This document provides an overview of the banking system in Nepal. It begins by explaining the purpose of banks and then outlines the different types of banks in Nepal, including central banks, commercial banks, development banks, finance companies, and microcredit development banks. A total of 30 commercial banks, 82 development banks, 48 finance companies, and 37 microcredit development banks currently operate in Nepal. The document also includes organizational charts of the banking hierarchy and describes some of the key roles and services provided by banks, such as accepting deposits, lending money, remittances, safe deposit services, and capital market activities.
2. 2
Why do Banks exist?
• To Provide Financial products and Services
3. Banks in Nepal
1. Central Bank – One Parent Bank
2. Commercial Banks (Class A)
3. Development Banks (Class B)
4. Finance Companies (Class C)
5. (a) Micro Credit Development Banks (Class D)
(b) Saving and Credit Co-operatives (Limited
Banking – over 15000 across Nepal)
3
4. Commercial Banks (A) in Nepal
Nepal Bank Limited Kumari Bank Limited
Rastriya Banijya Bank Limited Laxmi Bank Limited
Agriculture Development Bank Limited Siddhartha Bank Limited
Nabil Bank Limited Global IME Bank Limited
Nepal Investment Bank Limited Citizens Bank International Limited
Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited Prime Commercial Bank Limited
Himalayan Bank Limited Sunrise Bank Limited
Nepal SBI Bank Limited Grand Bank Nepal Limited
Nepal Bangladesh Bank Limited NMB Bank Limited (Nepal)
Everest Bank Limited Prabhu Bank Limited
Bank of Kathmandu Limited Janata Bank Nepal Limited
Nepal Credit and Commerce Bank Limited Mega Bank Nepal Limited
Lumbini Bank Limited Civil Bank Limited
NIC Asia Bank Limited Century Commercial Bank Limited
Machhapuchchhre Bank Limited Sanima Bank Limited
4
Total No. 30
5. Development Banks (B) in Nepal
5
Nepal Industrial Development Corporation
Malika Bikash Bank Limited
Siddhartha Development Bank Limited
Yeti Development Bank Limited
United Bikash Bank Limited
Narayani Development Bank Limited
Pashimanchal Development Bank Limited
Sahayogi Bikas Bank Limited
Karnali Bikash Bank Limited
Triveni Development Bank Limited (in merger
process with Bright and Triveni)
Supreme Development Bank Limited
Bhrikuti Bikas Bank Limited (in merger process with
NMB Bank)
Shubhechchha Bikas Bank Limited
Sangrila Development Bank Limited
Gorkha Bikas Bank Limited
Gandaki Bikas Bank Limited
Infrastructure Development Bank Limited
Business Development Bank Limited
Biratlaxmi Bikas Bank Limited
Excel Development Bank Limited
Western Development Bank Limited
H. & B. Development Bank Limited
Arniko Development Bank Limited
NDEP Development Bank Limited (in merger process
with Rising Development Bank)
Clean Energy Development Bank Limited (im merger
process with NMB Bank)
Miteri Development Bank Limited
Tinau Bikas Bank Limited
Rising Development Bank Limited (in merger process with NDEP
Bank)
Muktinath Bikas Bank Limited
Sewa Bikas Bank Limited
Kankai Bikas Bank Limited
Public Development Bank Limited (in merger process with Triveni
and Bright Bank)
Ace Development Bank Limited
Mahakali Bikas Bank Limited
Bhargab Bikas Bank Limited
Vibor Bikas Bank Limited
Country Development Bank Limited
Alpine Development Bank Limited
Nilgiri Bikas Bank Limited
Kasthamandap Development Bank Limited
Professional Diyalo Bikas Bank Limited
Kamana Bikas Bank Limited
Corporate Development Bank Limited
City Development Bank Limited
Garima Bikas Bank Limited
Biswo Bikas Bank Limited
Pathibhara Bikas Bank Limited (in merger process with NMB Bank)
Kabeli Bikas Bank Limited
Purnima Bikas Bank Limited
Jyoti Bikas Bank Limited
Shine Resunga Development Bank Limited
Bagmati Development Bank Limited
Hamro Bikas Bank Limited
Total No. 82
Kakre Bihar Bikas Bank Limited
Pacific Development Bank Limited
Civic Development Bank Limited
International Development Bank Limited
Kanchan Development Bank Limited
Bright Development Bank Limited (in merger process with Triveni
and Public Bank)
Matribhumi Bikas Bank Limited
Innovative Development Bank Limited
Jhimruk Bikas Bank Limited
Metro Development Bank Limited
Raptibheri Bikas Bank Limited
Gaumukhi Bikas Bank Limited
Tourism Development Bank Limited
Mission Development Bank Limited
Mount Makalu Development Bank Limited
Sindhu Bikas Bank Limited
Sahara Development Bank Limited
Nepal Community Development Bank Limited
Cosmos Development Bank Limited
Manasalu Development Bank Limited
Ekata Development Bank Limited
Kalinchowk Development Bank Limited
Kailash Development Bank Limited
Salapa Development Bank Limited
Saptakoshi Development Bank Limited
Sajha Development Bank Limited
Apex Development Bank Limited
Green Development Bank Limited
Reliable Development Bank Limited
9. 9
Banking as a Whole
Clients
Includes Auto Finance,
Consumer Banking, Home
Finance, Insurance and Small
Business Banking
Provides mutual fund, insurance
& home finance and workplace
banking products to consumers
and small businesses
One of the world’s leading
investment banks
Services provided: Advice on
corporate strategy and structure,
raising and placing capital, making
markets in financial instruments and
offering sophisticated risk
management services
Provides investment & wealth management
services to institutional investors, high net
worth individuals & retail customers
Provides personalized advice and solutions to
wealthy individuals
Global leader in transaction
processing and information
services to wholesale clients
Three Businesses: Institutional
Trust Services, Investor
Services(WSS) and Treasury
Services
Major provider of financial services
including corporate finance, cash
management, & credit
Comprises of five national business
segments: Middle Market Banking,
Mid-Corporate Banking, Commercial
Real Estate, Asset Based Lending
and Commercial Leasing
Delivers credit card and other related
payment products to cardholders and
merchant outlets
Aims to be the preferred payment card in
existing customers wallets and to increase
access to new customers
Investment
Bank
Treasury and
Securities
Services
Card
Services
Asset
and
wealth
Management
Retail
Financial
Services
Commercial
Banking
11. 11
Banking and Banking operations
Bank is a commercial institution licensed as a receiver of deposits. Banks are mainly concerned
with making and receiving payments as well as supplying short-term loans to individuals.
Exists to help you make the most of your money
Assist you with your monetary requirements and promote savings
How do they do it ??
By offering different products and Services Banking Services
Deposits Loans Services Capital Market
Short Term Long Term Retail Institutional
Fund based activities, greater market risk
Fee based activities, lesser market risk
E.g.
Savings
Current
Fixed E.g.
Overdraft
E.g.
Auto Loan
Home Loan
E.g.
DDs
Lockers
Bill Pay
E.g.
Bank
Guarantee
Trade
Finance
E.g.
Depository
Participants
Custodian
Merchant
Banking
Debenture
Trustees
12. 12
For Foreigners:
Copy of Passport of their respective countries with Valid Employment of
Student Visa. Tourist visa is not acceptable.
Copy of an authorized letter issued by their place of Employment or
Academic Institution for students
Two copies of recent photograph should also be obtained
Documents required to open a Bank Account
For Individual (Nepal & India):
Copy of citizenship certificate for Nepali national.
Copy of Embassy registration certificate issued by Embassy of India,
Kathmandu, as Indian national/copy of valid passport.
Two copies of recent photograph should also be obtained
13. 13
Documents required to open a Bank Account
For Proprietorship Firm:
Declaration of Sole Proprietorship.
Copy of renewed Firm Registration Certificate.
Copy of renewed Income Tax Registration Certificate.
Copy of identification paper of promoter/ account operators.
Two copies of recent photograph of proprietor should also be obtained.
For Partnership Firm:
Letter of Partnership duly signed by all partners.
Copy of Partnership Deed duly attested.
Certified copy of Partnership Registration.
Identification papers of all partners and account operators.
Income tax registration/renewed certificate
14. 14
Documents required to open a Bank Account
For Corporate Bodies:
Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company.
List of existing directors.
Resolution of Board of Directors to open and operate the account.
Company registration and Income Tax registration/renewed certificate.
Identification papers of directors and account operators.
Notification of appointment of office bearers as authorized account operators in case
of Corporations.
For Clubs, Societies and Associations:
List of Office Bearers and their addresses.
Copy of Resolution to open and operate the account.
Name and signature of persons authorized to operate the account.
Copy of registration certificate.
Identification papers of account operators.
Affiliation certificate with the Social Welfare Council or other concerned Councils.
15. 15
Role of Banks
Intermediary role between lenders and borrowers
• Lenders – Deposits funds with Banks
• Liability products (Liability for Banks)
• Borrowers – Borrows funds from Banks
• Asset Products (Assets for Banks)
16. 16
Different Type of Payment method
1.Normal Cheque
2.Good-for-Payment Cheque: Good for payment cheque is a tool used by a
bank as guarantee to pay the money to beneficiary of the cheque endorsed
by the bank. Such cheques are issued to the depositors having adequate funds
to pay for their liabilities.
3.Demand Draft is a pre-paid instrument, wherein Bank by whom the DD has
been made undertakes responsibility to make full payment.
4.A letter of credit (LC) is a document from a bank guaranteeing that a
seller will receive payment in full as long as certain delivery conditions have
been met. In the event that the buyer is unable to make payment on the
purchase, the bank will cover the outstanding amount.
18. 18
Different types of Banks
Types of Banks
Central Bank (RBI)
Non Banking
Finance Companies
(NBFCs)
Commercial Banks Term Financial
Institutions
State Finance
Corporations
(SFCs)
Indian Financial
Institutions
E.g.
IFCI
NABARD
SIDBI
Public
Sector
Private
Sector Foreign Co-
operative
Banks
Regional
Rural
BanksE.g.
SBI
PNB
BOB
E.g.
HDFC Bank
UTI Bank
ICICI Bank
E.g.
Citibank
ABN Amro
HSBC
State/Central Private Primary Credit
Societies
19. 19
Broad Categories
Retail Banking
Typical mass-market banking in which individual customers use local
branches of larger commercial banks.
Services offered include savings and checking accounts, mortgages,
personal loans, debit/credit cards and certificates of deposit (CDs).
Whole Sale Banking
Banking services which (in contrast to retail banking) are offered only to
government agencies, pension funds, other institutional customers and to
corporations with strong balance sheets and sound income statements.
These services include cash management, fleet and equipment leasing,
large-sum loans, loan participation, merchant banking, and trust services.
Borrowing and lending amongst banks in inter-bank market, often involving
very large sums.
20. 20
•Accepting deposits from Public
•Lending money to public
•Remittances/Collection Business
•Keeping valuables in safe custody
•Government business
•Acting as trustee
•Treasury services
•Capital Market activity
•Merchant Banking
Activities of a Bank
21. 21
Capital Markets Overview
Markets – A place where exchange of goods and services happen
Capital Market
•Place where capital (fund) requirements of the issuers are
met; i.e. Issuers (Corporate, Government, etc) raise funds
•Trades in these markets are for debt, equity securities or
other instruments
•Organized, as they are governed by regulatory bodies
[Securities & Exchange Board of India, RBI]
22. 22
Regulator
Underwriters
Merchant Banker / Investment Bank – JPM
Brokers
Exchanges
Custodians
Banks
Depositories
Depositary Participants
R & T Agents
Market Participants
Capital Markets intermediaries
23. 23
SEBI – Securities Board of India
SEC – Securities & Exchange commission (USA)
FSA – Financial Services Authority (UK)
NRB – Nepal Rastra Bank
Capital Markets – Regulators
24. 24
Underwriter
Who underwrites the issue in case of under-subscription; takes the stock in
its books
Assessing the credit worthiness of borrowers and agreeing to fund loans
Agreeing to bear the financial risk inherent in an insurance contract
Guarantee a minimum selling price (in case of IPO) by the investment banker
Merchant Banker / Investment Bank
•An underwriter or agent for corporations and municipalities issuing
securities
•Maintain broker/dealer operations mostly, maintain markets for
previously issued securities
•Offer advisory services to investors
•Large role in facilitating mergers and acquisitions, private equity
placements and corporate restructuring
•Do not accept deposits from and provide loans to individuals
(Investment Banks, especially)
Capital Markets intermediaries
25. 25
Brokers
•An individual or firm that charges a fee or commission for
executing buy and sell orders submitted by an investor.
•The role of a firm when it acts as an agent for a customer and
charges the customer a commission for its services.
Exchanges
•A market in which securities, commodities, options, or futures
are traded.
•Although you will mostly trade stocks through a broker
•NSE, BSE, NYSE, NASDAQ, LSE
Capital Markets intermediaries
26. 26
Custodian
An agent, bank, trust company, or other organization which holds and
safeguards an individual's, mutual fund's, or investment company's assets
for them.
Bank
An organization, usually a corporation, chartered by a state or federal
government, which does most or all of the following: receives demand
deposits and time deposits, honors instruments drawn on them, and pays
interest on them; discounts notes, makes loans, and invests in securities;
collects checks, drafts, and notes; certifies depositor's checks; and issues
drafts and cashier's checks.
Capital Markets intermediaries
27. 27
Depositories
An institution which facilitates the clearing of securities between the
stock exchange & depository participants; holds assets in electronic form
on behalf of ultimate beneficiaries
Depository Participant
Any institution like a bank that maintains the dematerialized
accounts of beneficiaries, provides services of settling securities
traded on the exchange; Agent of Depository
Registrar and Transfer Agents
maintain the records of members (shareholders) for the issuer company
Capital Markets intermediaries
28. 28
Market Participants
Various persons / entities that indulge in buying & selling Examples:
•Qualified Institutional Buyers
•Foreign Institutional Investors, Foreign Venture Capital
•Domestic Institutional Investors - Banks, Financial
Institutions, Insurance Companies, Mutual Funds, Venture
Capital
•Non - Institutional - High Net worth Clients (E.g. NRI, HUF, Government &
Private Corporate bodies)
•Retail Individual Investors
Capital Markets intermediaries
29. 29
Products: Foreign Exchange
Definition: Buying (or selling) of a currency and paying for it with another at an agreed price
(exchange rate) for settlement on an agreed date
Complete the grid of descriptions using the following words
1. Payment Instructions
2. Receiving / receipt Instructions
3. Currencies
4. 2 Counterparties
5. Broker
6. Value date
7. Booked the right way round
8. Amount
9. Exchange rate
10. Trade Date
30. 30
Products: Foreign Exchange
Explanation
Has to be two of these for the exchange to be possible
A numerical figure that shows the value of the trade
The price of one currency expressed in another
The day the trade will settle. i.e. the funds will be debit / credit
from / to your account
Shows which currency we are paying and receiving.
Helps to arrange a trade on behalf of others
The entities involved in the trade
The day the deal was agreed
Where we are receiving our currency to?
Where are we paying the currency to?
Trade Date
Receipt Instructions
Payment Instructions
2 Counterparties
Broker
Booked Right Way Round
Value date
Exchange rate
Amount
Currencies
Component
31. 31
Currencies
What currencies do you know?
Have a name:
Eg United States Dollar, Japanese Yen
Have a 3 figure code
Eg, USD and JPY
32. 32
Price of a currency
• Factors that affect the price of a currency
-Economic e.g. Interest rate, inflation rate
- Political
• Strong currency
• Weak currency
33. 33
WHY FX
• For personal requirement
• For business requirement
• For speculation
34. 34
Banks trade in Commodities just as they do in currencies.
Commodities are split Into 4 groups:
• Energy – e.g. Gas, Oil
• Base Metals – e.g. Copper, Aluminium
• Precious Metals – e.g. Gold, Silver
• Soft Commodities – e.g. Coffee, Sugar, paper
Products: Commodities
35. 35
What Precious metals do banks trade in?
XAU
XAG
XPT
XPD
Gold
Silver
Platinum
Palladium
(In place of currency codes the chemical elements of the metal are used to identify the metal)
Products: Commodities
37. 37
What is a Bond?
Our Products: Bonds
A certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing) that is issued by a
government or corporation in order to raise money
The issuer is required to pay a fixed sum annually until maturity
and then a fixed sum to repay the principal
Effectively it is a loan. The company who receives the money,
issues a Bond with terms and conditions stating when they will pay
back interest and principle amount to the lender of the money
(Investor)
38. 38
Products: Bonds
Key Terms of a Bond
• Face Value
• Coupon
• Maturity
• Issuer
Nominal Amount
What the Bond is worth when redeemed at maturity
Amount of interest paid to Bond Holder during the life:
(e.g. 5% = 5% of Face Value of investment)
Date for coupon payments. Usually 6 monthly (does depend on terms of issuance)
Date the principle amount is paid back to the investor.
Activity: Lets Look at a practical example.
Who Issued the Bond. (Received the money)
39. 39
Bond Issuer
e.g. A Corporation or
Government
Investor
Pay $1,000,000
Receives Bond
Makes regular payments (Coupons)
Bond maturity pay back $1m
Products: Bonds
Conceptual Example
40. 40
Big Company Ltd
Small Company Inc
1.
Big Company Ltd
want to buy Small
Company Inc.
In order to do so it
needs to raise
capital.
The purchase price
is $1,000,000
2. Raising capital:
In this example, Big
Company A looks to
borrow money
3. Raising capital:
It borrows money
by issuing a BOND.
4.Raising capital:
An Investor buys the
bond. (can be a bank,
corporation, Individual
etc etc)
Products: Bonds
Conceptual Example
Investor(s)
Pays $1,000,000
Issues Bond(s) to Investors
5. End Result
Big Company Ltd can now finance its purchase of Small
Company Inc and will pay the Investors back. How
much depends on the bond (loan) terms.
41. 41
Big Company Ltd Investor(s)
Investors hold
the Bond until Maturity
Coupons of 5% are paid semi annually
by Big Company to Investors.
Products: Bonds
Pay back principle amount (e.g. $1,000,000) at maturity
Conceptual Example
Paid $1,000,000
Coupon payments
made
every 6 months for
term of bond
10 Year Bond = 20
payments
42. 42
Role of banks in bonds
Products: Bonds
BMWBMW
Want to start
design and produce
a new model car
Estimate they need
EURO 5 million to
do this
They chose to raise
this capital by
issuing a Bond
BMW Contact
JPMorgan and
appoint them as
Lead Manager on
Bond Issue
JPMorgan Pay BMW
EURO 5 Million and
receive Bonds
Issue Bonds into
the market
Investors
Bond Buyer
Investors
Bond Buyer
JPMorganJPMorgan
Example
EURO 5 M
Bonds Bonds
EURO 5 M
Bond
Market
Pay cash Pay cash Pay cash
Receive
Bonds Receive
Bonds
Receive
Bonds
Investors
Bond Buyer
43. 43
Types of Shares
• Ordinary Share – These shares give the investor the right to a dividend, if declared.
Should the company go into liquidation, then holders of this class of share holds the
lowest priority of repayment.
• Deferred Ordinary share- These give shareholders additional voting rights or the right to
higher dividends. Often these shares will not qualify for dividend until a particular date
has been reached or the company profit has reached a pre- determined.
• Golden Shares – These shares are designed to allow the shareholders the right to a
casting vote. In cases of privatization, the government often held golden shares. This
allowed them to have the casting vote if required, as a form of control, during take-over
bids or other serious matters. These shares are normally used in UK.
• Preference Shares – These shares form part of the share capital of the company. They
pay fixed dividend and in the event of liquidation they hold preference
44. 44
Products: Derivatives
Definition
A security, such as an Option or Futures contract, whose value depends on the
performance of an underlying product.
Derivative in itself is not a product, it does however rely on an underlying
product for its market value.
For this course we will look at 3 derivative examples
• Futures
• Options
• Single Currency Interest Rate Swap
47. 47
Products: Derivatives
Futures
UK Potato
Farmer
UK Potato
Farmer
• Has crop of potatoes
• Ready to sell in 6 months
What can happen in the 6 months before the potatoes are ready?
• Potato Supplies worldwide except UK could fail
• In 5 months time there is a scare about effect of potatoes on health
• Supply remains stable with no impact on current prices
48. 48
Products: Derivatives
Futures
What can happen in the 6 months before the potatoes are ready?
Risks:
• Crop could fail
• Price movement
Controls:
• Insurance
• Agree buyer now at agreed price
(Future trade)
49. 49
Products: Derivatives
Futures
Futures
Exchang
e SupermarketSupermarketUK Potato
Farmer
UK Potato
Farmer
Farmer enters into a Futures contract
Using the Futures Exchange
Seller: UK Potato Farmer
Buyer: Supermarket
Product: Grade A Potatoes
Price: £5 / sack
Quantity: 5,000 Sacks
Delivery: 5th
June 2005
Total Price: £25,000
Future Contract
Agree to sell
potatoes
Agree to buy
potatoes
Finds a buyer for potatoes
Agrees a price
Agrees a delivery date
50. 50
Products: Derivatives
Futures
June 5th
2005
• Farmer will deliver potatoes to Supermarket through Exchange
• Supermarket will pay Farmer through Exchange
• Farmer has guaranteed income (providing crop doesn’t fail – insurance would cover this)
This agreement means the Farmer has an obligation to deliver
potatoes on this date and Supermarket has an obligation to pay
farmer the agreed price. All this happens via Exchange
52. 52
Products: Derivatives
The buyer has the right, but not the obligation to buy or sell
the underlying product at an agreed price on an agreed date
The buyer pays a premium to the seller have this right.
Definition
Let’s look at an FX Option
Options
Page 45-49 in Workbook
53. 53
FX Option
Products: Derivatives
Big Company
USA
Big Company
USA
Computer R Us UK
(CRUUK)
Computer R Us UK
(CRUUK)
Big Company has ordered a
supply of computer
components from CRUUK
(Computer R Us UK)
Computer R Us UK will deliver
the computer equipment in 3
months time
This will cost Big Company Ltd
GBP 1,000,000. in 3 months
What needs to happen
To Pay for this order Big
Company will have to do a
Foreign Exchange trade.
They need to buy GBP
1,000,000 (to pay CRUUK)
And pay for it with USD
Have to pay
£1,000,000
Deliver
Computer
Components
in 3 months
Page 45-49 in Workbook
54. 54
FX Option
Products: Derivatives
What choices does Big Company Ltd have?
• Buy the £’s via a forward FX trade (arrange today value 3 months)
• Buy the £’s in 3 months – spot trade
(exchange rate unknown until 3 months)
• Do an FX Option
Page 45-49 in Workbook
55. 55
FX Option
Products: Derivatives
Big Company Ltd decide to use an FX Option
Why?
• Want to know state of cash flows (now and future)
• FX Option will limit any exchange rate movements
Page 45-49 in Workbook
56. 56
FX Option
Products: Derivatives
How does it work?
Buyer: Big Company
Seller: JPMorgan
FX Option Details
Call: GBP: 1,000,000
Put: USD: 1,500,000
Strike Price 1.5
Expiry Date 5th
March 2004
Delivery date 7th
March 2004
Premium: $5000
Big Company
(USA)
Big Company
(USA)
JPMorganJPMorgan
On January 5th
2004
Big Company contact JPMorgan
Big Company agree to buy an FX
Option from JPMorgan.
This Option gives them the right
but NOT the obligation to use this
trade on the delivery date
The FX OptionBought By
To have this right but not
obligation Big Company
pay JPMorgan a premium
Page 45-49 in Workbook
57. 57
FX Option
Products: Derivatives
Buyer: Big Company
Seller: JPMorgan
FX Option Details
Call: GBP: 1,000,000
Put: USD: 1,500,000
Strike Price 1.5
Expiry Date 5th
March 2004
Delivery date 7th
March 2004
Premium: $5000
Big company now have the right to use [exercise] this trade for settlement on March 7th
The FX Option
What are the key dates?
Expiry Date:
Date that Big Company have to decide whether to exercise the Option
Delivery Date:
Date that transfer of funds would occur if Big Company Ltd
exercise this Option
Other FX Option Components
Call:
Currency that the buyer of the Option would receive
Put:
Currency that the buyer of the Option would sell
Strike:
Exchange Rate that would be used if Option is exercised
Page 45-49 in Workbook
58. 58
Products: Derivatives
FX Option
Buyer: Big Company
Seller: JPMorgan
FX Option Details
Call: GBP: 1,000,000
Put: USD: 1,500,000
Strike Price 1.5
Expiry Date 5th
March 2004
Delivery date 7th
March 2004
Premium: $5000
The FX Option
How do Big company know whether to exercise the Option?
On 5th
March
• Look at current FX [Spot] rate
• If they used the spot rate (Not the Option Strike rate)
how much would it cost to buy the £1,000,000?
• Would it be cheaper to use the Spot rate and let the
Option expire or…
• Use the Option because the spot price in market would
cost more in USD.
Lets look at possible choices Big Company Could make
Page 45-49 in Workbook
59. 59
Buyer: Big Company
Seller: JPMorgan
FX Option Details
Call: GBP: 1,000,000
Put: USD: 1,500,000
Strike Price 1.5
Expiry Date 5th
March 2004
Delivery date 7th
March 2004
Premium: $5000
The FX Option
Products: Derivatives
FX Option
RATE Would
COST in USD
To buy £1,000,000 on Spot Market
1.3
1.7
Exercise
Option
If SPOT Rate
If SPOT Rate $1,300,000
$1,700,000
5th
March
To Buy £1,000,000. using the FX Option would cost:?
$1,500,000
NO
YES
Remember:
Big Company bought the Option 3 months ago So wouldn’t know what
the rates would be today. Buying the Option limits the cost of the
Computer purchases to a maximum of $1,500,000.
(plus the $5000 premium)
Page 45-49 in Workbook
60. 60
‘In’, ‘At’ or ‘Out Of’ the Money?
Cost
in
USD
Foreign Exchange Spot Rate
1.3 1.5 1.7
$1,700,000
$1,500,000
$1,300,000
Products: Derivatives
FX Option: To buy £1,000,000
Out of the Money
At the Money
In the Money
Page 45-49 in Workbook
Editor's Notes
The treasury department of a bank is responsible for balancing and managing the daily cash flow and liquidity of funds within the bank. The department also handles the bank's investments in securities, foreign exchange, asset/liability management and cash instruments.
DP: intermediaries between the depository and the investors
Depository: refer to any place where something is deposited for storage or security purposes
A bank guarantee is a promise from a bank or other lending institution that if a particular borrower defaults on a loan, the bank will cover the loss. Note that a bank guarantee is not the same as a letter of credit.
A merchant bank is a financial institution that provides capital to companies in the form of share ownership instead of loans. A merchant bank also provides advisory on corporate matters to the firms in which they invest. In the United Kingdom, the term "merchant bank" refers to an investment bank.
'Debenture' A type of debt instrument that is not secured by physical assets or collateral. Debentures are backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the issuer. Both corporations and governments frequently issue this type of bond in order to secure capital.