1. Materials & Devices of Future:
Challenges associated with Trends
SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
19, UNVERSITY ROAD, DELHI - 110 007
Presented By :
Dr. R. K. Khandal

2. Outline
 Materials & Devices: Attributes
 Trends in Materials & Devices
 Challenges associated with Major Sectors
 Energy
 Defense
 Health
 Infrastructure

3. Materials & Devices: Attributes
Past
Steadiness
Present Future
Productivity
Bulk
Quality
Controls
Surface
Precision
Software driven
 Carbon footprint
 Strength : weight
 Emphasis on life-
cycle
Environment friendly
Precision
Selective
Capacity
driven
Inclusive
Capability
driven
Innovation
Nano
Sensitive & Smart

4. Materials & Devices: Trends
Materials Devices
Devices
Trends
Applications
Materials
Purpose- Specific
Sustainable
Safe
Energy-Efficient
Raw materials
Green
Cradle-to-grave cycle
Environment-friendly
Alternatives
Renewable
 Trends drive the advent of new materials and new
devices in different industry sectors

5. ENERGY SECTOR

6. SOLAR ENERGY : CONVERSION
Solar Energy
Electrical
(Photovoltics) Thermal
ElectricEnergy
ThermalEnergy
Thermo
Chemical
Process
ChemicalEnergy
MechanicalEnergy
Photon
Solar Thermal; Most exploited : Material & Design specific
Solar Chemical; Evolving : Material specific
Electrochemical
Need exist for development of materials and technologies
capable of converting solar energy to chemical energy i.e.
photochemical conversion

7. PHOTOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
The Energy E of single photon is given by the Planck equation:- E=hν= hc/ λ
Sun light
.
…….. ...………………………………electron
Excitation photon
excited
state
Non-radiative
relaxation
Conduction
band
Valence
band
h+
e-
Band
gap
E=hν
 Every photochemical conversion process requires as an initial
step, the absorption of photon energy and formation of the
first excited state of the molecule
φ =
Number of events
Number of photons absorbed

8. Solar Selectivity : Materials Response
Frequency (Hz)
Visible
Infrared
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Cosmicrays
1081010
101210141016
1018
10201022
Radiofrequency
Gammarays
Microwave
High Potential for harnessing
the solar energy
Processes
involved Inner
electronic
transition
Outer
electronic
transition
Molecular
Vibrations
Molecular
rotations
vibrations
Electron
spin
resonance
Nuclear
magnetic
resonance
 Change at atomic & molecular levels can become the
via media for harnessing solar energy.
 Solar sensitive materials undergo region specific
transition Solar energy conversion

9. Energy Efficient Materials
 Devices like smart windows can be designed by thin film
coatings to create energy efficient buildings
Criteria Requirement Design Materials
Admit light,
reject solar heat
Transmit:
400 to 700nm
Reflect:
700 to >2500nm
Solar heating
Radiative
cooling
Transmit /absorb:
<2500nm
Reflect : >2500nm
Emit : >5000nm
TiO2 Bi2O3 Zn/
Cu, Ag,
Au/TiO2 Bi2O3
Al2O3 / MO/
Al2O3
SiO2;oxynitrides
Dielectric/ Metal/
Dielectric layer
Cermet Coating
Oxides
Semiconductor

10. DEFENSE SECTOR

11. CAMOUFLAGE : MATERIALS
Scattering Au, Ag, Pd, Ir, Ti Coloration is size
dependent, Small
sized particles
reflect light
chromatically
Interference Metals, Interference
Metal oxides between light
reflected from
opposite parallel
slides
Electronic Carbon Color is due to
transition Black electronic transition
MATERIALS PROPERTIES
Selection of dispersing matrix for achieving coloration is
the key !

12. Stealth Application: Metamaterials
η =√ µrεr
 Metamaterials are engineered to have EM responses which
are impossible in naturally occurring materials
1
2
1
2
+ve R.I.
-ve R.I.
Refractive Index
η =√ µrεr
µr: Permeability to magnetic field
εr: Permeability to electric field
 µr or εr= - ve
 Induced phenomena
 µr, εr= +ve
 Natural phenomena

13. Materials for Stealth Applications: Composites
 Periodic arrangement of R.I. variation controls movement of photons
 New energy levels within the band gaps can be created by breaking the
periodicity of the photonic material by enlarging, reducing or removing voids;
the desired change in refractive index can be achieved by modifying the voids
 Wavelength selective structures can be formed by careful selection of
symmetry & spacing
 Modification of light propagation takes place through enlarging, reducing or
removing voids; optical cross-connects, switches & waveguides
Photonic band gap: Restricts transmission of light to defined set of bands
Voids
Enlarged voids Reduced voids Voids removal
Matrix

14. HEALTH SECTOR

15. Health Sector : Drug Delivery
Nanospheres Nanocapsules
Dendrimers
(Vesicular system)(Matrix system)
SLN particles
(Solid lipid
nanoparticles)
(Macromolecule,
comprising of series
of branches around
an inner core)
Liposomes
(Artificial spherical
vesicles produced from
natural phospholipids
& cholestrol)
Polymeric micelles
(Amphiphilic block
copolymers which
self-associate in
aqueous solution)

16. INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR

17. Infrastructure Sector : Paints & Coatings
Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles fill the voids created by larger particles in
order to prevent water penetration & seal out moisture in
the area of water proof coatings
Use of nanotechnology enhances
 Scratch& Abrasion resistance
 UV-Protection
 Mechanical properties

18. Infrastructure Sector : Smart Materials
 On exposure to inputs, some materials exhibit change
 Utilization of such materials is key for green buildings
Thermochromic
Material Input
Heat
Electrochromic
Photochromic Radiation (light)
Output
Colour
Electroluminescent Electric potential
Solar Radiation
Heat
LightPhotoluminescent
Thermoluminescent
Piezoelectric Mechanical Force
Heat
Electric potential
ShapePyroelectric
Electrostrictive
Magnetostrictive Magnetic potential
Electric Potential

19. THANK YOU