As per the m. Pharmacy 1st year syllabus, this presentation includes all the information about "Marine natural products" such as detailed introduction, classification of marine drugs, general method of isolation and purification, detailed introduction and use of marine toxins. The source or reference of books/auther are included in last slide.

1. Presented by: Rasika P. Gujar
(M.Pharm 1st year)

2.  Definition
 Introduction
 Classification of marine drugs
 General methods of isolation and
purification
 Study of marine toxins
 Conclusion
 References
Contents:

3. Definition:
 Marine pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of
pharmacognosy, which is mainly concerned with
naturally occurring substances of medicinal
value from marine source.
 It deals with the isolation, identification of
bioactive molecules from marine organisms.
 Marine bioactive compounds or Marine natural
Products are organic compounds produced by
microbes, sponges, seaweeds, and other marine
organisms.

4. Introduction:
 The oceans cover more than 70% of earth’s
surface and contain over 200,000
invertebrates.
 Several well-known marine products that have
been in use, such as cod & halibut liver oil,
spermaceti, protamine sulphate & seaweed
polysaccharides agar, carrageenan & alginic
acids.
 Macroalgae or seaweeds have been used as
crude drugs in the treatment of iodine
deficiency states such as goitre etc.
 Seaweeds utilized as a additional source of
vitamins & in treatment of anaemia during
pregnancy.

5. Seaweeds have been employed as dressings,
ointments in gynaecology.
For Examples:
 Porphyra atropurpurea has been used to
dress wounds & burns.
 Durvillaea antarctica was used to trat
scabies by maoris of new zealand.

6. Classification of marine drugs:
On the basis of pharmacological activity:-
 Cytotoxic/antineoplastic agents
 Cardiovascular active drugs
 Antimicrobial drugs
 Antibiotic substances
 Antiinflammatory and antispasmodic
agents
 Marine toxins
 Miscellaneous pharmacologically active
substances

19. General methods of isolation and purification.
Stages in the isolation process.

20. Isolation process involves following stages:-
 Stage1: investigation of the nature of extract
components
 stage 2:dereplication
 Stage 3:crude fractionation
 Stage 4:final purification
 General methods of isolation:-
• Chromatography
•All chromatographic techniques involve the
distribution of extract component between two
phases- a moving mobile phase is passed over an
immobile stationary phase.
•separation depends on difference in affinity of
components

21.  LC widely used.
 GC & SCF cannot be used for preparative
isolation of natural products.
Forms of LC:-
 Countercurrent chromatography
 TLC
 Column CG
 Solid-phase extraction:-rapid & simple way for
analyte purification & concentration.
 Advantage:- Avoid emulsion problems.

22. Ion-exchange chromatography:-
 Most effective in separation of water soluble
compounds.
 Advantage- biological activity preserved.
 Ionic species in the sample can exchange with
counterions and bind to stationary phase.
Separation is achieved because of difference in
affinity of ionic component toward stationary
phase.
 Commonly used in peptide purification.

23. Size exclusion chromatography:-
 Also known as gel filtration or permeation.
molecules separates according to molecular size.
 Stationary phase comprises porous particles in
which the pore size is strictly controlled.
 Widely used for separation peptides and proteins.
Commonly Sorbent used are polydextran gel.eg
sephadex G are hydrophilic and their use is limited
to aquaous solution.
 Biological screening:-
 TLC analysis
 NMR analysis
 MS analysis

24. Marine Toxins:-
 Many marine organism produce potentially toxic
compounds which may work for their safety and
protect them from predators.
 These Toxins may poses potential hazards to
human health but Many of these marine toxins
shows remarkable biological activities in
comparative lower doses.
 Classification:-
1.Palytoxin:-B.S: it is obtained from zanathid coral
of genus Polythoa found abundantly both in the
Pacific and Carribean oceans.
 Uses: potent coronary vasoconstrictor.
 Physiological tool to evaluate anti-anginal
chemotherapeutic agent.

25.  2.Red tide toxins:-it include brevetoxin, saxitoxin,
gonyautoxins.
 “Red water” or “red tide”are massive marine local growth of
various algae or protozoa they cause change in colour of water
surface like yellow, brown, green not always red.
 They are dinoflagellates contains peridinin which is a red colour
pigment.
 Brevetoxin: B.S- A plethora of polycyclic polyether metabolites
obtained from the dinoflagellate ptychodiscus brevis.
Uses: neurotoxic or haemolytic effects.
Brevetoxin-B shows positive inotropic effect.
Saxitoxin: produced by dinoflagellates gonyacular catenella.
Uses: hypotensive effect, as a tool in neurochemical reasearch.

26.  Tetrodotoxin:B.S- it is obtained from the
ovaries and liver of a large no.of species of
Tetraodontidae, specially Spheroides
rubripes.also obtained from puffer fish.
 Uses:-as a valuable pharmacological tool
3.Ciguatera toxins:-B.S- it is Gymnothorax
javanicus besides in variety of coral reef fish.
Uses:-It causes neurological, cardiovascular and
gastrointestinal problems.
Respiratory stimulation in anaesthetized cats and
dogs.
Act as a cardiotonic at a very low concentration.

27. Conclusion:-
 Marine environment has become a promising
source of natural products, molecules, and
drugs of therapeutic use.
 From marine source, yield a more novel
products.
 Many drugs from marine source have
promising effect on several chronic and
unbeatable disease like cancer.
 From use of these source, it is possible to treat
chronic diseases in cheaper and successful
way.
 The screening for active natural products
should be increased along with large and
random screening methods.

28. References:-
 Shah B, Seth A.K, textbook of pharmacognosy &
phytochemistry, Elsevier.2010; 461-470.
 Evans W.C, Trease & evans pharmacognosy, W.B
saunders.115-124.
 Sarker Satyajit D., Latif Z, Natural product
isolation, methods in biotechnology, Humana
press, 2006; 353-390.
 Kar Ashutosh, pharmacognosy &
pharmacobiotechnology, New Age
Int.publishers,2007;726.
 Rangari V, pharmacognosy & phytochemistry,
career publication, (2),197-200