on the Gauri shankar Himal. It shares its northern border with the Tibetan
region of the People's Republic of China, and its eastern, southern and western
borders with India. Nepal is rectangular in shape and is approximately 80 miles
(128 kilometres) wide and 550 miles (880 kilometres) long. The total land area
of the country is 147,181 square kilometres. In Nepal, climatic conditions vary
substantially by altitude. In the Terai temperatures can go up to 44 ° Celsius in
the summer and fall to 5 ° Celsius in the winter. The corresponding
temperatures for the Hill and Mountain areas are 41 ° Celsius and 30 ° Celsius,
respectively, in the summer, and 3 ° centigrade and way below 0 ° centigrade,
respectively, in the winter. The annual mean rainfall in the kingdom is around
1,500 millimetres (Central Bureau of Statistics, 1996).

-Topographically, Nepal is divided into three distinct
ecological regions. These are the Mountains, Hills, and Terai
(or plains). The Mountain region ranges in altitude from about
4,877 metres to 8,848 metres above sea level and covers a
land area of 51,817 square kilometres.While it constitutes
only about 35 percent of the total land area in Nepal out of
which 2 percent is under cultivation. Because of the harsh
terrain, transportation and communication facilities in this
region are very limited and only about 6.09 percent of the
total population lives here.

Characteristics of Mountain Region:
● The region is populated by Sherpa, Manange, Lomi, Bhote, Mughal etc
● They highly resemblance with Tibetan people in terms of language,
tradition, dresses, except physical appearance.
● Highly influence of Tibetan culture in religion featured by Mysticism &
Exoticism, cultural homogeneity.
● Enflame with butter in monasteries, worship bodhisatwa, believe on
Autari Lama, Joint Family, Polyandry, racial harmony, love marriage,
Lhosar, provision of Vikshu and Vikshuni are some important social
features of this region.

In contrast, the Hill region which ranges in altitude from 610 metres to
4,877 metres above sea level is densely populated. About 40.25 percent
of the total population of Nepal lives in the Hills, which cover an area of
61,345 square kilometres. While it constitutes about 42 percent of
the total land area in Nepal out of which about 10 percent is
under cultivation.This region also includes a number of very fertile
valleys such as the Kathmandu and Pokhara valleys. Although the
terrain is also rugged in this region, because of the higher concentration
of people, transportation and communication facilities are much more
developed here than in the Mountains.

Characteristics of Hill Region:
● Warm and cold temperate climate.
● Appropriate and attractive environment for human livings
● The region is densely populated by Brahmin, Chhetri, Newar, Rai, Limbu
Tamang etc. Medium living standard and Dalits are dominants residents.
● Dashain, Tihar, Maghe Sankranti, Holi Purnima etc are mega festivals of this
region and there is diversity in culture and religion.
● Agriculture and trade/business are major occupation of the region.
● It covers even the Capital City and headquarters of all development regions.
● The region is further divided into Mahabharat Parbat, Churiya Series & Mid
Land etc.

Unlike the Mountains and Hills, the Terai region in the southern
part of the country can be regarded as an extension of the
relatively flat Gangetic plains. This area which covers 34,019
square kilometres is the most fertile part of the country. While it
constitutes only about 23 percent of the total land area in Nepal
out of which 40 percent is under cultivation. About 53.66
percent of the population lives here. Because of its relatively fiat
terrain, transportation and communication facilities are more
developed in this region than in the other two regions of the
country and this has attracted newly emerging industries.

Characteristics of Terai Region
● The lowest land of Nepal, Musaharniya of Dhanusha district (59 m), lies in the
region.
● The region is characterized by high rainfall because of tropical monsoon
climate and tropical evergreen forest.
● The region is densely populated by Tharu, Satar, Rajpoot, Rajbanshi, Yadav
etc.
● Chhath, Holi Purnima, Maghi are widely celebrated festivals of the region
● The region is highly developed in terms of basic infrastructures of
development. Trade & business are flourished.
● The region is further divided into Terai Belt, Bhabar &Inner Terai

1. Gopal Dynasty
● The first dynasty to settle in Kathmandu valley.
● They are said to be the descendent of Shree Krishna.
● The economy was based on animal husbandry basically of cows.
● Eight Gopal Kings(Bhumigupta, Jayagupta, Dharmagupta,
Harshgupta, Bhimgupta, Manigupta, Bishnugupta, and
Jeengupta)ruled Kathmandu Valley for about 505 years. Bhuktaman
ruled for 88 years.
● The society was open and no stratification. There was egalitarian
society.
● The last king was Yaksha Gupta.

2. Mahispal Dynasty
● The second dynasty to settle in Kathmandu valley.
● They ruled for short time period for 161 years.
● The economy was based on animal husbandry basically of
Buffalo.
● Three Mahispal Kings ruled Kathmandu Valley.
● The society was open and no stratification. There was
egalitarian society.
● The three kings were Barasingh (49 yrs), Jayasingh (71yrs),
and Bhuwansingh (41yrs).

3. Kirat Dynasty
● The first formally recognized dynasty who ruled a large portion of
land spanning from Shikkim in the east to Gandak in the west.
● Yalambar was the first king and he also took part in Mahabharat
war.
● The business activities flourished in this period. Business expended
up to China in North, and South India in south.
● 32 Kirat Kings ruled for about 1500 years.
● The society was open and no stratification. Kirat followed
hereditary monarchical system. Commerce tax, agriculture tax
were collected.
● The last king was Gasti.

4. Lichchhavi Dynasty
● Lichchhavis entered to Nepal from Vaisaili of North India. They left
India because Ajatashatru invaded them.
● They followed Nepali culture, and invaded Nepal by defeating weaker
Soma Dynasty.
● Many famous rulers emerged in this dynasty. The written history is
dated from king Mandeva of Lichchhavi Dynasty.
● The society was diversified. The society was multicultural, multi-
linguistic, multi-caste and multi-religion group.

Civilization and Culture of the Lichhavis
There was peace and prosperity in the kingdom of Nepal during the rule of
the Lichhavis. Before the rule of Lichhavis, Nepal could not develop its
culture, religion, economic condition and administrative system, and lacked
a skillful ruler. But when the Lichhavi period began in Nepal there was a
great change in the political condition and economic system of the country.
The Lichhavi rulers were perfect in good administration. They built 'Man
Griha' and 'Kailashkut Bhavan' as administrative centres. The Lichhavi
kings extended the boundary of Nepal and maintained good relationships
with India, China and Tibet. The important achievements of the Lichhavis
can be discussed under the following heads:

a. Administration:
● For the efficient administration of the country Lichhavis set up a council of
ministers headed by Mahasamanta for administrative convenience, the
kingdom was divided into provinces, districts and villages.
● There were law-courts to administer justice there were local bodies called the
'Panchali' to settle minor disputes and to carry out the public utility services.
● There were edifices like Mangriha and Kailaskut Bhawan from where the
whole kingdom was administered.
● The administrative power was not centralized but was passed on to the local
bodies, associations and assemblies of the People.
● The Lichhavis had a well organized army. It consisted of the infantry, cavalry
and elephant-riders. Proper training was given to the army from time to time.
During war, the king himself led the army.

b.Foreign policy:
● The Lichhavis maintained a good relationship with the
neighbouring countries.
● Nepal had trade relations with India, Tibet and China. Nepal
also had become the thoroughfare between India and China.
● The marriage of Bhrikuti and Srong Tsang Gampo resulted in a
good relationship between Nepal and Tibet.
● Nepal adopted a non-aligned foreign policy and maintained
friendship with her neighbouring countries: especially India,
China and Tibet.

c.Social condition:
● Though the Lichhavis were Hindus and there was a caste system in the
society, other classes of people were not neglected.
● There were Ahirs, Kiratas, Thakuris and Bhutias.
● There was inter-marriage among different classes of people.
● People gave co-operation to one another and developed the sense of
nationality.
● National unity was not hampered because of the difference of caste, creed
and dynasty.
● They had a great respect, faith and love for the king, whose main function was
to establish peace and order in the country.
● The king was also responsible for the development of the kingdom.
● People lived simple and pious lives. Ornaments, house decoration and
entertainments formed part of the daily life of the people.

d. Religious condition:
● Buddhism had already spread in Nepal. But the Hindu Lichhavi kings
meant no harm to Buddhism. But because of the advent of
Shankaracharya in Nepal many Buddhist scriptures were burnt to ashes,
and many learned Nepali Buddhist monks fled to Tibet.
● Later on, they came back to Nepal and spread Tantric Buddhism.
Because of the tolerant attitude of the Lichhavi kings, Tantric Buddhism
also flourished in Nepal along with Hinduism.
● Society besides the Kirantis and the Lichhavis, other tribes and clans as
Avir (Ahir), Bhote, Karnatak, Mallas were also residing in Nepal but they
were quite unaffected by the religious and communal feud. Because of
their concerted action Nepal could evolve a new pattern of society.

e. Economic condition:
● The main source of income of the government was taxation.
● The merchants had to pay custom duty for the imported and exported
goods.
● The vanquished countries had to pay tribute and war indemnity. The
cultivators had to pay land revenue. The main occupation of the people
was trade and commerce. Nepalese art and handicraft goods and other
cottage industry products were exported to Tibet, India and China.
● Some roads were paved with bricks.
● Horses, mules and elephants were the means of transport. In the hills,
people carried goods on their backs. People wore ornaments of gold,
silver and copper. In this way, Nepal had a sound economic condition
under the Lichhavis.

f.Judicial system:
There were law courts to administer justice. Learned
men were consulted to make laws. Punishments were
inflicted according to the gravity of the offence. There
were different forms of punishments. But most were of
reformative type. Thieves, robbers, murderers and
rebels were punished severely. The local bodies like
the Panchali also administered justice in the
adjudication of local petty cases.

g.Religion:
● There was religious toleration. Even in the same family people
worshipped different deities.
● The Lichhavi rulers were the followers of Hinduism, but they never hated
Buddhism.
● However, when Shankaracharya III came from India, he suppressed
Buddhist and preached Hinduism.
● It is said that he forced the Buddhist monks and nuns to get married and
live together. He is also said to have burnt 84,000 books on Buddhism.
● Despite these facts, the Nepalese people retained Buddhism. Both
Hinduism and Buddhism flourished in Nepal under the Lichhavis and
there mutual good will and understanding among the followers of the two
religion.

h.Literature, art and architecture:
● Sankrit was the official language.
● Sone of the Lichhavi kings was scholars; Amshuverma had
composed a grammar in Sankrit and Jaya Deva had written poems
in Sanskrit.
● There was a great development of art and architecture as well.
● Fine architectural structures like Mangriha, Kailashkut Bhavan, the
temple of Pashupatinath; Changunarayan, Bhadradivas, etc. testify
this.
● Similarly, the images of Tribikram Narayan, Dhumbarahi, and the
metal works and crafts speak of the excellence of Nepalese art in
the Lichhavi period.

In conclusion
In this way, Nepal made all-round development under the
Lichhavis. The Nepalese civilization and culture was spread
over to India, Tibet and China. The Nepalese society was also
influenced to some extent by other cultures and civilizations.
For the efficient administration, peace and harmony, the
development of art and architecture and friendly relations with
neighbouring countries the Lichhavi period has been called
the 'Golden age’ in the history of Nepal.

Medieval Period
● Medieval period starts from about 936 B.S (880 AD) to 1825
B.S. (1768 AD) -Began with Nepal Sambat
● Pre-medieval period (936 B.S. to 1249 B.S.) is dark part of
history of Nepal because no records or inscription has found
of this period.
● In about 12th century 3 powers arose in Nepal
● Khas state in the west
● Tirhut (Doya) state in terai or south
● Nepalmandal (valley) in middle.

● After the fall of the Thakurai dynesty, a new dynesty founded by
Arideva or Malla, popularly known as the Malla dynesty. Early Malla
rule started with Ari Malla in the 12th century.
● Over the next two centuries his kingdom expanded widely, into the
Terai and western Tibet, before disintegrating into small
principalities, which later became known as the Baise, along with the
emergence of the Chaubisi.
● The history of these principalities is recorded in some stone and
copper plate inscriptions of western Nepal that largely remain
unedited.
● Jayasthiti Malla, with whom commences the later Malla dynasty of
the Kathmandu Valley, began to reign at the end of the 14th century.

● Though his rule was rather short, his place among the rulers in the Valley is
eminent for the various social and economic reforms such as the
'Sanskritization' of the Valley people, new methods of land measurement
and allocation etc.
● Yaksha Malla, the grandson of Jayasthiti Malla, ruled the Kathmandu
Valley until almost the end of the 15th century.
● After his demise, the Valley was divided into three independent Valley
kingdoms Katmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan in about 1484 AD.

Jayasthithi Malla ( A.D 1380 – 1395 ):
He was very ambitious king. He was a great king, politician and reformer and he was a lover of
literature and able administrator.
Reforms:
Social reform: Stratified the whole society according to the Varna System .
Religious reform: Constructed many temples and shrines and established trusts for their
management and renovation.
Reform in art: in his period the Newari and Sanskrit languages developed equally.
Economic and other reforms:
- began systematize laws, criminal were punished on the basis of their merits and -demerits.
- divided land on the basis of its productivity into four categories: Abbal, Doyam, Sim and
Chahar,

Yaksha Malla ( AD 1428- 1482 )
- Yaksha Malla extended the territory of Nepal up to Morang,
Gorkha, and Bhot. He constructed many temples like Dattatraya (
Bhaktapur)
- After his death the Kathmandu Valley was divided into three
kingdo: Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur.

Political, Social, Religious and Economic Condition of
Nepal under the Mallas
Political condition:
Nepal was a strong and powerful kingdom before it was divided into four
different kingdoms, namely Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Banepa
distributed among his sons and daughter by Yaksha Malla. Since then
Nepal became weak politically, though it made headway in the fields of
art, literature, trade and commerce and so on.

Socio economic condition:
During the Malla period all the social customs were
verned or regulated by religious injunctions. There were
four main classes, namely Brahmans, Kshetriyas,
Baishyas and Sudras and 36 castes. Jayastniti Malla,
however. brought about social reforms by prescribing
different callings for people of different castes. The
Brahmans were to act as priests and preceptors.

Religious condition:
● Hinduism and Buddhism were the two main religions prevalent
during the Malla period. Shaivism and Vaisnavism are the two
main sects of Hinduism.
● Buddhism has also its two sects Hinayan and Mahayan.
● There was cultural unity, though political unity was lacking.
● During the reign of King Ratna Malla, Muslims were allowed to
settle in Nepal and profess their own religion peacefully.
● Most of the festivals in the Valley had their origin in the Malla
period. They were all given religious colouring. With the
exception of a few, all the Malla kings were religious minded.

Education and literature:
● Though imparting education to the public was not considered to
be one of the main functions of the State, there was no dearth of
educated people in Nepal. Of course, there were no schools and
colleges in the modern sense of the term, but the Buddhist Bihars
(monasteries) and the houses of the Brahmans served the
purpose.
● Nepal Bhasa, being the state language of the time, flourished
along with Sanskrit.
● As printing presses were not yet introduced in Nepal, Most of the
books were in the form of manuscripts.

Art and architecture:
● The Malla kings kept themselves engaged in building temples and
in making their respective kingdoms artistically beautiful.
● Not only architecture, but sculpture, painting, dancing, music,
playing on drums and other musical instruments were also highly
developed.
● Metal and wooden images of Buddhas, Taras and other Buddhist
gods and goddesses would be put on display for a week sometime
in the month of 'Shrawan' Dances were also in vogue but they
were mainly religious

Administrative set up:
● At the apex there was the king. Below him were the priests and
preceptors, Pradhans, Maskeys, Amatyas and other high officers
to help and advise the king in his day-to-day administration.
● Village or town Panchayats were given the right to local self-
government.
● The old and wise men of the village or the town were the
members of the local panehayat.
● Nepal's trade and commerce with India and Tibet was, however
highly developed at that time.

Modern Political history
Modern political history of Nepal begins from B.S. 1825 (1768
AD). It is Believed that the modern political history of Nepal
begins with unification of Nepal after getting victory over
Katmandu Valley by Prithivi Narayan Shah. Unification act of
Shah dynasty can be discussed briefly as:

● After conquered the valley, Prithivinarayan Shah more towards
two East Sen states – Chaudandi and Bijaypur.
● In 1830 B.S. the Nepalese troops conquered over Chaudandi.
● In 1831 Shrawan Nepali troops attacked Vijaypur and got
victory.
● Buddhi Karna Rai (minister) and Karna Sen (King) fled to
Sikkim.
● The King of Sikkim was requested to return them to Nepal.
● Instead the King of Sikkim returned Ilam to Nepal which had
earlier been captured from Vijaypur
● King Prithivi Narayan Shah died at Devighat, Nuwakot in Magh 1, 1831 at
the age of 52

Unification Campaign Of Prithivi Narayan Shaha
1801 B.S. Nuwakot
1819 B.S. Makawanpur
1821 B.S. Kirtipur
1824 B.S. Three states of valley
Kantipur
Patan
Bhaktapur
1830 B.S. Chaudandi
1831 B.S. Vijaypur

First (1788-1792) AD Tibet was a good market for Nepalese traders since ancient times and Nepal
had always maintained good relations with Tibet. King Ansubarma gave his daughter Bhrikuti in
marriage to King Tsrangchongyampo. Many Nepalese merchants and officials also married
Tibetan girls. For Nepal, the relationship was profitable. Tibet herself had no mint and Nepalese
silver coins were the currency of Tibet as well.
The relations started turning sour after the Malla rulers started to mint impure silver coins just
before their downfall. The Tibetans demanded that the coins be replaced by pure silver ones.
When Prithvi Narayan Shah took over, he found that it would be a great loss to him if he conceded
to the Tibetan demands. The case remained unsolved due to his untimely demise. Queen Mother
Rajendra Laxmi, the Regent of minor King Rana Bahadur Shah, inherited the coinage problem
w'ach reached the culminating point in 1788 AD. Another sore point in Nepal-Tibet relations was
Nepal's decision to provide refuge to Syamarpa Lama with his 14 Tibetan followers. He had fled
from Tibet to Nepal on religious and political grounds. Yet another cause for conflict was the low
quality salt being provided by Tibetans to Nepal. All salt came from Tibet in those days. Tibet
ignored the Nepalese ultimatums and that prompted the preparations for war. Nepal was soon
preparing to launch multi-directional attacks.
Causes of Nepal Tibet war

Causes of Nepal Anglo War
1. Political causes:
2. Economic causes:
3. Natural causes:
4. The immediate cause:

Consequences of Nepal Anglo War
The Anglo-Nepal war or the treaty, in particular, had the following
consequences:
1. Nepal was obliged to surrender one third of the total land to the company.
2. Nepal lost the cold areas like Kumaon, Gadhwal, Nainital, and Darjeeling.
3. The Indian ambassadors to Nepal interfered in the internal affairs of Nepal in
the face of opposition made from time to time by the Governor Generals.
4. Politics of conspiracy in the place played their roles.
5. Nepalese entry into the British army was on the rise.
6. The treaty, however, had some advantages for Nepal. It marked the end of the
Anglo- Nepal conflict. The two sides became friendly and mutual cooperation
started in the subsequent years. Nepal could prevent further loss of its territory
and life and property by agreeing to the treaty.

First Attack over Nepal
Earlier British India Company planned to enter the valley. The company moreover
wanted to revenge the defeat of Captain Kinloch and the pact of 1801 AD it had to signed
with Grivan Yuddha. The neighboring country China itself was suffering from civil war and
also when Bhimsen Thapa had asked help with India, they could not help us effectively.
Therefore British attacked Nepal in a bare handed condition. Nepal was a peace loving
country and did not want a wage war; therefore it sent a peace messenger named Chandra
Sekhar Upadhyaya. But the British did a shameful and inhuman act by imprisoning the
peace messenger. Nepal could no longer bear the cruelty of British and Anglo-Nepal war
began. Nepal was attacked on 5 sides by British in western frontier. British regiment led by
general SIR DAVID OCHTERLONY" attacked Ludhiana. Major-General Robert Rollo
Gillespie attacked Dehradun Garhwal, Srinagar and Nahan. Major-General Laitor attacked
Sikkim of Nepal. Meanwhile Marley and John Wood's attacked from Patna and Gorakhpur
and advanced toward the Gurkha capital Kathmandu.

The Course of the War
● The Battle of Nalapani
● The Battle of Jaithak
● Battle of Garhwal and Kumaon
● Battle of Makwanpur
● Battle of Deuthal
End of the Nepal Anglo War
Treaty of Nepal Anglo War (Sugauli Sandhi)

Cause for Nepalese Defeat in Anglo-Nepal
1. Nepal lacked sufficient soldiers, equipment and
provision:
2. Poor communication system and lack of planning
3. Nepal received no foreign assistance
4. Weak financial position
5. The British pre-plan and study of Nepal
6. Lack of unity among the courtiers in Nepal:

Rise of Rana Rules
● Kot Massacre and Rise of Jang Bahadur
● Bhandarkhal Parva :
● Alau Parva :
● Makai Parva (Convergence against Ranarchy)
● Library Parva

Causes of Rise of Rana Rules
1. Unstable politics of Nepal
2. Series of Murder
3. Three massacre (Parvas)
4. Marital relation with the royal family
5. Royal seal of 24th Srawan 1913

Causes of Fall of Rana Regime
1. Family Feud
2. Exclusion of C class Ranas
3. Anti-Rana Movement
4. Abandonment of Throne by King Tribhuvan

Achievement of the Rana Period
The Rana rulers were not only the dictators but also the
agents of reformation. Though most of the reforms were
carried out for the stability of the regimes, they can be
reckoned as great contributions to the country's
development even till date.
1. Administrative Achievement
2. Economic Achievement
3. Social Achievement

Revolution of 2007 BS (1951 AD)
Establishment of Praja Parisad 20 th 1993 BS:
The Praja Parishad was established on 20 th Jestha, 1993 BS to
end Rana's autocratic rule and introduce democracy. Tanka
Prasad Acharya, Dasharath Chand, Ram Hari Sharma, Jibraj
Sharma and Dharma Bhakta Mathema were its members.

The major provisions of Delhi Agreement were:
1. The king would return to Nepal and be the legitmate
monarch again.
2. A 10 member interim cabinet would be appointed,
with 5 Ranas and 5 Congressmen. Election of
Constituent Assembly would be held within a year.
3. General amnesty (freedom) to the political prisoners.
4. Hand-over the arms and ammunition of the
Liberation Army to the Government.
5. Mohah Shamsher will continue as the Prime Minister
of Nepal.

Declaration of Democracy, 7th Falgun, 2007 BS.
After that, King Tribhuvan returned back to Kathmandu on
4th Falgun, 2007 BS. He declared the establishment of
democracy on 7th Falgun, 2007 BS. A 10 members interim
government was formed under the premiership of Mohan
Shamsher.

General Election, 1st Falgun, 2015 BS
During the rule of King Mahendra for the first time in the history of
Nepal, a General Election was held. It was declared to take place on
1st Falgun, 2015 BS to form an elected government. Out of 109
seats, Nepali Congress won 74 Seats and formed the government
headed by B.P. Koirala, as the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal.

Royal Coup of 1st Poush, 2017 BS by King Mahengra
The first general election of Nepalese history was held on 2015 BS. In these
elections, Nepali Congress won 74 seats out of 109 seats. Thus it was two-third
majority to form a government. B.P. Koirala was the first elected prime minister
from 13th Jestha 2016 BS. It was the beginning of a stable and democratic
political practice in Nepal. Nepal just started to have socioeconomic and political
reformation. But, regressive and reactionary forces began to make conspiracies.
Several disturbances took place. King Mahendra, who didn't like the activities of
political parties, took the opportunity on 1st of Poush, 2017 BS and made a
speech broadcast on the radio announcing his takeover. With this allegation, the
king arrested the Prime Minister, the ministers and other leaders and put them in
prison.

Major Incidents During Panchayat
● Janakpur Incident of Magh 2018 BS
● Jhapa Rebellion 2028 BS
● Singha Durbar Blaze in 2030 BS
● Timburbote Incident, 2031 BS In 2031 BS
● Back to village Campaign
● Declaration of Referendum, 10th Jestha, 2036
BS

Achievements of the Nepal during 2017 to 2036 BS:
1. Muluki Ain was implemented.
2. East-West Highway and Araniko Highway were constructed.
3. Patan Industrial estate was established.
4. Tribhuvan University was established.
5. New Education System Plan 2028 BS was introduced.
6. Non-aligned foreign policy was adopted.
7. Land Reform Act, 2021 BS was brought into action.
8. Everyone was called for "Go to the village national campaign".
9. Primary education was declared free from 2031 BS.
10.Nepal became a member of UNO.

● People's movement I (Falgun 7th-Chaitra 26th 2046 BS)
● Multiparty Parliament
● Maoist Insurgency (1st Falgun, 2052 BS)
● Royal Massacre (Friday 19th Jestha, 2058 BS)
● Royal Cope by (King Gynedra (18th of Asjoj , 2059 BS])
● People's Movement II (24h Chitra, 2062BS - 11th Baishakh,
2063 BS)
● End of Monarchy in Nepal
● Protests over the Constitution of 2015

ORIGIN OF NEPAL.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to ORIGIN OF NEPAL.pdf

Similar to ORIGIN OF NEPAL.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

ORIGIN OF NEPAL.pdf